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"ABSTRAKStudi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa kesepian memiliki hubungan dengan gejala psikotik, tetapi mekanisme hubungan antara dua variabel masih belum banyak dipelajari. Peran skema negatif sebagai mediator diperiksa sementara gejala depresi dikontrol sebagai kovariat. Ada 463 peserta dari sampel masyarakat Indonesia yang mengisi kuesioner yang berisi Asesmen Komunitas terhadap Pengalaman Psikotik (AKPP) untuk menilai gejala psikotik, Skala Kesepian UCLA (ULS-8) untuk mengukur kesepian, Skala Skema Inti Singkat (BCSS) untuk menilai skema negatif, dan Angket Kesehatan Pasien (PHQ-9) untuk mengukur gejala depresi. Melalui analisis mediasi, hasil menunjukkan bahwa skema negatif memediasi hubungan antara kesepian dan gejala psikotik, baik positif (ab = 0,19, p <0,01, CI 95% [0,09, 0,30]), dan negatif (ab = 0,06, p <0,01, 95% CI [0,01, 0,12]). Semakin tinggi tingkat kesendiriannya, skema seseorang akan semakin negatif; semakin negatif skema, semakin tinggi tingkat gejala psikotik baik gejala positif maupun negatif. Selain itu, penelitian ini menjelaskan mekanisme kognitif dalam menerjemahkan efek kesepian menjadi gejala psikotik.

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ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that loneliness has a relationship with psychotic symptoms, but the mechanism of the relationship between the two variables is still not widely studied. The role of the negative scheme as a mediator is examined while depressive symptoms are controlled as a covariate. There were 463 participants from a sample of Indonesians who filled out a questionnaire containing the Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences (AKPP) to assess psychotic symptoms, the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) to measure loneliness, the Short Core Scheme Scale (BCSS) to assess negative schemes, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure symptoms of depression. Through mediation analysis, the results show that the negative scheme mediates the relationship between loneliness and psychotic symptoms, both positive (ab = 0.19, p <0.01, 95% CI [0.09, 0.30]), and negative (ab = 0.06, p <0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.12]). The higher the level of loneliness, one's scheme will be more negative; the more negative the scheme, the higher the level of psychotic symptoms both positive and negative symptoms. In addition, this study explains the cognitive mechanism in translating the effects of loneliness into psychotic symptoms."

"Pengalaman-menyerupai-psikotik (Psychotic-like experience/PLE) merupakan pengalaman serupa halusinasi/delusi, bersifat non – klinis, dan cukup umum ditemui pada populasi sehat. PLE muncul sebagai hasil dari interaksi aspek kognitif dan aspek emosi yang diketahui berfluktuasi secara cepat. Namun, penelitian longitudinal terdahulu kurang dapat menangkap fluktuasi tersebut karena jeda waktu antar pengukuran yang panjang. Selain itu, belum banyak penelitian mengenai mekanisme terbentuknya PLE pada kelompok dengan kerentanan biopsikososial tinggi. Penelitian ini akan menguji peran afek negatif sebagai mediator atas pengaruh skema negatif-mengenai-diri terhadap PLE pada anggota keluarga pasien psikosis. Sebanyak 36 individu berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan data secara Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Pada hari pertama, pengukuran mencakup gejala depresi (PHQ – 9), kecemasan (GAD – 7), dan psikotik (CAPE – 42). Pada hari kedua sampai kelima belas dilakukan pengukuran skema negatif (BCSS), afek negatif (Momentary Affect Scale), dan PLE (Index of PLE). Data harian dianalisis dengan Multilevel Mediation Modeling. Skema negatif-mengenai-diri ditemukan memprediksi PLE, b = 0,378, p < 0,001, dan afek negatif memediasi secara parsial hubungan kedua variabel tersebut, b = 0,401, 95% CI [0,2501; 0,5714]. Fluktuasi harian dari skema yang disertai dengan keberadaan afek negatif akan mendorong interpretasi maladaptif atas pengalaman sehari – hari, sehingga memicu PLE, yang pada keluarga pasien dapat dijelaskan melalui tingginya behavioral sensitization.

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Psychotic-like experience (PLE) is hallucination/delusion – like experiences, nonclinical, and quite common in healthy normal population. PLE is shaped by the interplay of cognitive and emotional aspects which are found to be fluctuated in daily life. However, most of the longitudinal studies have yet to capture the dynamic, due to the longer time gap between measurements. Studies in higher-than-average genetic risk-group were also still limited. This study examines the role of negative affect as a mediator to the effect of negative-self schema on PLE in first-degree relatives of psychotic patients. Data was collected from 36 individuals using Experience Sampling Method (ESM). On the first day, depression (PHQ – 9), anxiety (GAD – 7), and psychotic symptoms (CAPE – 42) were measured. On day two until fifteen, daily measurements on negative-self schema (BCSS), negative affect (Momentary Affect Scale), and PLE (Index of PLE) were completed twice a day. Multilevel Mediation Modeling was performed to analyze the data. Negative-self schema was found to predict PLE, b = 0,378, p < 0,001, and this effect was partially mediated by negative affect, b = 0,401, 95% CI [0,2501; 0,5714]. Day-to-day fluctuation of negative-self schema accompany by negative affect would induce maladaptive interpretation which then result in the PLE symptoms. In first-degree relatives, vulnerability to PLE could be explained by behavioral sensitization."

"Psikosis adalah salah satu gangguan psikopatologi yang kompleks, sehingga cocok untuk dianalisis menggunakan analisis jaringan agar tidak kehilangan kompleksitasnya. Analisis jaringan cross-sectional antara pengalaman psikotik, mood, dan kesepian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga variabel ini saling berkaitan namun tidak diketahui pola hubungan antar waktunya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memetakan bagaimana hubungan hari ke hari antara pengalaman psikotik terhadap mood dan kesepian. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan metode experience sampling dimana 72 partisipan yang berusia 18 tahun ke atas mengisi survei daring satu kali sehari dalam tujuh hari. Analisis jaringan intra-individu satu waktu, temporal, dan keseluruhan inter-individu dalam seminggu dilakukan. Pengalaman psikotik tidak memprediksi mood (b = -0,124, SE = 0,109, p = .256) dan kesepian (b = 0,006, SE = 0,051, p = .903), serta dirinya kembali (b = 0,091, SE = 0,072, p = .208). Jaringan intra-individu dalam satu hari menunjukkan hubungan antara pengalaman psikotik dengan kesepian dan depresi, tetapi tidak antara kesepian dan mood. Jaringan temporal menunjukkan ketiga variabel tidak saling memprediksi, namun kesepian konsisten memprediksi dirinya kembali. Hubungan antara pengalaman psikotik, mood, dan kesepian tidak ditemukan dalam kerangka waktu hari ke hari, antara mereka tidak berhubungan sebab-akibat atau berhubungan sebab-akibat tetapi dalam kurun waktu jam seperti ditunjukkan oleh hasil jaringan intra-individu dalam satu hari.

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Psychosis is a complex psychopathological disorder which makes it suitable to be analyzed in its complexity using network analysis. Cross-sectional network between psychotic experiences, depression, and loneliness shows that they are interrelated, but its temporal relationship remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine daily temporal relationships between psychotic experiences, mood and loneliness. Measurements were conducted with an experience sampling method, 72 participants aged 18 years and over completed an online survey once a day for seven days. Network analysis was conducted to create contemporaneous, temporal, and between-subject networks. Psychotic experiences did not predict mood (b = -0.124, SE = 0.109, p = .256) and loneliness (b = 0.006, SE = 0.051, p = .903), as well as itself (b = 0.091, SE = 0.072, p = .208). The contemporaneous network showed that intra-individually within one day psychotic experiences were related with loneliness and depression, but not between loneliness and mood. The temporal network showed that they did not predict each other but loneliness consistently predicted itself. The temporal interrelationship between psychotic experiences, mood, and loneliness was not found indicating that they may not be causally interrelated or that the causal relationship may occur in terms of hours and not days."

"ABSTRAKIndividu yang termasuk dalam kelompok minoritas memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk mengalami gejala psikotik, yang telah ditemukan terkait dengan berbagai stresor lingkungan seperti persepsi diskriminasi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memeriksa mekanisme yang diterjemahkan status minoritas menjadi gejala psikotik melalui diskriminasi yang dirasakan dalam sampel masyarakat di Indonesia. Gejala psikotik diukur dengan Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences (CAPE), status minoritas dan persepsi diskriminasi yang diukur dengan survei NEMESIS, serta mengukur gejala depresi menggunakan Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) sebagai variabel kovariat. Analisis mediasi dilakukan untuk memverifikasi peran persepsi diskriminasi dalam memediasi hubungan antara status minoritas dan gejala psikotik. Diskriminasi yang dirasakan ditemukan sepenuhnya memediasi hubungan antara status minoritas dan gejala psikotik positif (ab = 0,57, 95% CI [0,10, 1,05]) tetapi tidak ada efek mediasi dalam gejala psikotik negatif (ab = -0,11, 95% CI [-0,40, 0,17]). Disimpulkan bahwa status minoritas yang dipegang oleh individu meningkatkan persepsi diskriminasi, yang pada gilirannya diterjemahkan menjadi gejala psikotik positif yang lebih tinggi yang dilaporkan. Implikasi dan diskusi mengenai penelitian akan dibahas lebih lanjut dalam artikel.

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ABSTRACTIndividuals belonging to a minority group have a higher risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms, which have been found to be associated with various environmental stressors such as discrimination perception. This article aims to examine the mechanism that translates minority status into psychotic symptoms through perceived discrimination in a community sample in Indonesia. Psychotic symptoms were measured by Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences (CAPE), minority status and discrimination perceptions as measured by the NEMESIS survey, as well as measuring depressive symptoms using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) as covariate variables. Mediation analysis was carried out to verify the role of perception of discrimination in mediating the relationship between minority status and psychotic symptoms. Perceived discrimination was found to fully mediate the relationship between minority status and positive psychotic symptoms (ab = 0.57, 95% CI [0.10, 1.05]) but there was no mediating effect in negative psychotic symptoms (ab = -0.11 , 95% CI [-0.40, 0.17]). It was concluded that the minority status held by individuals increased the perception of discrimination, which in turn translated into higher positive psychotic symptoms that were reported. Implications and discussion regarding research will be discussed further in the article."