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"ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION : Based on Indonesian Constitution, article 2712 mention that every Indonesian citizen has the right of having a job and wages in accordance to humanity. Bajaj as an model in this study is public transportation vehicle which is noisy and vibrating and potential to induce hearing and balance disturbances which could be dangerous to himself or to others. General Objectives of this study : To investigate the risks of noise and vibration in bajaj's drivers and to find the solutions to prevent them from hearing loss and balance disturbances.

Specific objectives : To determine : 1, hearing and balance functions induced by noise and vibration by audiometric and posturography tests 2. To find other physiologic factors such as age, blood pressure, blood glucose level, smoking habit and body mass index which could influence those functions ; 3, To determine the threshold of noise frequencies, intensity and also acceleration of vibration which contributed to noise.

Setting : Subdivision of Neurotology of ENT Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Study subjects : Bajaj drivers.

METHODS: The study was carried out from March 2000 until October 2001.Noise and vibration were measured using octave band analyzer and vibration meter. Clinical ENT examination, height and body weight for body mass index, blood pressure and blood glucose level tests were performed. The subjects were divided into four groups : the normal one, only hearing or balance problem group, group of both disturbances. The risk factors were calculated by bivariate and multivariate or logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS : Mean of bajaj's intensity level was 91 dBA, with minimum intensity 64 dBA, maximum intensity 96 dBA, mean acceleration of vibration was 4,2 misec2. Those results showed that noise and vibration of bajajs were over safety threshold, which has been established by OSHA. The rate of normal subjects was 27.72 %, whereas that of those who suffered from hearing and balance problems was 27,43%, and only 17.14% had hearing problems and 27,71 % had balance problems. The total was 72,28 % of disturbance. From the multivariate analysis, hearing and balance problems were influenced by age more than 40 years old, working periods more than 9 years, daily working hours more than 8 hours, history of heavy smoking habit and obesity. Balance problems were influenced by the same factors. But the working period was 5.9 years and hearing problems were only influenced by age more than 40 years old. It was concluded that balance function was more sensitive than hearing one. For prevention, this study also introduced risk scores for hearing and balance functions based on those physiological factors for workers who worked in noisy and vibrating areas, low risk for scores 0-5, moderate risk for scares 6-10 and high risk for scores more than 11. The sensitivity level was 70,83% and specificity was 73,20 %.

CONCLUSIONS : Mean of bajaj's intensity level was 91 dBA, with minimum intensity 64 dBA, maximum intensity 96 dBA. mean acceleration of vibration was 4,2 misec2, which are over the safety threshold. Noise and vibration could induce hearing and balance problems in 72,28% of drivers. Those problems are influenced by several factors such as age, working periods, daily working hours, smoking habit and obesity."

"ABSTRAKTujuan umum: Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum akrilik pada pemakai gigi tiruan lepas rahang atas pada kejelasan pengucapan.Tujuan khusus: (1) Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum terhadap nilai formant 1 (F 1) dan formant 2 (F 2) pada vokal /a/, /i/, /i/ bahasa Indonesia. (2) Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum konsonan linguopalatal /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ dan konsonan /s/ bahasa Indonesia. (3) Mencari nilai baku F 1, F 2, durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/, serta pengaruh jenis kelamin, suku, tingkat pendidikan. (4) Membandingkan perbedaan hasil penilaian subyektif dan obyektif dalam evaluasi pengembalian fungsi fonetik pasca pemakaian gigi tiruanMetode penelitian: Rancangan penelitian terdiri dari 2 tahap yaitu (1) penelitian exploratif observasional yang bersifat deskriptif, untuk mencari nilai baku dan karakteristik nilai F 1 F 2, vokal bahasa Indonesia, serta durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ bahasa Indonesia. (2) penelitian experimental analitik dengan pre and post control design yaitu penelitian uji klinik pads responder pemakai gigi tiruan lepas rahang atas, untuk mencari pengaruh plat yang menutupi palatum pada kejelasan pengucapan dan diamati sesaat setelah gigi tiruan dipasang, tiga hari, dan sepuluh hari setelah memakai gigi tiruan dibandingkan sebelum memakai gigi tiruan. Penelitian tahap pertama dilakukan pada 425 responden. Evaluasi kejelasan pengucapan dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu penilaian obyektif dan subyektif. Cara penilaian obyektif yaitu dengan menghitung F 1 F 2, vokal bahasa Indonesia dalam Hertz (jumlah gelombang per detik) dan menghitung durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dihitung dalam milidetik. Cara penilaian subyektif adalah dengan dilakukan berdasarkan jumlah responden yang tidak mengalami kesulitan mengucapkan kata-kata gabungan vokal dan konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ dan kejelasan pengucapan menurut operator.Hasil penelitian: (1) Jenis kelamin dan pendidikan berpengaruh terhadap nilai F 1, F2 vokal namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/. (2) Variabel kelompok suku umumnya tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai F 1, F 2 kecuali kelompok suku Betawi yang menunjukkan perbedaannya pata F1 /a/ dan F 2 /u/. Demikian juga kelompok suku tidak berpengaruh terhadap durasi konsonan, kecuali kelompok suku Indonesia Bagian Timur menunjukkan durasi paling panjang untuk konsonan /j/. (3) Hasil penelitian experimental menunjukkan nilai F 1, F 2 vokal /a/, /i/, /u/ bahasa Indonesia pads pemakai gigi tiruan dengan plat palatum mengalami penurunan frekuensi, sesuai dengan hasil penelitian Kaires (1959). Selanjutnya terlihat perbedaan bermakna untuk nilai F 1 vokal /a/, /u/ bahasa Indonesia pada pemakai gigi tiruan dengan plat palatum bila dibanding nilai baku, yaitu F 1 /a/ pada kata cacah, jajah, dada, ratap, sasa. F 1 /i/l pada kata-kata cicih, titip, dan F 1 /u/ pada kata cucu, juju, rutup, duduk, susu.

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ABSTRACT

Objective of the study:

General aims: To find out the influence of palatal plate of removable denture on the quality of pronunciation

Specific objectives:

(1) to seek for standard values of F 1 and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and the duration for some linguopalatal consonants /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and the consonant Is/ in bahasa Indonesia and the correlatation between gender, education background and ethnic group.

(2) to find out the change in F 1 and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ after wearing an acrylic palatal plate

(3) to find out the duration of above mentioned linguopalatal consonants /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and the consonant /s/ after wearing an acrylic palatal plate.

(4) to compare objective fingdings to subjective findings generally used in to evaluation of phonetics in removable denture contraction.

Methods This research program will be divided into 2 stages:

(1) descriptive study for seeking standard values of F and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and the duration of linguopalatal consonant /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and consonant /s/ in bahasa Indonesia and the correction to gender, education background and ethnic group.

(2) experimental study designed as pre- and post-test study. This is done clinically on patients wearing an upper removable acrylic denture a palatal covering base. It is meant to observe the influence of the palatal plate on the quality of pronunciations. Observation was done the time of insertion, 3 days, and 10 days after wearing the denture with palatal plate. The data was compared to the data before wearing the denture.

Evaluation was done objectively and subjectively. The objective evaluation was done by looking at the value F 1 and F 2 of vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ Ad in Hertz , and and duration of linguapalatal consonants /c/ /j/, /d/, /t/ and consonant /s/ in bahasa Indonesia. The subjective evaluation was done by counting the number of subjects without difficulties in their pronunciation, and the clearness of pronunciation as heard by the operator.

Results and discussion. (1) Significant differences were found in the value of F 1 and F 2 of vowels /a/, /i/, /u/between man and woman, which might be related to the difference in the anatomical structure of the larynx, which is longer in man. Significant differences were also showed among levels of education. However, no significant difference was found neither in the duration linguopalatal consonants /c/ /j/, /d/, /t/. (2) The ethnic group had no significant different on the values of F 1

and F 2 except for F 1 /a/ and F 2 /u/ (Betawi). No significant different was found in the duration of linguopalatal consonants except for the consonant which was longest for East Part ethnic group (IBT). These significant differences might he related to the influence of local language as a mother tongue, and Bahasa Indonesia as a second language. (3) A decreasing in frequency F 1 and F 2, was observed at the time of insertion the denture with palatal plate, which support Kaires's findings (1959). A significant differences was found in F 1 to the normal standard value, in F1 /a/ - cacah, dada, jajah, tatap, sasa. F 1 /i/ - jijik, didih. F 1 /u/ in tutu, juju, Cucu, duduk, susu."