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"Latar Belakang. Clopidogrel adalah salah satu pilihan antiplatelet pada kasus stroke iskemik yang bekerja dengan menghambat ikatan adenosine diphosphate (ADP) dengan reseptor P2Y12. Gen ABCB1 diketahui mengkode transporter P-glikoprotein (P-gp) multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1) yang mempengaruhi absorpsi clopidogrel di usus, sehingga mempengaruhi efektivitasnya dalam mencegah agregasi trombosit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peran polimorfisme gen ABCB1 terhadap variabilitas respons clopidogrel yang dilihat dari agregasi trombosit serta mengetahui frekuensi genotip ABCB1 pada populasi.Metode. Studi potong lintang dilakukan pada pasien stroke iskemik yang mengkonsumsi clopidogrel di RSUI/RSCM pada 2020-2023. Dilakukan pemeriksaan polimorfisme ABCB1 C3435T dan C1236T serta agregasi trombosit dengan VerifyNow PRU. Variabilitas respons clopidogrel dikelompokkan menjadi tidak respons (>208 PRU), respons (95-208 PRU), dan risiko perdarahan (<95 PRU).Hasil. Sebanyak 124 subjek direkrut dalam penelitian, dengan 12,9% subjek tidak respons, 45,9% respons, dan 41,9% lainnya memiliki risiko perdarahan terhadap pemberian clopidogrel. Genotip homozigot wildtype (CC) pada ABCB1 C1236T memiliki kemungkinan risiko perdarahan pada konsumsi clopidogrel 3,76 kali lebih tinggi (p=0,008; 95%CI 1,41-10,07) dibandingkan varian lainnya (CT/TT). Frekuensi genotip ABCB1 C3435T subjek pada kelompok homozigot wildtype, heterozigot, dan homozigot varian berturut-turut sebesar 35,9%, 43,5% dan 16,9%. Sementara itu, pada genotip C1236T berturut-turut sebesar 17,8%, 39,5%, dan 42,7%.Kesimpulan. Genotip ABCB1 C1236T varian homozigot wildtype memiliki kemungkinan risiko perdarahan 3,76 kali lebih tinggi pada pemberian clopidogrel. Frekuensi genotip terbanyak pada ABCB1 C1236T adalah homozigot varian, sementara pada ABCB1 C3435T adalah heterozigot.

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Background. Clopidogrel has been the primary choice of antiplatelet in ischemic stroke that inhibits adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1) is a transmembrane efflux transporter in intestinal cells that plays a significant role in clopidogrel absorption, therefore may affect platelet aggregation. P-gp is encoded by the ABCB1 gene. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ABCB1 polymorphism on clopidogrel response variability in ischemic stroke patients and its genotype frequency.

Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in ischemic stroke patients who received clopidogrel between 2020-2023 in RSUI/RSCM. All subjects were assessed for ABCB1 polymorphisms C3435T and C1236T. Platelet aggregation were measured using VerifyNow PRU. Clopidogrel response variability was classified into unresponsive (>208 PRU), responsive (95-208 PRU), and bleeding risk (<95 PRU).

Results. 124 subjects enrolled in this study, with 12,9% of subjects classified as non-responsive/resistant, 49,5% as responsive, and 41,9% as bleeding risk. ABCB1 C1236T homozygote wildtype (CC) was associated with 3,76 times higher bleeding risk than other variants (p=0,008; 95%CI 1,41-10,07). Genotype frequency of ABCB1 C3435T homozygote wildtype, heterozygote, and homozygote variants were 35,9%, 43,5% and 16,9%, respectively; while the genotype frequency of ABCB1 C1236T were 17,8%, 39,5%, and 42,7%, respectively.

Conclusion. ABCB1 C1236T homozygote wildtype was associated with 3,76 times higher bleeding risk than other variants. The most common genotype frequency of ABCB1 C1236T was homozygote variant; while for ABCB1 C3435T was heterozygote.

"

"

Latar belakang: Prevalensi wanita dengan epilepsi (WDE) usia reproduktif di Rumah Sakit Pusat Umum Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) adalah 61,7% pada tahun 2019. Pada sebagian WDE, frekuensi bangkitan dipengaruhi oleh perubahan hormonal. Fungsi reproduksi WDE di RSCM sampai saat ini belum diketahui secara pasti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik gangguan fungsi reproduksi pada WDE di RSCM.

Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan data primer. Kriteria inklusi adalah WDE berusia diatas 18 tahun, yang didiagnosis epilepsi oleh spesialis saraf, yang berobat di RSCM dari bulan September 2020 – November 2021. Ganguan fungsi reproduksi terdiri dari ganngguan siklus menstruasi, infertilitas, gangguan kehamilan atau gangguan persalinan.

Hasil Penelitian: Dari 136 subjek penelitian yang didapatkan, 41,2% mengalami gangguan fungsi reproduksi. Gangguan siklus menstruasi didapatkan pada 31,6% subjek. Subjek yang sudah menikah sebanyak 34,6%, dengan gangguan fertilitas didapatkan pada 45,5% subjek. Dari subjek yang sudah menikah, 77,3% pernah hamil. Gangguan kehamilan didapatkan pada delapan (47,1%) subjek, berupa riwayat abortus sebanyak 23,5%. Perubahan frekuensi bangkitan selama kehamilan ditemukan pada 94,1% subjek, berupa frekuensi bangkitan meningkat (23,5%), frekuensi menurun (23,5%) dan bebas bangkitan (47,1%). Lima belas (68,2%) subjek pernah melahirkan, dan sebanyak 66,7% melahirkan dengan sectio sesaria. Dua subjek mengalami gangguan saat persalinan, berupa persalinan prematur dan kejang saat persalinan.

Kesimpulan: Gangguan fungsi reproduksi pada WDE didapatkan pada 41,2% subjek, dengan jenis gangguan terbanyak adalah gangguan siklus menstruasi dan gangguan fertilitas.

Kata Kunci: gangguan fertilitas, gangguan fungsi reproduksi, gangguan menstruasi, wanita dengan epilepsi.

 

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Background: Women with epilepsy (WWE) in reproductive age prevalence at Cipto  Mangunkusumo Nasional Hospital (RSCM) is 61,7% in 2019. Seizure frequencies in WWE could be influenced by hormonal changes. Reproductive function of WWE in RSCM has not been exactly known until now. The purpose of this study is to know the characteristic of reproductive system disorder in WWE at RSCM.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using primary and secondary data. Inclusion criteria are WWE older than 18 years old and has been diagnosed with epilepsy by the doctors at RSCM from September 2020 until November 2021. Reproductive system disorder consist of menstrual cycle disorder, infertility, pregnancy problems or delivery problems.

Results: There were 136 subjects, 41,2% have reproductive system disorder. Menstrual cycle disorder found in 31,6% subjects. There were 34,6% married subjects, and 77,3% of them have pregnancy experience, while infertility found in 45,5% subjects. Eight (47,1%) subjects were having problem during their pregnancy. Spontaneous abortion found in 23,5%. Seizure frequency increased in 23,5% subjects, decreased in 23,5% subjects and 47,1% subjects. Seizure free during their pregnancy. Fifteen (68,2%) subjects have delivery experiences and 66,7% subjects were using C-section methods. Two subjects were having problem during their delivery. One subject has premature delivery while the other one was having seizure during delivery.

Conclusion: Reproductive system disorder found in 41,2% subjects. Menstrual cycle disorder and infertility are the greatest disorder found in this study.

Keyword: infertility, menstrual cycle disorder, reproductive system disorder, women with epilepsy

 

"

"Latar belakang: Infeksi intrakranial merupakan masalah yang menjadi tantangan berat bagi setiap dokter yang merawat. Tingkat kematian saat rawat inap pasien infeksi intrakranial sangat tinggi. Walaupun pasien infeksi intrakranial dapat keluar dari rumah sakit dalam keadaan hidup, namun berbagai komplikasi dan masalah paska rawat inap yang kompleks dapat menyebabkan kematian pasien saat rawat jalan. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kohort retrospektif untuk mengetahui kesintasan 180 hari pada pasien infeksi otak yang dirawat di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo. Populasi penelitian ini adalah subjek dari penelitian Optimization of Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis ODT-TBM selama periode Januari-Desember 2015. Keluaran 180 hari subjek diketahui dengan penelusuran data kunjungan rawat jalan melalui rekam medis, telepon, pesan singkat atau kunjungan rumah. Analisis kesintasan Total survival rate dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis cox regression baik univariat maupun multivariat. Penyajian data kesintasan dilakukan dengan menggunakan kurva kaplan meier. Hasil: Didapatkan 218 pasien dengan diagnosis akhir infeksi intrakranial. Berdasarkan status HIV, didapatkan 47,7 subjek HIV positif dan 52,3 HIV negatif. Tingkat kesintasan 180 hari pasien infeksi intrakranial di RSCM secara umum adalah 43,5. Kesintasan pada kelompok HIV positif 32,7 secara bermakna p 0,005; Rasio Hazard 1,695 1,177-2,442 lebih buruk daripada HIV negatif 53,5. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi kesintasan adalah usia, papiledema, suhu aksila awal, SKG awal, anemia, hiponatremia, gambaran herniasi serebri pada pencitraan otak, rasio glukosa CSS/serum, dan kadar protein CSS. Kesimpulan : Tingkat kesintasan 180 hari pasien infeksi intrakranial pada penelitian ini rendah. Infeksi HIV secara bermakna mempengaruhi kesintasan pasien infeksi intrakranial.

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Background: Managing brain infection patients is a challenge for every physician. Beside a very high in hospital mortality, many complexes problems and complications can cause patient die after discharge.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort research to find 180 days outcomes of brain infection patients that admitted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The study population is Optimization of Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis ODT TBM research subject that admitted in 2015. Health records, phone calls, short message or home visit is done to find patient rsquo s outcome. Total survival rate analysis is done with univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis. The comparison of survival rates between 2 groups is presented by Kaplan Meier curve.

Results: A total of 218 subjects were included in this study. There were 47,7 subjects with HIV positive and 52,3 HIV negative. Overall 180 days survival rates is 43,5. HIV status is strongly influenced the survival rate of brain infection patients in this study p value 0,005 Hazard Ratio 1,695 1,177 2,442. The survival rate of HIV negative subjects was 53,5 that significantly higher than HIV positive subjects 32,7. Other factors that influenced the survival rate in this research are age, papil edema, early axial temperature, Glasgow coma scale, anemia, hyponatremia, imaging of brain herniation, blood CSF glucose ratio and CSF protein.

Conclusion: The survival rate of brain infection patients in this research is low. HIV infection significantly influenced patients rsquo survival rates."

"Latar belakang. Sebanyak 1 juta kasus baru dan 625.000 kematian terjadi di dunia setiaptahunnya akibat meningitis kriptokokus. Perbaikan dalam antiretroviral (ARV) telahdilaksanakan namun jumlah kasus meningitis kriptokokus masih tinggi. Mortalitas juga masihtinggi (30-40%) bahkan dengan terapi amfoterisin B. Dengan epidemiologi penyakit yangtersebar luas dan mortalitas yang substansial, penyakit ini perlu dipikirkan sebagai masalahkesehatan besar yang memerlukan perhatian global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuimortalitas meningitis kriptokokus di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dan faktor yangberhubungan.Metode. Penelitian kohort retrospektif dengan rekam medis di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumopada subjek dengan meningitis kriptokokus dari tahun 2013-2023. Analisis dilakukan terhadapdata dasar, klinis, pemeriksaan penunjang, dan tata laksana yang dihubungkan denganmortalitas 2 minggu.Hasil. Dari 68 subjek yang melalui kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi, didapatkan mortalitas 2 minggusebesar 26,5%. Subjek dengan HIV positif didapatkan sebesar 91% dengan riwayatpenggunaan ARV sebesar 49% dan riwayat putus ARV sebesar 16%. Manifestasi klinistersering adalah nyeri kepala (94%) dan muntah (60%). Komorbid tersering yang ditemukanadalah tuberkulosis paru (49%) dan pneumonia bakterialis (37%). Infeksi PCP berhubungandengan mortalitas 2 minggu subjek (OR 14, IK 95% 1,5-135,6, p=0,02). Tinta India ditemukanpositif pada 84% subjek (p=0,029) dan antigen LFA ditemukan positif pada 94% subjek.Infiltrat pada foto toraks berhubungan dengan mortalitas 2 minggu (OR 12, IK 95% 1,3-115,4,p=0,03). Frekuensi pungsi lumbal yang lebih jarang berhubungan dengan mortalitas 2 minggu(p=0,009). Antijamur yang diberikan sebagian besar adalah kombinasi amfoterisin B danflukonazol (71%).Kesimpulan. Mortalitas 2 minggu meningitis kriptokokus sebesar 26,5%. Faktor yangberhubungan dengan mortalitas adalah infeksi PCP, tinta India positif, infiltrat pada fototoraks, dan pungsi lumbal yang jarang. Subjek meningitis kriptokokus dengan infeksi HIVmengalami imunosupresi berat yang ditandai dengan CD4 rendah, riwayat ARV yang rendah,dan angka putus ARV yang tinggi. Sebagian besar subjek meningitis kriptokokus memilikikondisi klinis yang berat sehingga tata laksana seperti pungsi lumbal diperlukan sejak awal.

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Background. Approximately 1 million new cases and 625.000 deaths each year are caused by

Cryptococcal meningitis. Improvement in antiretroviral (ARV) was done but number of

Cryptococcal meningitis cases was still high. In spite of amphotericin B based regimen, the

mortality was still high (30-40%). With worldspread epidemiology and substantial mortality,

this disease is a major health issue which requires global attention. This research aimed to

know Cryptococcal meningitis mortality in Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital

and its associated factors.

Methods. Retrospective cohort research using medical records at Cipto Mangunkusumo

National General Hospital was conducted for Cryptococcal meningitis from 2013 to 2023.

Analysis was performed for baseline, clinical, ancillary test, and treatment data with 2 week

mortality.

Results. Of 68 subjects following inclusion and exclusion criteria, the 2 week mortality was

26,5%. The proportion of HIV positive was 91,2% with 38,5% subjects with history of ARV,

and 16,2% subjects with history of default. Common clinical manifestations were headache

(94%) and vomiting (60%). Common comorbids were pulmonary tuberculosis (49%) and

bacterial pneumonia (36%). PCP was associated with mortality (OR 14, 95% CI 1,5-135,6,

p=0,02). Positive India ink was found in 84,3% subjects (p=0,03) and positive LFA antigen

was found in 94,2% subjectss. Infiltrate in chest x ray was associated with mortality (OR 12,

95% CI 1,3-115,4, p=0,03). Infrequent lumbal puncture was associated with mortality

(p=0,009). Majority of antifungal regimen given was combination of amphotericin B and

fluconazole (71%).

Conclusions. The 2 week mortality of Cryptococcal meningitis was 26,5%. Associated factors

were PCP, positive India ink, infiltrate in chest x ray and infrequent lumbal puncture.

Cryptococcal meningitis subjects with HIV infection had severe immunosupression reflected

by low CD4, low ARV usage, and high ARV defaulters. Majority of cryptococcal meningitis

subjects had severe clinical conditions so optimal treatment like lumbal puncture was needed

earlier."

"ABSTRAKEpilepsi lobus temporal mesial adalah sindrom epilepsi yang banyak diderita oleh dewasa yang sering mengalami refrakter dalam pengobatan. Atrofi hipokampus yang terlihat melalui MRI kepala dapat ditemukan sebanyak 87% pada pasien epilepsi lobus temporal mesial dan memiliki respon yang baik dengan operasi epilepsi. Salah satu syarat operasi epilepsi adalah EEG monitoring untuk mencari EEG iktal untuk mencari fokus epileptik, walaupun sudah didapatkan adanya gelombang interiktal sebelumnya.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan dan kesesuaian antara abnormalitas gelombang EEG dengan sisi atrofi hipokampus dan untuk mengetahui prevalensi atrofi hipokampus pada epilepsi lobus temporal mesial.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang dengan 37 subyek epilepsi lobus temporal mesial, yang terbukti secara klinis dan EEG. Dilakukan pemeriksaan MRI kepala 1,5T untuk melihat ada atau tidaknya atrofi hipokampus secara visual. Kemudian dibandingkan antara abnormalitas gelombang EEG interiktal dengan sisi atrofi hipokampus. Onset usia bangkitan, frekuensi bangkitan, riwayat kejang demam, lama menderita epilepsi dan penggunaan obat entiepilepsi dianalisis sebagai data demografi klinis.Hasil: Prevalensi atrofi hipokampus sebesar 64,8% dengan 64,8% subyek ditemukan gambaran EEG berupa gelombang epileptiform dan 45,8% gelombang lambat. Didapatkan kesesuaian yang kuat antara lateralisasi EEG interiktal, yaitu gelombang epileptiform, dengan MRI (p 0,000; nilai kappa 1,00) dan didapatkan keseuaian yang lemah antara gelombang lambat dengan atrofi hipokampus (p 0,500; nilai kappa 0,689, p 0,008).Simpulan: Pada penelitian ini, didapatkan keseuaian yang kuat antara lateralisasi gelombang epileptiform dengan sisi atrofi hipokampus dan kesesuaian yang lemah antara gelombang lambat dengan sisi atrofi hipokampus.

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ABSTRACT

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is the most common epilepsy syndrome in adults and often refractory in medical treatment. The Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hippocampal atrophy present in 87% patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and have good respons with surgery. EEG monitoring is needed to find ictal EEG although interictal EEG already obtained as one of the requirements of epilepsy surgery for localize the epileptic region.

Objective: To investigate the concordance between abnormalities EEG and side of hippocampal atrophy in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. To determine prevalance of hippocampal atrophy.

Methods: We reviewed 37 consecutive patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy defined by clinical and EEG criteria and had 1,5T MRI visually analyzed by radiologist. We compared the interictal EEG and side of hippocampal atrophy. Age of seizure onset, seizure frequency, history of febrile seizure, antiepileptic drug and duration of epilepsy were analyzed as clinical demographic data.

Results: The prevalence hippocampal atrophy was 64,8%. With 64,8% had epileptiform discharge and 45,8% had slow wave associated with hippocampal atrophy. There was significant concordance between MRI lateralization and interictal EEG (p 0,000, Kappa value 1,00). There was weak concordance between hippocampal atrophy and focal slow wave (p 0,500; Kappa value 0,689, p 0,008).

Conclusions: We found strong concordance between MRI lateralization and interictal EEG in patients with mTLE and weak concordance between hippocampal atrophy and interictal slow wave."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Gangguan gizi pada anak dapat menyebabkan terganggunya proses perkembangan otak yang berakibat pada terjadinya gangguan fungsi kognitif. Fungsi kognitif tersusun atas berbagai domain kognitif yang saling berkaitan. Belum ada studi di Indonesia mengenai gambaran fungsi masing-masing domain kognitif pada anak dengan gangguan gizi jika dibandingan anak dengan gizi normal.Metode: Studi ini merupakan studi potong lintang pada 68 anak dengan gangguan gizi dan 68 anak dengan gzi normal pada kelompok usia 6-9 dan 9-12 tahun. Pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif dengan menggunakan Forward Digit Span, Backward Digit Span, Trail MakingTest, Block Building Test, Boston Naming Test, Grooved Pegboard Test, Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test dan Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.Hasil: Anak dengan gangguan gizi pada kedua kelompok usia menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif yang lebih buruk daripada anak dengan gizi nomal pada domain atensi, memori, visuospasial, eksekutif dan bahasa (p<0,05). Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna untuk fungsi psikomotor pada kedua kelompok.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara fungsi kognitif untuk domain atensi, memori, visuospasial, eksekutif dan bahasa pada anak usia 6-12 tahun dengan gizi normal dan anak dengan gangguan gizi.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Malnutrition in childhood is associated with both structural and functional pathology of the brain which may lead to cognitive deficits. Cognitive function is built on many cognitive domains which works together in a complicated network. Recently, no study in Indonesia has been done to evaluate the function of each cognitive domain ini children with malnutrition.Methods: The study was cross sectional, involving 68 malnourished children and 68 adequately nourished in the age groups of 6-9 and 9-12 years. Cognitve function examination was based on Forward Digit Span, Backward Digit Span, Trail MakingTest, Block Building Test, Boston Naming Test, Grooved Pegboard Test, Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.Result: Malnourished children on both age groups show poorer cognitive performance on test of attention, memory, visuospatial, executive, and language (p<0,05). No significant difference on psychomotor function on both groups.Conclusion: There are significant difference for the function of attention, memory, visuospatial, executive, and language on children with malnutrition and with normall nutritional status., BackgroundMalnutrition in childhood is associated with both structural and functionalpathology of the brain which may resulting in cognitive deficits. Congnitivefunction is built on many cognitive domains who works in a complicated network.Recently, no study in Indonesia has been done to evaluate the function of eachcognitive domain ini children with malnutrition. MethodsThe study was cross sectional, involving 68 malnourished children and 68adequately nourished in the age groups of 6-9 and 9-12 years. Cognitve functionexamination was based on Forward Digit Span, Backward Digit Span, TrailMakingTest, Block Building Test, Boston Naming Test, Grooved Pegboard Test,Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.ResultMalnourished children on both age groups show poorer cognitive performance ontest of attention, memory, visuospatial, executive, and language (p<0,05)ConclusionThere are significant difference for the function of attention, memory, visuospatial, executive, and language on children with malnutrition and with normal nutritional status. ]"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Obat Anti Epilepsi (OAE) generasi lama banyak digunakan di Rumah Sakit sebagai terapi epilepsi. Beberapa studi terdahulu telah mengonfirmasi bahwa terapi OAE generasi lama terasosiasi dengan penurunan rerata kadar serum asam folat. Penurunan kadar serum asam folat ini berhubungan dengan anemia, defisit kognitif, penyakit vaskular, kanker, gangguan psikiatri, aborsi spontan dan malformasi kongenital. Oleh karena itu, maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai kadar serum folat pada ODE yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama di Indonesia. Metode. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar serum asam folat ODE pengguna OAE generasi lama (fenitoin, fenobarbital, karbamazepin dan asam valproat) jika dibandingkan dengan populasi normal serta kaitan dengan asupan. Subyek penelitian sejumlah 75 orang didapatkan di poli rawat jalan RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Yayasan Epilepsi Indonesia yang dibandingkan dengan 76 orang populasi normal. Dilakukan wawancara pola makan melalui metode food recall, pemeriksaan laboratorium kadar folat. Hasil. Didapatkan kadar rerata serum asam folat sebesar 9.95 + 3.61 ng/mL pada ODE pengguna OAE generasi lama. Populasi normal didapatkan kadar rerata 4.59 + 2.4 ng/mL (p=<0.001). Rerata asupan diet setara folat kelompok studi 119.7 (28.4-340) microgram, kelompok kontrol 104.65 (38-510) microgram (p=0.095). Simpulan. Rerata kadar serum asam folat ODE yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama lebih tinggi dari rerata kadar serum asam folat populasi normal secara bermakna. Hanya terdapat 2,7% ODE dengan kadar asam folat rendah secara bermakna. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah asupan diet folat dengan klasifikasi kadar serum asam folat pada ODE.

---

ABSTRACTBackground. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently used in the treatment of epilepsy, psychiatric diseases, and pain syndromes. Studies have established that chronic anticonvulsant therapy can lead to folate deficiency. Anti-convulsant-induced folate deficiency has been associated with megaloblastic anemia, cognitive decline, vascular diseases, cancer, psychiatric comorbidity, spontaneous abortion and teratogenesis. Thus, patients with epilepsy are a suitable population to investigate the association of AED treatment with folate serum levels in comparison with normal population. Method. This is comparative cross-sectional study focusing on the level and intake of folate in relation with AED (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, valproic acid) in epileptic patients in outpatient clinic of Neurology Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital and Indonesia Epilepsy Foundation, with comparison to normal population. Seventy five epileptic patients and seventy six healthy people were recruited with food recall interview and their serum folate were measured. Results. The mean folate serum of study group were 9.95 + 3.61 ng/mL and the mean folate serum of control group were 4.59 + 2.4 ng/mL (p=<0.001). The mean dietary folate of study group were 119.7 (28.4-340) microgram and the mean dietary folate of control group 104.65 (38-510) microgram (p=0.095). Conclusion. The mean folate serum in study group were significant much more higher compare with the control group. As many as 2.7% of study group with significantly low folate serum level. There were no any significant association of dietary folate with folate serum classification of study group. ;Background.. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently used in the treatment of epilepsy, psychiatric diseases, and pain syndromes. Studies have established that chronic anticonvulsant therapy can lead to folate deficiency. Anti-convulsant-induced folate deficiency has been associated with megaloblastic anemia, cognitive decline, vascular diseases, cancer, psychiatric comorbidity, spontaneous abortion and teratogenesis. Thus, patients with epilepsy are a suitable population to investigate the association of AED treatment with folate serum levels in comparison with normal population. Method. This is comparative cross-sectional study focusing on the level and intake of folate in relation with AED (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, valproic acid) in epileptic patients in outpatient clinic of Neurology Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital and Indonesia Epilepsy Foundation, with comparison to normal population. Seventy five epileptic patients and seventy six healthy people were recruited with food recall interview and their serum folate were measured. Results. The mean folate serum of study group were 9.95 + 3.61 ng/mL and the mean folate serum of control group were 4.59 + 2.4 ng/mL (p=<0.001). The mean dietary folate of study group were 119.7 (28.4 ? 340) microgram and the mean dietary folate of control group 104.65 (38-510) microgram (p=0.095). Conclusion. The mean folate serum in study group were significant much more higher compare with the control group. As many as 2.7% of study group with significantly low folate serum level. There were no any significant association of dietary folate with folate serum classification of study group. , Background.. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently used in the treatment of epilepsy, psychiatric diseases, and pain syndromes. Studies have established that chronic anticonvulsant therapy can lead to folate deficiency. Anti-convulsant-induced folate deficiency has been associated with megaloblastic anemia, cognitive decline, vascular diseases, cancer, psychiatric comorbidity, spontaneous abortion and teratogenesis. Thus, patients with epilepsy are a suitable population to investigate the association of AED treatment with folate serum levels in comparison with normal population. Method. This is comparative cross-sectional study focusing on the level and intake of folate in relation with AED (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, valproic acid) in epileptic patients in outpatient clinic of Neurology Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital and Indonesia Epilepsy Foundation, with comparison to normal population. Seventy five epileptic patients and seventy six healthy people were recruited with food recall interview and their serum folate were measured. Results. The mean folate serum of study group were 9.95 + 3.61 ng/mL and the mean folate serum of control group were 4.59 + 2.4 ng/mL (p=<0.001). The mean dietary folate of study group were 119.7 (28.4 – 340) microgram and the mean dietary folate of control group 104.65 (38-510) microgram (p=0.095). Conclusion. The mean folate serum in study group were significant much more higher compare with the control group. As many as 2.7% of study group with significantly low folate serum level. There were no any significant association of dietary folate with folate serum classification of study group. ]"

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Status epileptikus non konvulsif SENK dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan metabolik akut dan ditandai dengan penurunan kesadaran dengan atau tanpa bangkitan konvulsif motorik. Abnormalitas gambaran elektroenesfalografi EEG dapat menggambarkan derajat kerusakan otak. Pemeriksaan EEG pada ensefalopati metabolik secara umum di Indonesia belum rutin dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran EEG, angka kejadian abnormalitas EEG, gambaran klinis, dan prevalensi SENK pada ensefalopati metabolicMetode penelitian: Desain penelitian potong lintang deskriptif pada pasien ensefalopati metabolik di Instalasi Gawat Darurat, ruang rawat intensif, dan ruang rawat biasa RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo selama bulan Agustus-November 2016 Pemeriksaan EEG menggunakan EEG portable. Pasien dimasukan sebagai sampel apabila berusia >18tahun, didiagnosis ensefalopati metabolik oleh TS penyakit dalam, dapat dilakukan perekaman EEG. Pasien dieksklusi apabila terdapat defisit fokal neurologis pada pemeriksaan fisik dan terdapat riwayat epilepsi sebelumnya. Diagnosis SENK ditegakan dengan menggunakan kriteria Salzburg.Hasil: Di antara 34 orang subjek ensefalopati metabolik, didapatkan angka kejadian abnormalitas EEG 100 . Gambaran epileptiform ditemukan 41,2 dan gambaran non epileptiform 91,2 . Gambaran non epileptiform yang didapat meliputi: 28 subjek dengan perlambatan fokal, 3 subjek perlambatan umum, 5 subjek dengan gelombang trifasik, dan 1 subjek dengan gambaran burst suppression. Prevalensi SENK pada ensefalopati metabolik sebesar 61,8 . Mayoritas subjek dengan diagnosis SENK memiliki derajat SKG 3-8 dan dengan etiologi ensefalopati metabolik multipel.Kesimpulan: Seluruh pasien ensefalopati metabolik ditemukan kelainan EEG. Mayoritas abnormalitas EEG berupa pelambatan fokal. Prevalensi SENK pada ensefalopati metabolik cukup tinggi. Ensefalopati metabolik dengan SENK memiliki SKG yang lebih rendah dan memiliki etiologi lebih dari satu.

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ABSTRACTBackground Non Convulsive Status Epileptic NCSE could caused by acute metabolic disorder that indicated by unconsciousness with or without motoric convulsive seizure. EEG abnormality could reflect the severity of brain injury. NCSE among metabolic encephalopathy has not been reported in Indonesia. This study was aimed to find the rate and pattern of EEG abnormality, clinical signs, and prevalence of NCSE in metabolic encephalopathy. Method Cross sectional descriptive study was applied in metabolic encephalopathy patient at emergency room, intensive care unit, and ward Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital during August November 2016. Inclusion criteria were 18 years old, diagnosed as encephalopathy metabolic by internist, and underwent the EEG examination. Patient excluded if they had neurologic focal deficit or history of seizure. NCSE was diagnosed by Salzburg criteria.Result Among 34 metabolic encephalpathy subject, the rate of EEG abnormality was 100 . The pattern of abnormality including 41,2 epileptiform and 91,2 non epileptiform pattern. The non epileptiform patten including 28 subject with focal slowing pattern and 3 with general slowing pattern, 5 subject had triphasic wave, and 1 subject had burst suppression. Prevalence of NCSE in metabolic encephalopathy was 61,8 . Majority of NCSE group had Glasgow Coma Scale between 3 8 and caused by multiple metabolic causes. Conclusion Rate of abnormality found in metabolic encephalopathy was 100 . Majority of the abnormality was focal slowing pattern. Prevalence of NCSE in metabolic encephalopathy was high. NCSE group tends to have lower GCS and caused by more than one etiology of encephalopathy. Keywords electroencephalography metabolic encephalopathy non convulsive status epilepticus"

"ABSTRAKHubungan Gangguan Kognitif dengan Kelainan Mikrovaskular Retina dan Otak pada Penyandang HipertensiMellia Ambarningrum , Diatri nari Lastri , Eva Dewati , Jacub Pandelaki , Joedo Prihartono Departemen Neurologi, FKUI-RSCM, Jakarta Departemen Radiologi, FKUI-RSCM, Jakarta Departemen Ilmu Kedokteran Komunitas, FKUI, Jakartamelliaambarningrum@yahoo.com AbstrakLatar Belakang : Hipertensi merupakan penyakit sistemik yang berisiko terkena aterosklerosis dan mengakibatkan kerusakan multi organ. Serebral small vessel disease SVD dan retinopati merupakan sebagian komplikasi mikrovaskular dari hipertensi. Manifestasi klinis tersering dari serebral SVD adalah infark lakunar dan penurunan fungsi kognitif. Struktur mikrovaskular retina dan otak secara embriologis memiliki pola vaskularisasi, morfologi dan fungsional yang sama. sehingga pembuluh darah retinadapat dianggap sebagai cerminan dari vaskulatur otak. Oleh karena itu perlu diketahui adakah hubungan antara gangguan kognitif dengan retinopati dan serebral SVD pada penyandang hipertensi.Metode : Studi ini dilakukan secara potong lintang terhadap 39 subyek penyandang hipertensi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Subyek berusia antara 23-65 tahun yang berobat rawat jalan ke poli ginjal hipertensi dan poli saraf RSUP Cipto Mangunkusumo antara bulan September-November 2016. Subyek kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan funduskopi, foto retina, neuropsikologi dan pencitraan otak tanpa kontras.Hasil : Ranah kognitif yang paling sering terganggu pada penyandang hipertensi dengan serebral SVD adalah memori, psikomotor, bahasa, visuospasial, fungsi eksekutif dan atensi. Sebanyak 43 subyek memiliki penyempitan arteriol dan 48,7 subyek dengan lesi white matter. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara subyek yang mengalami serebral SVD dengan gangguan kognitif p=1,000; R:0,324 , retinopati dengan serebral SVD p=1,000; R:0,235 dan retinopati dengan gangguan kognitif p=0,727; R:0,424 .Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan yang lemah antara gangguan kognitif dengan retinopati dan serebral SVD pada penyandang hipertensi.

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ABSTRACTThe Association between Cognitive Impairment with Retinal and Cerebral Microvascular Abnormalities in Hypertensive PatientsMellia Ambarningrum , Diatri Nari Lastri , Eva Dewati , Jacub Pandelaki , Joedo Prihartono Neurology Department, FKUI RSCM, Jakarta Radiology Department, FKUI RSCM, Jakarta Community Medicine Department, FKUI, JakartaAbstractBackground Hypertension is a systemic disease in which patients are prone to multi organ diseases and atherosclerosis. Cerebral small vessel disease SVD and retinopathies make up part of the microvascular complications of hypertension. The most common clinical manifestations of cerebral SVD is a cognitive decline due to a lacunar infarct. The microvasculature of the brain and the retina is an analog to brain 39 s. We aim to observe if there a significant association between cognitive decline and retinopathy with cerebral SVD in hypertensive patients.Method This cross sectional study analysed a population of 39 chronic hypertensive patients which met our inclusion criteria. Subjects were aged bertween 23 65 years old, and visited the Renal Hypertension Clinic at RSUP Cipto Mangunkusumo between September and November 2016. we performed on each patient a funduscopy, a retinal photograph, a neuropsychological assessment and a non contrast brain imaging.Results The most common neurological deficits in our population with cerebral SVD were memory, psychomotoric, language, visuospatial, executive function and attention deficits. 43 of our subjects had some degree of arterial occlusion, and we observed white matter lesions WML in 48,7 of our patients. We did not find any differences between subjects who had cerebral SVD with cognitive impairment p 1,000 R 0,324 , retinopathy with cerebral SVD p 1,000 R 0,235 and retinopathy with cognitive impairment p 0,727 R 0,424 .Conclusion There is a weak association between cognitive impairment with retinopathy and cerebral SVD in chronic hypertensive patients. "