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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Purpura Henoch-Schӧnlein (PHS) merupakan sindrom klinisyang disebabkan vaskulitis akut sistemik pada pembuluh darah kecil yang palingsering pada anak. Manifestasi klinis PHS sering melibatkan berbagai organ sepertikulit, sendi, gastrointestinal, dan ginjal. Rekurensi terjadi pada hampir 50 % kasusdan memengaruhi prognosis PHS. Sejauh ini belum ada publikasi penelitian PHSyang meliputi manifestasi klinis, laboratorium, serta rekurensi di Indonesia.Tujuan : Mengetahui manifestasi klinis, laboratorium serta rekurensi PHS anak diIndonesia.Metode : Penelitian deskriptif retrospektif. Data diperoleh dari rekam medispasien anak berusia 0-18 tahun dengan diagnosis PHS selama periode 1 Januari2009 hingga 31 Desember 2012 di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta.Hasil : Terdapat 71 kasus PHS dengan rentang usia 2 sampai 16 tahun dan usiatersering pada kelompok 6-8 tahun. Proporsi anak wanita lebih tinggi dibandinglelaki dengan rasio 1,2:1. Semua pasien mengalami purpura palpabel danmanifestasi tersering lainnya adalah gangguan gastointestinal (79 %), artritis atauartralgia (68 %), dan keterlibatan ginjal (41 %), sedangkan yang jarang adalahgangguan neurologis (1 %), dan edema skrotum (4 %). Riwayat infeksi yangmendahului gejala PHS didapatkan pada 56 % kasus. Peningkatan laju endapdarah (88 %) dan trombositosis (60 %) merupakan kelainan laboratorium yangpaling sering ditemukan, diikuti dengan hematuria (41 %), leukositosis (32 %),dan anemia (31 %). Penurunan fungsi ginjal ditemukan pada 6/42 kasus.Perbaikan gejala klinis terlihat dalam waktu kurang dari 4 minggu untukmanifestasi kulit, gastrointestinal, dan persendian. Sebanyak 18/24 subjek denganhematuria mengalami perbaikan dalam waktu 6 bulan. Penurunan fungsi ginjalmenetap tidak ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Rekurensi didapatkan pada 5/57subjek yang memiliki data pemantauan.Simpulan : Manifestasi klinis tersering pada PHS adalah purpura palpabel,gangguan gastrointestinal, artritis atau artralgia, dan keterlibatan ginjal, sedangkanyang jarang adalah gangguan neurologis dan edema skrotum. Pemeriksaan darahperifer lengkap dan urinalisis sebaiknya dilakukan pada semua pasien PHS untukmendukung diagnosis dan menilai keterlibatan ginjal. Pada semua pasien PHSsebaiknya dilakukan pemantauan minimal selama 6 bulan untuk menilaiketerlibatan ginjal yang mungkin timbul terlambat serta rekurensi

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ABSTRACTBackground : Henoch-Schӧnlein purpura (HSP) is a clinical syndrome whichcaused by systemic acute vasculitis in small vessel. Henoch-Schӧnlein purpura isthe most common etiology of vasculitis in children. Clinical manifestationsusually involved several organs, such as skin, joint, gastrointestinal, and kidney.Recurrency occured in almost 50 % cases, and lead to poor prognosis. Up to now,there was no publications of HSP study in Indonesia regarding in clinical profiles,laboratory, and recurrency.Objective : To investigate the clinical characteristics, laboratory, and recurrencyof HSP in Indonesian’s children.Method : A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from medical recordsof children up to 18 years, in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH). Ourparticipants were children diagnosed as having HSP from January 1st 2009 toDecember 31st 2012.Results : There were 71 cases of HSP, with the range of age from 2 years old to16 years old. Mostly subjects were at group age between 6 and 8 years old. Girlwas commonly affected compared to boy (1.2:1). All patients had palpablepurpura, other clinical symptoms that usually occured were gastrointestinal(79 %), arthritis or arthralgia (68 %), and kidney disorder (41 %). Neurologicsymptoms (1 %) and scrotal edema (4 %) were the least found. 56 % of HSPpatient was preceeded by infection history. Laboratory results that commonlyfound were increasing of ESR (88 %), thrombocytosis (60 %), hematuria (41 %),and anemia (31 %), respectively. Kidney function impairment was occured in 6/42cases. Clinical symptoms improvement had shown in less than 4 weeks for skin,gastrointestinal, and joint disorder. Eighteen of twenty four subjects withhematuria had recovery within 6 months. There were no cases of persistent kidneyfunction impairment. Recurrency occured in 5/57 subjects.Conclusion : Clinical manifestations that commonly found in HSP patients werepalpable purpura, gastrointestinal disorder, arthritis or arthralgia, and kidneyinvolvements. Neurological disorder and scrotal edema were less found. Routineblood and urine examination should be done in all HSP patients to confirm thediagnosis and evaluate kidney involvement. In all HSP patients, we suggest to dofollow up on evaluating late kidney involvement and recurrency minimally in 6months period."

"Latar belakang : Pembedahan abdomen secara laparotomi menyebabkan penurunan kadar albumin. Kadar albumin di bawah 3,00 g/dL berperan dalam terjadinya mortalitas dan morbiditas pasca-operasi.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara kadar albumin pre-operasi dan pasca-operasi terhadap luaran klinis pasca-operasi laparotomi.Metode : Penelitian ini dengan desain kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak tahun 2015-2017. Total sampling pada pasien pasca-laparotomi di PICU dengan rentang usia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun, dikelompokan ke dalam dua kategori, yaitu: albumin ≤ 3,0 g/dL dan > 3,00 g/dL. Subyek diambil data luaran klinis pasca-operasi seperti sepsis pasca-operasi, infeksi luka operasi, dehisens, relaparotomi, dan lama rawat di PICU.Hasil : Dua ratus satu subyek pasca-laparotomi diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Kadar albumin pre-operasi ≤ 3,0 g/dL meningkatkan risiko terjadinya sepsis pasca-operasi (RR 3,40(95%IK: 1,54-7,51), relaparotomi (RR 3,84(95%IK: 1,28-11,49), dan lama rawat PICU 2 kali lebih lama daripada normoalbuminemia. Kadar albumin pasca-operasi ≤ 3,0 g/dL meningkatkan risiko terjadinya sepsis pasca-operasi (RR 2,55(95%IK: 1,40-4,63) dan lama rawat PICU 1 hari lebih lama daripada normoalbuminemia. Mortalitas pada kelompok hipoalbuminemia sebesar 19,2% dengan RR 3,44(95%IK: 1,07-11,07).Simpulan : Hipoalbuminemia pre-operatif atau pasca-operatif meningkatkan risiko kejadian sepsis pasca-operatif. Hipoalbuminemia pre-operatif atau pasca-operatif tidak berhubungan dengan infeksi luka operasi. Hipoalbuminemia pre-operatif atau pasca-operatif tidak berhubungan dengan risiko kejadian dehisens. Hipoalbuminemia pre-operatif meningkatkan risiko untuk menjalani relaparotomi. Hipoalbuminemia pre-operatif atau pasca-operatif memperpanjang lama rawat di PICU. Hipoalbuminemia pre-operatif meningkatkan angka mortalitas.

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Backgrounds : Laparotomy abdominal surgery decreasing serum albumin. Serum albumin concentration below 3,00 g/dL associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Aim: To determine the relationship between serum albumin (preoperative and postoperative) and postoperative clinical course.

Methods : Retrospesctive observational study in pediatric patients undergoing laparotomy and hospitalized in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit during January 2015- December 2017. Post-laparotomy patients over the age range 1 month to 18 years, classified according to serum albumin concentration: ≤ 3,0 g/dL and > 3,00 g/dL. Postoperative outcome measured by postoperative sepsis, surgical site infection, dehiscence, relaparotomy, PICU length of stay, and mortality.

Results : Two hundred and one subjects undergone laparotomy participated. Preoperative serum albumin ≤ 3,0 g/dL increase risk of postoperative sepsis (RR 3,40 (95%CI: 1,54-7,51)), relaparotomy (RR 3,84 (95%CI: 1,28-11,49)), and twice longer in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit length of stay. Postoperative albumin ≤ 3,0 g/dL increase risk of postoperative sepsis (RR 2,55(95%CI: 1,40-4,63)) and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit length of stay. Mortality rate in hypoalbuminemic group is 19,2% with RR 3,44(95%CI: 1,07-11,07).

Conclusions : Preoperative and postoperative hypoalbuminemia increase risk of postoperative sepsis. Preoperative and postoperative hypoalbuminemia not associated with risk of surgical site infection and wound dehiscense. Preoperative hypoalbuminemia increase risk of relaparotomy. Preoperative and postoperative albumin concentration inversely related with Pediatric Intensive Care Unit length of stay. Preoperative hypoalbuminemia increase mortality rate."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Hiponatremia pasca tindakan operasi mayor pada populasi anak merupakan gangguan elektrolit yang sering terjadi. Penggunaan cairan yang belum tepat sering menimbulkan peningkatan kejadian hiponatremia yang berhubungan erat dengan meningkatnya berbagai komplikasi seperti edema otak, kejang, bahkan kematian. Populasi anak merupakan risiko tinggi karena perbandingan jaringan otak dan tulang tengkorak yang lebih besar sehingga ruang yang tersedia saat terjadi edema otak lebih sempit.Tujuan: Mengetahui insidens hiponatremia pada anak pasca tindakan operasi mayor.Metode: Studi retrospektif potong lintang dilakukan terhadap anak usia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun yang menjalani tindakan operasi mayor dan masuk ruang perawatan intensif. Penelusuran status medik sesuai kriteria inklusi dilakukan sampai jumlah sampel terpenuhi. Pencatatan terhadap subjek yang meliputi data praoperasi, intraoperasi, serta pemantauan pascaoperasi dilakukan. Subjek yang memenuhi definisi hiponatremia (<135 mEq/L) diklasifikasikan sesuai derajat hiponatremia dan dilakukan pencarian lebih lanjut terhadap komplikasi.Hasil : Studi dilakukan terhadap 90 subjek yang terdiri dari 56,7% lelaki, dengan 51,1% memiliki rentang usia 1 bulan hingga 4 tahun. Sebanyak 47,8% subjek menjalani tindakan laparatomi dengan berbagai indikasi. Hampir semua subjek (93,3%) mendapat cairan hipotonik pascaoperasi. Insidens hiponatremia pascaoperasi sebesar 28,9% dengan 11,1% diantaranya merupakan hiponatremia sedang-berat. Rerata kadar natrium pascaoperasi adalah 130,1 ± 4,1 mEq/L dengan rerata total cairan 79,8 ± 27,4 ml/kg. Sebesar 30,9% subjek yang mendapatkan cairan hipotonik pascaoperasi mengalami kejadian hiponatremia dengan rerata lama rawat 5,6 ± 4 hari. Terdapat 1/26 subjek yang mengalami komplikasi berupa kejang dan edema otak.Simpulan: Insidens hiponatremia pasca tindakan operasi mayor di ruang perawatan intensif hampir mencapai 30% dan sebagian besar mendapat cairan hipotonik pascaoperasi. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian cairan pascaoperasi yang tepat untuk mencegah hiponatremia.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Hyponatremia is commonly found post major surgery in pediatric population. The use of improper fluid often leads to increasing incidence of hyponatremia which causes complications such as cerebral edema, seizure, and death. Pediatric is a high risk population due to the large ratio between the brain tissue and skull, so that the availability space.Hyponatremia after major surgery in pediatric population is a common electrolyte disorder. The use of improper fluid often lead to increased incidence of hyponatremia which is closely linked to the increasing variety of complications such as cerebral edema, seizures, and even death. Pediatric is high risk population due to the larger comparison of brain tissue and the skull so that the space available in the event of brain edema narrower.Objective: To describe the incidence of hyponatremia in children after major surgery.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 1 month to 18 years who underwent major surgery and entered the intensive care ward. The inclusion subjects was traced from medical records. The data was recorded from preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative monitoring. Subjects who met hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) were classified according to the severity of hyponatremia and its complications.Results: Ninety subjects were enrolled in this study (56.7% male, 51.1% age 1 month-4 years). There were 47.8% subjects underwent laparotomy with a variety of indications. Almost all subjects (93.3%) received postoperative hypotonic fluid. The incidence of postoperative hyponatremia was 28.9%, while 11.1% among them were moderate-severe hyponatremia. The mean postoperative sodium levels was 130.1 ± 4.1 mEq/L with a mean total fluid 79.8 ± 27.4 ml/kg. There were 30.9% subjects who received hypotonic fluids and experienced hyponatremia with a mean length of stay 5.6 ± 4 days. One of 26 subjects with hyponatremia suffered from seizures and brain edema.Conclusions: The incidence of postoperative hyponatremia in pediatric intensive care reached nearly 30%, and almost all of them received hypotonic fluid. Therefore, further research should be performed to evaluate the appropriate fluid in order to anticipating postoperative hyponatremia, Background: Hyponatremia is commonly found post major surgery in pediatric population. The use of improper fluid often leads to increasing incidence of hyponatremia which causes complications such as cerebral edema, seizure, and death. Pediatric is a high risk population due to the large ratio between the brain tissue and skull, so that the availability space.Hyponatremia after major surgery in pediatric population is a common electrolyte disorder. The use of improper fluid often lead to increased incidence of hyponatremia which is closely linked to the increasing variety of complications such as cerebral edema, seizures, and even death. Pediatric is high risk population due to the larger comparison of brain tissue and the skull so that the space available in the event of brain edema narrower.Objective: To describe the incidence of hyponatremia in children after major surgery.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 1 month to 18 years who underwent major surgery and entered the intensive care ward. The inclusion subjects was traced from medical records. The data was recorded from preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative monitoring. Subjects who met hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) were classified according to the severity of hyponatremia and its complications.Results: Ninety subjects were enrolled in this study (56.7% male, 51.1% age 1 month-4 years). There were 47.8% subjects underwent laparotomy with a variety of indications. Almost all subjects (93.3%) received postoperative hypotonic fluid. The incidence of postoperative hyponatremia was 28.9%, while 11.1% among them were moderate-severe hyponatremia. The mean postoperative sodium levels was 130.1 ± 4.1 mEq/L with a mean total fluid 79.8 ± 27.4 ml/kg. There were 30.9% subjects who received hypotonic fluids and experienced hyponatremia with a mean length of stay 5.6 ± 4 days. One of 26 subjects with hyponatremia suffered from seizures and brain edema.Conclusions: The incidence of postoperative hyponatremia in pediatric intensive care reached nearly 30%, and almost all of them received hypotonic fluid. Therefore, further research should be performed to evaluate the appropriate fluid in order to anticipating postoperative hyponatremia]"

"Latar belakang: Epilepsi merupakan salah satu penyebab terbanyak morbiditas di bidang saraf anak, yang menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan gangguan tumbuhkembang, dan kualitas hidup anak dengan insidens terbanyak di bawah usia 1 tahun. Faktor-faktor risiko terjadinya epilepsi di bawah usia 1 tahun seperti herediter, prenatal, perinatal dan pascanatal perlu diketahui sehingga dapat menjadi prediktor kejadian epilepsi dan dapat menatalaksana epilepsi sejak dini.Tujuan: (1) Mengidentifikasi faktor risiko epilepsi pada anak dengan awitan usia di bawah 1 tahun. (2) Menganalisis besar risiko faktor herediter. (3) Menganalisis besar risiko faktor perinatal (asfiksia, BBLR, prematur). (4) Menganalisis besar risiko faktor pascanatal (kejang demam, mikrosefali, keterlambatan perkembangan, tidak ASI eksklusif). (5) Memberikan gambaran probabilitas timbulnya epilepsi berdasarkan skoring prediktor terhadap faktor risiko.Metode: Penelitian kasus kontrol dilakukan pada pasien yang terdiagnosis epilepsi dengan awitan usia di bawah 1 tahun yang datang ke Poliklinik Neurologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI/RSCM dari bulan Januari 2011 hingga Desember 2015. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan melihat data rekam medis dan wawancara kepada orangtua. Faktor-faktor risiko yang dianggap berpengaruh dianalisis secara multivariat.Hasil: Insidens epilepsi di bawah usia 1 tahun selama 2011-2015 167 pasien. Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan faktor-faktor risiko yang bermakna berupa riwayat keluarga dengan epilepsi (p<0,001 dan OR 9,098; IK 95% 2,002-41,344), mikrosefali (p<0,001 dan OR 20,772; IK 95% 6,041-71,751), kejang demam (p<0,001 dan OR 13,408; IK 95% 3,855-46,636), tidak diberikannya ASI eksklusif (p<0,001 dan OR 9,667; IK 95% 4,607-20,283) serta keterlambatan perkembangan (p<0,001 dan OR 16,042; IK 95% 6,204-41,478). Probabilitas terjadinya epilepsi di bawah usia 1 tahun bila memiliki 1 faktor risiko yaitu 39%, 2 faktor risiko yaitu 86% dan 3-4 faktor risiko menjadi 98%.Simpulan: Faktor-faktor risiko yang bermakna berupa riwayat keluarga dengan epilepsi, mikrosefali, kejang demam, keterlambatan perkembangan serta tidak ASI eksklusif.

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Background: Epilepsy is the most common cause of morbidity in pediatric neurology, which results in delayed developmental problems and decreased quality of life during infancy. Risk factors of epilepsy in infancy such as hereditary, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal should be detected to be able to find the predictors of the incidence and to promptly manage epilepsy.Aim: (1) To identify the risk factors of epilepsy in infants. (2) To analyze hereditary factors. (3) To analyze perinatal risk factors (asphyxia, low birth weight, prematurity). (4) To analyze postnatal risk factors (febrile seizure, microcephaly, delayed development, no exclusive breastfeeding). (5) To find the probability of epilepsy based on the predictor score of risk factors.Method: A case control study for patients diagnosed with epilepsy during infancy who comes to Neurology outpatient clinic Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia from January 2011 to December 2015. Data was collected from medical records and parent interviews. The risk factors that are considered important are then analyzed multivariately.Result: The incidence of epilepsy in infant from 2011-2015 is 167 patients. In the multivariate analysis, the significant risk factors are family history with epilepsy (p<0.001 and OR 9.098l 95%; CI 2.002-41.344), microcephaly (p<0.001 and OR 20.772; 95% CI 6.041-71.751), febrile seizure (p<0.001 and OR 13.408; 95% CI 3.855-46.636), no exclusive breastfeeding (p<0.001 and OR 9.667; 95% CI 4.607-20.283) and delayed development (p<0.001 and OR 16.042; 95% CI 6.204-41.478). The probability of epilepsy in infants with more than 1 risk factor is 39%, with 2 risk factors is 86% and with 3-4 risk factors is 98%.Conclusion: The significant risk factors are family history with epilepsy, microcephaly, febrile seizure, delayed development and no exclusive breastfeeding."

"Latar belakang: Enterokolitis nekrotikans EKN merupakan inflamasi pada saluran cerna yang sering terjadi pada bayi prematur. Lactobacillus reuteri merupakan mikroorganisme hidup yang dilaporkan dapat mencegah kejadian EKN, intoleransi minum dan menurunkan angka mortalitas. Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi kejadian EKN pada bayi prematur yang mendapat Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 dan sekunder kejadian sepsis, intoleransi minum, waktu mencapai full feeding, lama hari perawatan, efek samping dan kematian. Metode: Uji klinis acak tersamar ganda membandingkan pemberian Lactobacillus reuteri dengan plasebo pada neonatus usia gestasi 28-34 minggu dan berat lahir 1000-1800 gram di Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 47 subjek. Hasil: Kejadian EKN stadium 2 dan 3 didapatkan 3 subjek 6,4 pada kelompok plasebo dan tidak ada ada pada kelompok probiotik RR 1,07 IK 95 0,99-1,15, p=0,24 . Intoleransi minum berupa muntah, kembung, atau keduanya lebih rendah pada kelompok probiotik dibandingkan plasebo 8,5 vs. 25,5 , RR 0,33 IK 95 0,12-0,96, p=0,03 . Proven sepsis pada kelompok probiotik dan plasebo tidak berbeda bermakna 2,1 vs. 6,4 , p=0,62 . Waktu mencapai full feeding dan lama perawatan tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kedua kelompok. Efek samping yang diobservasi berupa diare tidak berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok 2,1 vs. 4,3 , p=1,00 . Kematian tidak berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok 2,1 vs. 8,5 , p=0,36. Simpulan: Kejadian EKN terjadi pada kelompok plasebo sebesar 6,4 dan tidak ada pada kelompok probiotik. Intoleransi minum secara bermakna lebih rendah pada kelompok probiotik dibandingkan plasebo. Luaran sekunder proven sepsis, waktu mencapai full feeding, lama perawatan, efek samping diare dan kematian tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kedua kelompok.

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Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis NEC is an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that often occurs in preterm infants. Lactobacillus reuteri is a living microorganism that has been reported to prevent NEC.

Objectives: Identify the NEC prevalence in preterm infants receiving Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 with secondary outcomes including sepsis, feeding intolerance, time to reach full feeding, length of stay, adverse effects, and mortality.

Methods: Double blind randomized controlled trial of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 versus placebo in 28 34 weeks of gestational neonates and birth weight 1000 1800 grams at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Each group consisted of 47 subjects.

Results The prevalence of NEC stages 2 and 3 were found in three subjects 6,4 of the placebo whereas none occurred in the probiotic RR 1.07, 95 CI 0.99 1.15, p 0.24 . Feeding intolerance vomiting, distension, or both were found to be lower in the probiotic compared to the placebo 8.5 vs 25.5 RR 0.33 95 CI 0.12 0.96, p 0.03. No significant differences were found between both groups for the proven sepsis, time to reach full feeding, length of stay, and adverse effects of diarrhea. Mortality rates were 2.1 in the probiotic and 8.5 in the placebo, p 0.36.

Conclusion 6,4 of the placebo group experienced NEC whereas none occurred in the probiotic group. Feeding intolerance was found to be significantly lower in the group receiving probiotics compared to the placebo group. Secondary outcomes including proven sepsis, time to reach full feeding, length of stay, adverse effect diarrhea , and mortality were also not found to be significantly different between both trial groups."

"Latar belakang: Dampak Dermatitis Atopik DA terhadap kualitas hidup seorang anak di Amerika dan Negara-negara eropa relatif telah dikenal dengan baik, namun belum pernah di evaluasi di Indonesia. Terlebih lagi hubungan antara derajat dermatitis atopik dan biaya obat belum pernah diteliti, walaupun beberapa penelitian mendeteksi perburukan dan biaya pengobatan yang lebih tinggi pada bayi/anak yang lebih muda dengan DA.Tujuan: Mengetahui kualitas hidup dan biaya pengobatan pada bayi/anak dermatitis atopik DA .Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian cross sectional pada 60 bayi/anak berusia 0 ndash; 4 tahun menjalani pemeriksaan objective SCORAD dan orang tua mereka diwawancara dengan kuesioner kualitas hidup dermatologis bayi dan biaya pengobatan.Hasil: Terdapat korelasi sedang antara keparahan SCORAD obyektif dengan IDQOL r = 0,431, p = 0,001 , sedangkan korelasi sedang juga terjadi antara SCORAD obyektif dan biaya pengobatan r = 0,367, P = 0,004 . Setelah diklasifikasikan menjadi dermatitis ringan, sedang, dan berat , hubungan antara beratnya DA dan rendahnya kualitas hidup serta tingginya biaya obat juga berkorelasi sedang r = 0,545, P = 0,01 .Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi sedang antara keparahan DA dengan gangguan kualitas hidup, sesuai dengan yang ditampakkan oleh banyak literatur internasional dan terdapat korelasi sedang antara derajat dermatitis dengan biaya pengobatan dalam manajemen DA."