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ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang. Sindrom Brugada diketahui menjadi penyebab dari setidaknya 4 dari seluruh kematian mendadak dan 20 dari kematian mendadak pada struktur jantung normal. Saat ini, hanya pola EKG Sindrom Brugada tipe 1 yang bersifat diagnostik sedangkan pola tipe 2 dan 3 tidak diagnostik. Sudut > 580 memiliki nilai diagnosis yang baik pada populasi dengan EKG pola Brugada tipe 2 dan 3. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah parameter tersebut mempunyai hubungan dengan kejadian aritmia pada pasien Sindrom Brugada tipe 2 dan 3.Metode. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan terhadap 29 subjek dengan EKG pola Brugada tipe 2 dan 3 di RS Pusat Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita RSPJDHK dari periode November 2013 - 2017. Tiga belas subjek dengan riwayat kejadian aritmia menjadi kelompok kasus dan 16 subjek tanpa kejadian aritmia menjadi kelompok kontrol. Data primer yang diambil antara lain riwayat henti jantung mendadak, TV/FV yang terdokumentasi, riwayat sinkop dengan kecurigaan etiologi aritmia dan riwayat pada keluarga serta interogasi data defibrillator kardioverter implan DKI pada subjek yang terpasang DKI. Data sekunder berupa data EKG yang kemudian dilakukan pengukuran sudut pada sadapan prekordial kanan oleh 2 penilai lalu dilakukan analisis statistik.Hasil. Pengukuran sudut oleh 2 penilai tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan nilai Cronbach rsquo;s Alpha 0,93. Analisa statistik menunjukkan tidak didapatkan perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna antara sudut > 58o terhadap kejadian aritmia pada kedua kelompok kasus dan kontrol. Dilakukan analisis korelasi, terlihat korelasi positif antara sudut r=0,50, p 58o dengan kejadian aritmia pada Sindrom Brugada. Terlihat korelasi positif antara sudut dengan kejadian aritmia namun hal ini masih diperlukan studi lebih lanjut.Kata kunci : sudut , sindrom Brugada.

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ABSTRACT
Brugada syndrome is known to be the cause of at least 4 of all sudden deaths and 20 of sudden deaths in structurally normal hearts. To this day, only type 1 Brugada Syndrome ECG pattern is diagnostic, while type 2 and 3 are not. A angle ge 58o has a good diagnostic value in population with Brugada ECG pattern type 2 and 3. This study aims to evaluate whether this parameter is associated with arrhythmic events in patients with Brugada Syndrome type 2 and 3.Methods. This case control study is carried out towards 29 subjects with Brugada ECG pattern type 2 and 3 in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita NCCHK from November 2013 until November 2017. Thirteen subjects with history of arrhythmic events make up the case group while 16 subjects without arrhythmic events make up the control group. Primary data acquired was history of sudden cardiac arrest, documented VT VF, history of syncope suspected of arrhythmic origin and family history, and also interrogation data from implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD in subjects with ICD. Secondary data were ECG data, from which angle was measured in the right precordial leads by two observers, and then statistical analysis was carried out.Results. From angle measurement by two observers, there was not a significant difference with Cronbach rsquo s Alpha of 0,93. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between a angle ge 58o and arrhythmic events. Correlation analysis was carried out, and a positive correlation was shown r 0,50, p

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Pasien infark miokard akut dengan elevasi segmen ST IMAEST yang mengalami revaskularisasi dengan intervensi koroner perkutan primer IKPP dapat terjadi cedera reperfusi yang mempengaruhi prognosis. Penelitianpada model hewan menunjukkan ticagrelor melindungi jantung dari cederareperfusi, namun demikian belum ada penelitian pada manusia yang menguji halini. Tujuan : Membandingkan pengaruh antara ticagrelor dengan clopidogrelterhadap cedera reperfusi yang diukur melalui kadar puncak high sensitivetroponin T hs-cTnT pada pasien IMA-EST yang mengalami revaskularisasi. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental acak tersamar gandayang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita padabulan Agustus 2016 sampai November 2016. Pasien IMA-EST yang akanmenjalani IKPP dirandomisasi ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok yangmendapatkan loading ticagrelor 180 mg dilanjutkan dosis rumatan 2x90 mg danyang mendapatkan loading clopidogrel 600 mg dilanjutkan dosis rumatan 1x75mg sebelum IKPP. Dilakukan pemeriksaan hs-cTnT 8 jam pasca dilatasi balonkateter pertama. Hasil Penelitian : Terdapat total 60 subyek, 30 subyek kelompok ticagrelor dan30 subyek kelompok clopidogrel. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antaraticagrelor dengan clopidogrel terhadap kadar puncak hs-cTnT 9026 5026 ng/Lvs 9329 4664 ng/L, nilai p 0,809. Kesimpulan : Ticagrelor tidak menyebabkan kadar puncak high sensitivetroponin T yang lebih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan clopidogrel pada pasienIMA-EST yang mengalami revaskularisasi. ......Background : Reperfusion injury influence prognosis in ST elevation myocardialinfarction STEMI patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention PPCI . Previous study on animal models showed that ticagrelor may haveprotective effect on the heart by reducing reperfusion injury. However, no studyon humans has ever been done to confirm this. Aim : To compare the effect of ticagrelor with clopidogrel on reperfusion injurycalculated by peak high sensitive troponin T hs cTnT in STEMI patients whounderwent revascularization. Methods : This was a randomized controlled trial done in NationalCardiovascular Center Harapan Kita from August 2016 to November 2016.STEMI patients who underwent PPCI was randomized to either ticagrelor loadingdose 180 mg with maintenance of 2x90 mg or clopidogrel loading dose 600 mgwith maintenance of 1x75mg group. Peak hs Troponin T was measured 8 hoursafter first balloon dilatation. Results : Sixty subjects was included in the study, 30 subjects in the ticagrelorgroup and 30 subjects in the clopidogrel group. There were no difference betweenticagrelor vs clopidogrel on peak hs cTnT levels 9026 5026 ng L vs 9329 4664 ng L, p value 0,809. Conclusion : Ticagrelor does not cause a lower peak high sensitive troponin Tlevel compared to clopidogrel in STEMI patients who underwentrevascularization.

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ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Pada era sebelum tindakan reperfusi, kadar fibrinogen merupakan faktor independen terhadap mortalitas pada pasien-pasien dengan infark miokard akut dengan elevasi segmen-ST (IMA-EST) dibandingkan dengan kadar fibrinogen yang normal. Dan kemudian era reperfusi dikatakan obstruksi mikrovaskular merupakan salah satu faktor menyebabkan kejadian mayor kardiovaskular. Dengan kemajuan teknologi dibidang kardiologi kejadian dan besaran MVO dapat di ketahui secara akurat dan pada fase akut. Dari studi terbaru dikatakan bahwa indeks resistensi mikrovaskular memiliki hubungan positif terhadap MVO dibandingkan dengan magnetic resonance imaging. Dan diduga faktor hemostasis terutama kadar fibrinogen diduga memiliki peran yang penting terhadap kejadian obstruksi mikrovaskuler melalui mekanisme hiperkoagulasi dan embolisasi distal. Metode: Sebanyak 55 subjek IMA–EST yang menjalani IKPP dipilih secara konsekutif yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi sejak 15 Oktober 2013 – 31 Maret 2014. Fibrinogen diambil saat masuk UGD, penilaian indeks resisten mikrosirkulasi (IMR) diambil segera pasca IKPP. Perhitungan statistik menggunakan SPSS 17. Hasil: Dari lima puluh lima pasien yang masuk dalam penelitian didapatkan proporsi laki-laki 87,3%, dengan rerata umur pasien adalah 53,1+8,9 tahun. Faktor risiko penyakit jantung koroner yang paling besar adalah merokok yaitu 76,36. Semua pasien menjalani IKPP dengan waktu perfusi 89.04+37.114 menit dan waktu Iskemia 458,69+170,709. Nilai rerata IMR 55,2 + 47,454 dengan nilai rerata fibrinogen 350,80+103,190. Melalui diagram scattered plot didapatkan kadar fibrinogen memilliki kecenderungan yang terbalik terhadap IMR, dengan kekuatan hubungan yang lemah dan secara statistik tidak bermakna. ( r = - 0,137 ; p = 0,319 ). Kesimpulan: Kadar fibrinogen saat admisi tidak memiliki hubungan terhadap IMR pada pasien pasien IMA-EST yang menjalani IKPP.

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ABSTRAK
Background: In no coronary reperfusion era, fibrinogen is known as an indepndent risk factor for cardiac mortality in acute myocard infract patient. And in revascularization era, microvascular obstruction (MVO) is associated with adverse ventricular remodelling and patient prognosis. With the advanced technology in cardiology, MVO can be detected accurately in the acute phase. In recent study index microcirculatory resistance (IMR) show a positive correlation with magnetic resonance imaging while detecting and counting severity of MVO. It is suspected that hemostatic factor mainly fibrinogen play an important role in MVO due to hypercoagulable state and distal embolization. Methode: 55 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI were consecutively recruited from October 15th, 2013 to march 31th, 2014. The fibrinogen was withdraw at admission. We evaluate the IMR immediately after PCI done. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 17. Results: From fifty-five patients included in the study, there were 87,3% men, with mean age 53,1±8.9 years old, and smoker show the biggest proportion compare with risk factor for coronary artery disease. All the patient undergo primary percutaneus coronary intervention with mean door to ballon time 89.04+37.114 minute and ischemia time 458,69+170,709 minute. Mean IMR was 55,2 + 47,454 and mean fibrinogen level was 350,8+103,19. From the scaterred plot fibrinogen prone to had a weak negatif correlation with IMR and statistically non significant (r = - 0,137 ; p = 0,319) Conclusion: There is no correlation between fibrinogen level and IMR value in STEMI patients that undergoing PPCI

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang. Abnormalitas fungsi vena terkait inflamasi dan hipertensi vena merupakan dasar patofisiologi insufisiensi vena kronik. Pembuktian hubungan faktor inflamasi lokal pada jaringan vena dengan fungsional vena menjadi penting ketika vena yang diteliti akan menjadi konduit vena pada Bedah Pintas Arteri Koroner (BPAK) dan evaluasi patensinya berpengaruh pada mortalitas dan morbiditas pasien Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK). Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dari 35 sampel jaringan vena saphena magna pasien PJK yang diambil untuk konduit vena pada BPAK dan telah diperiksa IVK menggunakan Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) dengan parameter time refluks, periode bulan September sampai November 2014 di Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita. Untuk analisa hitung jumlah leukosit dilakukan pewarnaan Hematoxyllin eosin pada jaringan vena oleh ahli patologi anatomi. Analisis statistik dilakukan untuk mencari hubungan antara hitung jumlah leukosit jaringan vena dengan time refluks vena saphena magna. Hasil. Analisa statistik dengan Chi square didapatkan perbedaan bermakna peningkatan jumlah leukosit jaringan vena pada pasien insufisiensi vena kronik dibandingkan normal (52,63 % vs 18,755) dengan nilai P 0,039. Analisa lebih lanjut dengan rasio odd, dimana pasien dengan peningkatan jumlah leukosit jaringan vena memiliki 4 kali lipat kemungkinan menderita insufisiensi vena kronik (Crude OR 4,81; CI 95% 1.02 - 22.57; P value 0.046), dan setelah dianalisa menggunakan variabel perancu usia, jenis kelamin, Diabetes mellitus, Hipertensi, Perokok, Dislipidemia, adjusted OR bertambah menjadi 6 kali lipat (Adjusted OR 6,66; CI 95% 1.16 - 38.31; P value 0.033) Kesimpulan. Terdapat hubungan antara nilai inflamasi lokal dengan parameter hitung jumlah lekosit jaringan vena dengan fungsi vena pada pasien insufisiensi vena kronik dengan parameter time refluks yang diperiksa dengan DUS.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Venous function abnormality associated with inflammation and venous hypertension is the main pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI). Proving the relationship between local inflammation factors in venous tissue and its function became an important point because the veins studied are used as a conduit for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, and its patency evaluation will affect the mortality and morbidity rate in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, evaluating 35 Great Saphenous Veins (GSV) tissues taken as conduit for CABG procedure from CAD patients that have been previously examined using Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) for GSV reflux time from September-November 2014 at National Cardiac Centre Harapan Kita. Vein tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and the vein tissue leucocyte count were evaluated by an independent anatomical pathologist. Reflux time and vein tissue leukocyte count results were then grouped into 2 categories each and analysed with chi-square test to assess the relationship between the two variables Result: There was significant difference of elevated leukocyte count evaluated in patients with CVI according to DUS reflux time (52,63%) compared to normal ones (18.75%) (p=0.039). The risk for patients with elevated total leukocyte count to develop CVI was 4 times greater than those who have normal count (crude OR 4.81; 95% CI 1.02 to 22.57; p=0.046) and after adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, and history of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidaemia, the risk was increased into 6 times (adjusted OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.16 to 38.31; p=0.033). Conclusion: There is significant relationship between local inflammatory factors, evaluated using total leukocyte count, with venous functions, evaluated using DUS reflux time, in CVI patients.;Background: Venous function abnormality associated with inflammation and venous hypertension is the main pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI). Proving the relationship between local inflammation factors in venous tissue and its function became an important point because the veins studied are used as a conduit for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, and its patency evaluation will affect the mortality and morbidity rate in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, evaluating 35 Great Saphenous Veins (GSV) tissues taken as conduit for CABG procedure from CAD patients that have been previously examined using Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) for GSV reflux time from September-November 2014 at National Cardiac Centre Harapan Kita. Vein tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and the vein tissue leucocyte count were evaluated by an independent anatomical pathologist. Reflux time and vein tissue leukocyte count results were then grouped into 2 categories each and analysed with chi-square test to assess the relationship between the two variables Result: There was significant difference of elevated leukocyte count evaluated in patients with CVI according to DUS reflux time (52,63%) compared to normal ones (18.75%) (p=0.039). The risk for patients with elevated total leukocyte count to develop CVI was 4 times greater than those who have normal count (crude OR 4.81; 95% CI 1.02 to 22.57; p=0.046) and after adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, and history of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidaemia, the risk was increased into 6 times (adjusted OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.16 to 38.31; p=0.033). Conclusion: There is significant relationship between local inflammatory factors, evaluated using total leukocyte count, with venous functions, evaluated using DUS reflux time, in CVI patients., Background: Venous function abnormality associated with inflammation and venous hypertension is the main pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI). Proving the relationship between local inflammation factors in venous tissue and its function became an important point because the veins studied are used as a conduit for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, and its patency evaluation will affect the mortality and morbidity rate in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, evaluating 35 Great Saphenous Veins (GSV) tissues taken as conduit for CABG procedure from CAD patients that have been previously examined using Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) for GSV reflux time from September-November 2014 at National Cardiac Centre Harapan Kita. Vein tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and the vein tissue leucocyte count were evaluated by an independent anatomical pathologist. Reflux time and vein tissue leukocyte count results were then grouped into 2 categories each and analysed with chi-square test to assess the relationship between the two variables Result: There was significant difference of elevated leukocyte count evaluated in patients with CVI according to DUS reflux time (52,63%) compared to normal ones (18.75%) (p=0.039). The risk for patients with elevated total leukocyte count to develop CVI was 4 times greater than those who have normal count (crude OR 4.81; 95% CI 1.02 to 22.57; p=0.046) and after adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, and history of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidaemia, the risk was increased into 6 times (adjusted OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.16 to 38.31; p=0.033). Conclusion: There is significant relationship between local inflammatory factors, evaluated using total leukocyte count, with venous functions, evaluated using DUS reflux time, in CVI patients.]