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"Pemanfaatan biota laut di bidang kesehatan salah satunya adalah sebagai sumber antioksidan yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menguji aktivitas antioksidan dan mendeteksi keberadaan senyawa terpenoid pada ekstrak kasar Acanthaster (Echinodermata) dan fraksi-fraksinya. Metode DPPH digunakan untuk pengujian aktivitas antioksidan sedangkan pelarut Libermann Burchard digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan senyawa terpenoid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar metanol Acanthaster mengandung terpenoid dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih kuat dibandingkan pembandingnya, Didemnum sp. (Ascidia) dengan nilai IC50 yaitu masing-masing sebesar 102,946 μg/ml dan 118,373 μg/ml. Fraksi etil asetat, fraksi n-heksan, dan fraksi air memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat dengan nilai IC50 secara berurutan 74,481 μg/ml, 100,084 μg/ml, dan 194,652 μg/ml. Aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi n-heksan disebabkan oleh terpenoid, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan fraksi air disebabkan oleh senyawa lain yang bersifat polar karena menunjukkan hasil negatif pada uji terpenoid.

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Many marine organism have been known as source of antioxidant that could counteract radical ions. The study was conducted to test the antioxidant activity and to detect the presence of terpenoid compounds in the Acanthaster (echinoderm) crude extract and its fractions. DPPH method was used to test the antioxidant activity and Liebermann Burchard reagent was used to detect the presence of terpenoid compounds. The result shown that crude extract of Acanthaster contained terpenoids and has stronger antioxidant activity than ascidian Didemnum sp. (IC50 values are 102.946 μg/ml and 118.373 μg/ml, respectively). Ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction, and water fraction have strong antioxidant activities with IC50 values 74.481 μg/ml, 100.084 μg/ml, dan 194.652 μg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane fraction were caused by terpenoids, whereas the antioxidant activity of water fraction was caused by other polar antioxidant compounds because has negative result of terpenoid test.

Pemanfaatan biota laut di bidang kesehatan salah satunya adalah sebagai sumber

antioksidan yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Penelitian dilakukan untuk

menguji aktivitas antioksidan dan mendeteksi keberadaan senyawa terpenoid pada

ekstrak kasar Acanthaster (Echinodermata) dan fraksi-fraksinya. Metode DPPH

digunakan untuk pengujian aktivitas antioksidan sedangkan pelarut Libermann

Burchard digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan senyawa terpenoid. Hasil

penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar metanol Acanthaster mengandung

terpenoid dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih kuat dibandingkan

pembandingnya, Didemnum sp. (Ascidia) dengan nilai IC50 yaitu masing-masing

sebesar 102,946 μg/ml dan 118,373 μg/ml. Fraksi etil asetat, fraksi n-heksan, dan

fraksi air memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat dengan nilai IC50 secara

berurutan 74,481 μg/ml, 100,084 μg/ml, dan 194,652 μg/ml. Aktivitas

antioksidan fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi n-heksan disebabkan oleh terpenoid,

sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan fraksi air disebabkan oleh senyawa lain yang

bersifat polar karena menunjukkan hasil negatif pada uji terpenoid.

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Abstract

Many marine organism have been known as source of antioxidant that could

counteract radical ions. The study was conducted to test the antioxidant activity

and to detect the presence of terpenoid compounds in the Acanthaster

(echinoderm) crude extract and its fractions. DPPH method was used to test the

antioxidant activity and Liebermann Burchard reagent was used to detect the

presence of terpenoid compounds. The result shown that crude extract of

Acanthaster contained terpenoids and has stronger antioxidant activity than

ascidian Didemnum sp. (IC50 values are 102.946 μg/ml and 118.373 μg/ml,

respectively). Ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction, and water fraction have

strong antioxidant activities with IC50 values 74.481 μg/ml, 100.084 μg/ml, dan

194.652 μg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate fraction

and n-hexane fraction were caused by terpenoids, whereas the antioxidant activity

of water fraction was caused by other polar antioxidant compounds because has

negative result of terpenoid test. "

"Penelitian mengenai uji aktivitas antioksidan pada bintang laut Linckia laevigata telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan menguji keberadaan saponin pada ekstrak metanol bintang laut Linckia laevigata beserta fraksi-fraksinya. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan metode DPPH, sedangkan uji keberadaan saponin dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol Linckia laevigata dan fraksi-fraksinya memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat lemah dengan nilai IC50, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 696,13 µg/ml untuk ekstrak metanol, 1484,35 µg/ml untuk fraksi air, 176,36 µg/ml untuk fraksi n-heksan, dan -10,75 µg/ml untuk fraksi etil asetat. Uji saponin menunjukkan hasil positif pada ekstrak metanol, fraksi air, dan fraksi n-heksan, sedangkan fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan hasil negatif. Hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa senyawa antioksidan bintang laut Linckia laevigata berupa saponin dan senyawa bioaktif lainnya.

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Research about antioxidant activity on sea star Linckia laevigata was done. The purpose of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity and to test the presence of saponins in the methanol extract of seastar Linckia laevigata and its fractions. Antioxidant activity test was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively by 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the presence of saponins test was conducted qualitatively. The results showed that the methanol extract of Linckia laevigata and its fractions had very weak antioxidant activities. Their IC50 values were 696.13 µg/ml in the methanol extract, 1484.35 µg/ml in water fraction, 176.36 µg/ml in n-hexane fraction, and -10.75 µg / ml in ethyl acetate fraction. The presence of saponins test showed that metanol extract, water fraction, and n-hexane contained saponins, whereas ethyl acetate fraction contained other compounds because its had the negative result. It indicated that the antioxidant compunds in the sea star Linckia laevigata was saponins and another compounds."

"Radikal bebas yang banyak dijumpai di lingkungan dapat diatasi dengan senyawa antioksidan. Senyawa antioksidan dapat dihasilkan oleh bintang laut Archaster typicus. Tujuan penelitian adalah menguji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH serta untuk mengetahui senyawa yang bertanggungjawab pada aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol bintang laut Archaster typicus dan fraksi-fraksinya. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH. Uji kualitatif saponin adalah uji untuk mengetahui keberadaan senyawa saponin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus dan fraksi-fraksinya memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan IC50 berturut-turut 613,448 µg/ml, 1008,831 µg/ml, 376,091 µg/ml, dan 436,338 µg/ml. Aktivitas antioksidan fraksi n-heksan dan fraksi etil asetat lebih lemah dibandingkan pembandingnya, Acanthaster. Aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etil asetat dan air disebabkan oleh saponin, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan fraksi n-heksan disebabkan oleh senyawa lain yang bersifat nonpolar.

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Free radicals were founded in environment that could be solved by antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant compounds could be produced by Sea Star Archaster typicus. The study was conducted to test the antioxidant activity using DPPH method and to detect compounds that represent on the methanol extract of Sea Star Archaster typicus antioxidant activity and its fractions. Antioxidant activity test using DPPH. Saponin qualitative test is test to detect existence of saponins compound. The result shown that methanol extract of Sea Star Archaster typicus and its fractions have antioxidant activities with IC50 values 613,448 µg/ml, 1008,831 µg/ml, 376,091 µg/ml, and 436,338 µg/ml. The antioxidant activities of n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction have weaker antioxidant activities than Acanthaster. The antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction were caused by saponins, whereas the antioxidant activity of n-hexane fraction was caused by other nonpolar antioxidant compounds."

"Eksplorasi dan riset telah dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan alam laut Indonesia. Salah satu caranya adalah pemanfaatan biota laut sebagai sumber antioksidan yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji aktivitas antioksidan dan mengetahui senyawa yang bertanggung jawab pada aktivitas antioksidan dari bintang bulu marga Capillaster. DPPH merupakan senyawa radikal yang digunakan sebagai metode pengujian aktivitas antioksidan. Uji kualitatif saponin digunakan untuk mengetahui keberadaan senyawa saponin pada ekstrak metanol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol dan fraksi-fraksi Capillaster sp. mengandung saponin dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat. Nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol 167,6 μg/ml, fraksi n-heksan 139,33 μg/ml, fraksi etil asetat -271,44 μg/ml, dan fraksi air 61,48 μg/ml.

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Explorations and researches have been done to optimalize the use of Indonesian marine resources. One of the ways to do that is utilizing marine organisms as an antioxidant that can prevent free radicals. This research is done to test the antioxidant activity and to know which compound is responsible for the antioxidant activity in feather stars Capillaster. DPPH is a radical that is used as a method to test the antioxidant activity. Saponin qualitative test is used to determine whether saponin is present in the methanol extract. The result showed that saponin is present in Capillaster’s methanol extract and fractions and Capillaster has strong antioxidant activity. IC50 value for methanol extract is 167,6 μg/ml, n-heksan fraction 139,33 μg/ml, etil asetat fraction -271,44 μg/ml, and water fraction 61,48 μg/ml."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelimpahan bentuk-bentuk mikroplastik yang terakumulasi pada air dan sedimen, menganalisis dan membandingkan jumlah kelimpahan mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan bulu babi Diadema setosum yang diambil dari Gugusan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Pengamblan sampel air, sedimen dilakukan bedasarkan tiga titik mengelilingi pulau dan sampel bulu babi Diadema setosum dilakukan dari 10 lokasi berbeda mengelilingi pulau. Sampel air sebanyak 20 liter disaring dengan plankton net 300 µ, sampel sedimen sebanyak 200 gram dikeringkan menggunakan oven, dan saluran pencernaan bulu babi di larutkan menggunakan HNO3 65%. Semua sampel dijenuhkan dengan larutan NaCl agar partikel mikroplastik mengapung di permukaan. Setiap sampel diambil sebanyak 1 ml, kemudian diletakan di kamar hitung Sedgewick rafter untuk diamati dibawah mikroskop dan dihitung bedasarkan jenis mikroplastik yang ditemukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kelimpahan mikroplastik paling tinggi pada Pulau Panggang sejumlah 148,00 partikel L-1 pada air, 217.100 partikel kg-1 pada sedimen, dan 1.264,00 partikel ind-1 pada saluran pencernaan bulu babi. Disusul oleh Pulau Pramuka dengan kelimpahan mikroplastik sejumlah 132,67 partikel L-1 pada air, 136.800 partikel kg-1 pada sedimen, dan 1.082,7 partikel ind-1 pada saluran pencernaan bulu babi.. Jumlah kelimpahan mikroplastik terendah ada pada Pulau Semak Daun sejumlah 92,67 partikel L-1 pada air, 121.066 partikel kg-1 pada sedimen, dan 923,33 partikel ind-1 pada saluran pencernaan bulu babi. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan jumlah kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sampel saluran pencernaan bulu babi pada Pulau Panggang, Pulau Pramuka, dan Pulau Semak Daun.

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This study aims to analyze the abundance of forms of microplastics that accumulate in water and sediment, analyze and compare the abundance of microplastics in the digestive tract ofsea ​​urchins Diadema setosum taken from the Pramuka Island Cluster, Seribu Islands, Jakarta. Water and sediment samples were taken from three points around the island and samples ofsea ​​urchins were Diadema setosum taken from 10 different locations around the island. A 20 liter water sample was filtered with a plankton net of 300 , a sediment sample of 200 grams was dried using an oven, and the digestive tract of sea urchins was dissolved using 65% HNO3. All samples were saturated with NaCl solution so that the microplastic particles floated on the surface. Each sample was taken as much as 1 ml, then placed in thecounting room Sedgewick rafter to be observed under a microscope and calculated based on the type of microplastic found. The results showed that the highest abundance of microplastics was on Panggang Island with 148.00 L-1 particles in water, 217,100 kg-1 particles in sediment, and 1,264,00 ind-1 particles in the digestive tract of sea urchins. Followed by Pramuka Island with an abundance of microplastics of 132.67 L-particles1 in water, 136,800 kg-particles1 in sediments, and 1,082.7 ind-particles1 in the digestive tract of sea urchins.. The lowest abundance of microplastics was found on Pulau Semak Daun with 92.67 particles L-1 in water, 121,066 particles kg-1 in sediments, and 923.33 particles ind-1 in the digestive tract of sea urchins. There were significant differences in the abundance of microplastics in the digestive tract samples of sea urchins on Panggang Island, Pramuka Island, and Semak Daun Island."

"Telah dilakukan inventarisasi jenis Holothuroidea di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu (TNKpS) Jakarta dan dilakukan juga pengamatan pola pemisahan senyawa ekstrak kasar dari marga-marga Holothuroidea yang diperoleh menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Koleksi Holothuroidea dilakukan dengan cara snorkeling di rataan terumbu dan identifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan ciri morfologi serta spikula. Pengamatan spikula dilakukan dengan melarutkan dinding tubuh sampel dan tentakel dalam natrium hipoklorit komersial. Sampel Holothuroidea diekstrak menggunakan metanol, dipekatkan di rotary evaporator lalu dikeringkan dalam oven. Pengamatan pola pemisahan senyawa Holothuroidea dilakukan setelah ekstrak dielusi pada KLT dengan eluen n-heksan:etilasetat (95:5). Hasil KLT disinari UV dan disemprot anesaldehid. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 15 jenis Holothuroidea dan beberapa jenis diantaranya baru pertama kali tercatat (new record) di TNKpS Jakarta yaitu Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) pyxis, Stichopus quadrifasciatus, dan Synaptula reticulata. Pola pemisahan senyawa ekstrak kasar Holothuroidea dengan KLT pun dapat digunakan untuk membedakan marga. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan pola pemisahan senyawa dari ekstrak kasar Holothuroidea mempertegas taksonomi Holothuroidea yang dilakukan melalui identifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan spikula.

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Inventory of Holothuroidea in Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta and separation pattern of their extracts using TLC have been conducted. Holothuroidea were collected by snorkeling along reef flat. Identification based on morphological characters and spicules observation. Spicules were observed by disolving body wall and tentacle of Holothuroidea in comercial natrium hypochloride. Samples were extracted with methanol, concentrated in rotary evaporator and dried in oven. Extracts separation pattern were observed after the extracts chromatographed on TLC plate eluted with n-hexane: ethilacetate (95:5). Separation pattern of their extracts detected under UV light and sprayed with anesaldehyde.

The inventory result showed that there were some new record species among 15 identified species in Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, they were Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) pyxis, Stichopus quadrifasciatus, and Synaptula reticulata. TLC result showed that extracts separation pattern were able to distinguish Holothuroidea genus. The conclusion of the result is that the extract separation pattern affirms taxonomy of Holothuroidea which previously based on morphology and spicules indentification."

"Penelitian mengenai struktur komunitas Diatom di area pertambakan Marunda Cilincing, Jakarta Utara telah dilakukan pada bulan Maret hingga Mei tahun 2012. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas Diatom pada 3 stasiun penelitian dan hubungan dengan parameter lingkungan di setiap stasiun. Sampel diambil secara horizontal di setiap stasiun di area pertambakan Marunda Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. Hasil identifikasi sampel diperoleh 27 marga Diatom di perairan area pertambakan Marunda. Kepadatan Diatom di area pertambakan Marunda berkisar antara 1847,11?4729,643 sel/m3. Area pertambakan Marunda didominansi oleh Thalassiosira dan Thalassionema. Berdasarkan nilai Indeks kemerataan, marga Diatom tidak tersebar merata di Area pertambakan Marunda. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman menunjukan perairan di area pertambakan Marunda memiliki tingkat pencemaran berat.

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Research on The Community Structure of Bacillariophyta (Diatomae) in brackish water ponds of Marunda Cilincing, North Jakarta was conducted on March and May 2012. The aims of this study was to determine the community structure of Diatomae from 3 stations and the relationship of environmental parameters at each station. Samples were taken horizontally at 3 stations of brackish water ponds of Marunda.

The identification results of samples obtained 27 genera of Diatomae in the waters. The density of Diatomae in brackish water ponds of Marunda was between 1847,11?4729,643 cell/m3. The waters in brackish water ponds of Marunda was dominated by Thalassiosira dan Thalassionema. Based on index of distribution point, genera of Diatomae in brackish water ponds of Marunda is maldistribution. Index of diversity point showed brackish water ponds of Marunda was heavily polluted."

"Telah dilakukan sampling makrozoobentos di Sungai Cengek bagian hulu yang melintasi Desa Payaman, Kota Salatiga pada bulan April 2013. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara mengoleksi makrozoobentos, pada daerah sebelum percabangan, percabangan sebelah timur, dan percabangan sebelah barat. Sampel yang diperoleh diawetkan dengan alkohol 70% kemudian diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Taksonomi Hewan, Departemen Biologi FMIPA UI, Depok. Masing-masing pengambilan sampel dilakukan sebanyak dua pengulangan. Data hasil penelitian ditabulasi dan digunakan untuk penilaian kualitas perairan dengan indeks biotik.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh empat kelompok makrozoobentos yang dikelompokkan dalam Famili Heptageniidae, Libellulidae, Palaemonidae, dan Pachychilidae. Indeks eanekaragaman tergolong rendah, berkisar antara 0,42--0,9 dengan indeks dominansi berkisar 0,49--0,75. Berdasarkan indeks biotik diketahui bahwa kualitas perairan Sungai Cengek bagian hulu masuk ke dalam kategori perairan dengan kondisi yang baik, dengan nilai ASPT berkisar 6,25--6,5.

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Sampling of macrozoobenthos has been held at the upstream of Cengek River that crosses Payaman Village, Salatiga City in April, 2013. Sampling was carried out by collecting macrozoobenthos at the area before branching, eastern branching, and western branching of Cengek River. Samples that collected was preserved by 70% ethanol, and identified in Laboratory of Animal Taxonomy, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Indonesia, Depok . Each sampling was performed two repetitions. The data were tabulated and used to measure the water quality by biotic index.Results of the research was found four group of macrozoobenthos that divided into family of Heptageniidae, Libellulidae, Palaemonidae, and Pachychilidae. The level of diversity rated low, ranged from 0,42 to 0,9 and dominancy index ranged from 0,49 to 0,75. Based on biotic index, the waterways quality of Cengek River upstream were divided into the fine condition river, with ASPT rate ranged from 6,25 to 6,5."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai struktur komunitas diatom epifit pada daun lamun di padang lamun perairan Muara Binuangeun, Banten telah dilakukan pada tanggal 30 April -- 3 Mei 2015. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas Diatom epifitik pada daun lamun Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb. ex Solms) Asch. antara lain, komposisi genus, kepadatan, dominansi, keanekaragaman, dan kemerataan pada setiap stasiun di Muara Binuangeun, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten. Penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa komposisi Diatom epifitik yang diperoleh di lokasi penelitian sebanyak 12 genus dari 4 kelas. Kepadatan Diatom epifitik tiap stasiun berkisar antara 91800 – 420560 sel/ dm2. Nilai indeks dominansi berkisar antara 0,617—0,917 dan tergolong tinggi di setiap stasiun, hal tersebut disebabkan karena terdapat genus Navicula yang mendominasi disetiap stasiun. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman di setiap stasiun penelitian tergolong rendah (berkisar antara 0,25—0,86). Nilai indeks kemerataan berkisar antara 0,1—0,36 dengan stasiun 1 dan 4 tergolong tidak merata, sedangkan pada stasiun 2 dan 3 tergolong kurang merata. Rendahnya nilai indeks keanekaragaman dan kemerataan disebabkan karena adanya tekanan ekologis pada lokasi penelitian. Secara umum, struktur komunitas Diatom epifitik pada lokasi penelitian tergolong tidak stabil karena tingkat dominansi yang tinggi, keanekaragaman yang rendah, dan kemerataan yang tidak merata dan kurang merata.

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ABSTRAKResearch on community structure of epiphyte Diatom on Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb. ex Solms) Asch. leaves at seagrass beds Muara Binuangeun Coastal, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten was conducted on 30 April -- 3 May 2015. The aim of this study was to determine community structure of epiphyte Diatom on Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb. ex Solms) Asch. leaves include genus composition, abundance, dominance, diversity, and evenness each stations at Muara Binuangeun, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten. Sampling location was determineted by purposive sampling method. Result shows that 4 classis 12 genera Diatom epiphytic composition was obtained . Diatom epiphytic abundance range in each station was 91800 – 420560 sel/ dm2. Dominance index score range was 0,617—0,917 and was classified as high at each stations because genus Navicula dominant in each stations. Diversity index score was classified as low (0,25—0,86) at each stations. Evenness index score range was 0,1—0,36 with station 1 and 4 classifed as highly unevenn and station 2 and 3 was classified as unevenly. Diversity and evenness index score was low because there were ecological pressures. In general, community structure of epiphyte Diatom in research location was unstable because dominance index was high, diversity index was low, and evenness index was highly uneven and unevenly., Research on community structure of epiphyte Diatom on Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb. ex Solms) Asch. leaves at seagrass beds Muara Binuangeun Coastal, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten was conducted on 30 April -- 3 May 2015. The aim of this study was to determine community structure of epiphyte Diatom on Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb. ex Solms) Asch. leaves include genus composition, abundance, dominance, diversity, and evenness each stations at Muara Binuangeun, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten. Sampling location was determineted by purposive sampling method. Result shows that 4 classis 12 genera Diatom epiphytic composition was obtained . Diatom epiphytic abundance range in each station was 91800 – 420560 sel/ dm2. Dominance index score range was 0,617—0,917 and was classified as high at each stations because genus Navicula dominant in each stations. Diversity index score was classified as low (0,25—0,86) at each stations. Evenness index score range was 0,1—0,36 with station 1 and 4 classifed as highly unevenn and station 2 and 3 was classified as unevenly. Diversity and evenness index score was low because there were ecological pressures. In general, community structure of epiphyte Diatom in research location was unstable because dominance index was high, diversity index was low, and evenness index was highly uneven and unevenly.]"