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"ABSTRACTThere is a growing interest in physical fitness lately, for physical fitness is believed to be important throughout life, to develop and maintain functional capability, to meet the demands of living and to promote optimal health (ACSM, 1968.). Physical fitness implies health plus, that is the extent to which a child or an adult is free from illness and free to work or play with maximum vigor and endurance (HALSEY & FOSTER, 1973). The interest in the physical fitness of children has also been increasing since the past decade (BARR-OR, 1989). As a matter of fact, being physically fit is relative to the tasks in which the individual must engage. For physical fitness is mostly related to muscular work, it should be noted that some degree of muscular activity is indeed required in all kinds of work, even the most intellectual occupations. Therefore, its importance is undoubtedly true in all walks of life (ASTRAND & RODAHL, 1987). In order to attain the desired physical performance, i.e. being fit, the human body, a biological machine, needs food for fuel. It is thus logical to expect that nutrition may well play a role in physical performance (THITGEY, CATALDO, ROLFES, 1987). Some studies have indeed supported the assumption. SATYANARAYANA et al (1977) demonstrated the relationship between body size and work output in male industrial workers. Several other studies on young boys and adolescents showed similar relationship. The subjects, recorded as having been malnourished in their early childhood, failed to perform as expected (SATYANARAYANA et al, 1979; SPURR, et al, 1983). It is then generally considered that individuals with low body weight and height may not have reached their full genetic potential as a consequence of inadequate food intake in early childhood, leading to lower capacity to perform their daily tasks. While some findings have shown the adverse effect of under nutrition on the physical performance of the individuals later in life, little is known as to how far nutrition influences physical fitness during childhood. The idea is, the earlier the adverse effect is detected, and the sooner actions can be made. Unfortunately, data about this subject are scanty. Some experts, however, have put forward the emphasis on the well-being of a specific group - the school children, in particular those at elementary schools (ADAMS et al, 1961; AGARWAL et al, 1987). It has been long recognized that the elementary school period is the most decisive stage in a person's life as it is at this particular time that many important norms are implanted on the learners. Moreover, the elementary school years are nutritionally significant because this period is a preparation for the rapid growth of adolescence (Mc WILLIAMS, 1974; WENCK, BAREN, DEWAN, 1984). In the case of nutrition and physical fitness of elementary school children, the whole school community - parents, teachers, and school children -- is concerned. This is in line with the Alma Ata Declaration which states that people have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their healthy care (WHO, 1978). This concept has been adopted by the Indonesian government and it is reflected in the Indonesian National Health System (MINISTRY ON HEALTH R.I., 1982). The WHO-based declaration reflects the growing conviction that an individual choice of healthy lifestyle is the key factor and that emphasis should be placed on the positive actions that individuals and communities could take to maintain and promote health (STROOT, 1989). As a rule, healthy lifestyle is best to be taught during the elementary school period; but actions, nevertheless, can be expected when base-line information has been available. Only then it is hoped that parents will be convinced that "academic" performance, which has sometimes been overemphasized, would? "

"ABSTRAKUpaya untuk suatu usaha yang tiba-tiba dengan beban fisik yang berat tanpa didahului oleh pemaaasan yang tepat me-rupakan komponen yang diperlukan. pada beberapa 'keadaan pe-nanggulangan darurat. Pada keadaan tersebut ? dibutuhkan pe-nyesuaian sistem kardiovaskuler dalam waktu yang sangat pen-dek / singkat, dan penyesuaian sistem kardiovaskuler ini da-pat dipantau melalui pemeriksaan frekuensi denyut jantung atau denyut nadi, tekanan darah dan elektrokardiogram (1,2).Barnard dkk., dalam penelitiannya menyatakan bahwa pem-berian kerja fisik yang berat secara tiba-tiba tanpa didahului oleh pemanasan, dapat menimbulkan respon yang bervariaai pada tekanan darah sistolik, akan tetapi ;selalu. menuriinkan tekanan darah diastolik segera setelah pemberian kerja fisik yang berat dihentikan. Apabila kerja fisik itu diberikan setelah raelakukan peraanasan, maka kenaikan tekanan darah sis-toliknya akan lebih rendah dari pada tanpa pemaiiasah, tekan-r an diastoliknya senantiasa tetap menurun. Freknensi" denyut jantung baik pada kerja fisik yang didahului ? tnaupun tanpa didahului oleh pemanasan akan memperlihatkan kenaikan. Penelitiannya memperlihatkan kenaikan denyut jantung yang didahului pemanasan ( 16? 1 2 per menit ), ternyata lebih tinggi2.Dari ke 16 orang percobaan yang berusia antara 21 - 52 tahun tanpa melihat apakah orang percobaan itu olah-ragawa-H atau bukan, didapat hasil 11 orang percobaan memperlihatkan peningkatan tekanan darah sistolik, 3 orang memperlihatkan penurunan tekanan darah sistolik dan 2 orang percobaan tidak memperlihatkan perubahan tekanan darah sistoliknya (33i -I.2. PERMASALAHAN.Apakah hal yang sama seperti pada peaelitian Barnard ini, dapat terjadi pada kelorapok umur tertentu dan pada olah-ragawan maupun bukan olah-ragawan, karena pada ' :kenyataannya baik tekanan darah maupun denyut jantung '"dapat " dipengaruhi oleh usia maupun kegiatan jasmanij seseorang (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,II,13,16,18,19,23,24,25,28).1.3. TDJUAN PEN.ELIT1AN.a. Tujuan Khusus.Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemanasan terhadap perbedaan perubahan frekuensi denyut jantung dan tekanan darah, pada olahragawan dan bukan olah-ragawan, setelah penghenti-an pemberian kerja fisik.b. Tujuan Umum.Dengan pemanasan diharapkan dapat mengurangi bahkan mencegah kemungkinan terjadinya ketidak-mampuan adaptasi dari sistem kardiovaskuler terhadap kerja fisik."

"Latar belakang: Kelelahan penerbang sipil termasuk pada penerbangan jarak dekat dapat mempengaruhi fungsi kognisi penerbang sehingga membahayakan keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi kelelahan penerbang sipil pada penerbangan jarak dekat di Indonesia. Metode: Desain penelitian potong lintang dengan purposive sampling dilakukan di antara penerbang jarak dekat dengan rating Boeing 737 series yang melaksanakan pengujian kesehatan di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan selama periode 5-26 Mei 2014. Kelelahan diukur dengan Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Data dikumpulkan dengan pengisian kuesioner oleh subyek, meliputi demografi, pekerjaan, kehilangan waktu tidur (Epworth Sleepiness Scale - ESS), faktor personal, dukungan manajemen, dan FSS. Analisis regresi linear dipakai untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor berkaitan kelelahan. Hasil: Di antara 785 penerbang yang melaksanakan pengujian kesehatan, 382 bersedia berpartisipasi, dan 239 subyek memiliki rating Boeing 737 series. Ratarata skala kelelahan adalah 4,66 (standar deviasi 1,202). Faktor-faktor dominan yang mempertinggi skala kelelahan adalah jumlah sektor 24 jam terakhir, jam terbang penugasan di luar jadwal, dan kehilangan waku tidur. Setiap penambahan 1 sektor dalam 24 jam terakhir meningkatkan 0,371 skala kelelahan [koefisien regresi (β) = 0,371; P = 0,000]. Selanjutnya setiap penambahan 1 jam terbang penugasan di luar jadwal memepertinggi 0,033 skala kelelahan (β = 0,033; P = 0,000). Sedangkan setiap penambahan 1 nilai ESS mempertinggi 0,043 skala kelelahan (β = 0,043; P = 0,008). Simpulan: Jumlah sektor 24 jam terakhir, kehilangan waktu tidur, dan jam terbang penugasan di luar jadwal mempertinggi risiko kelelahan di antara penerbang sipil pada penerbangan jarak dekat di Indonesia.

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Background: Fatigue could impair pilots’ cognitive function which may lead to accidents in short-haul flight. The aims of this study were to investigate the risk factors of short-haul commercial pilots fatigue in Indonesia.

Methods: Cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was directed to Boeing 737 series typed-rating pilots who were taking medical examination at the Civil Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta from May 5-26th 2014. Fatigue was measured with Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Data were collected by completing an anonymous questionnaire on demographics, workload, sleep restriction (Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS), personal factors, and managerial support. Risk factors and fatigue were analyzed using linear regression.

Results: During data collection, 785 pilots were taking medical examination, 382 pilots were willing to participate and 239 Boeing 737 series typed-rating pilots were chosen as subjects. Mean of FSS was 4.66 ± 1.202. Dominant factors of fatigue were number of sectors in 24 consecutive hours, flight times of unplanned flights in 30 consecutive days, and sleep restriction. Each additional sector correlated significantly to a 0.371 increase on the FSS [regression coefficient (β) = 0,371; p=0,000] and each additional value of ESS correlated significantly to a 0,043 on the FSS (β = 0,043; p = 0,008), while each additional flight times of unplanned flights correlated significantly to a 0,033 on the FSS (β = 0,033; p = 0,000).

Conclusions: Number of sectors in 24 consecutive hours, flight times of unplanned flights in 30 consecutive days, and sleep restriction correlated significantly to higher FSS."

"ABSTRAKProporsi penyakit hipertensi di depok tahun 2002 adalah 57,4%. Puskesmas telahmelakukan terapi terhadap penyakit ini dengan memberikan antihipertensi. Selainobat yang biasa diberikan dokter (konvensional), ternyata banyak pasienmengkonsumsi tanaman yang berkhasiat obat (obat bahan alam). Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek terapi antihipertensi kombinasi konvensionalbahanalam terhadap tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi di 5 Puskesmas diDepok. Penelitian yang didesain kohort retrospektif ini menggunakan sampelpasien hipertensi yang datang ke Puskesmas. Pasien yang bersedia ikut penelitiansebanyak 123 pasien, dan dikelompokkan dalam kelompok terapi konvensional(74 orang) dan terapi kombinasi konvensional-bahan alam (49 orang). Sebagianbesar pasien hipertensi yang datang ke Puskesmas wilayah Depok adalahperempuan, usia 50-59 tahun, menikah, berasal dari suku Betawi, berpendidikanrendah, tidak bekerja/ibu rumah tangga, berpenghasilan rendah dan menderitahipertensi tahap II. Penurunan tekanan darah diastolik pada kelompok terapikombinasi konvensional-bahan alam lebih baik dibandingan kelompok terapikonvensional, sebaliknya penurunan tekanan darah sistolik lebih baik padakelompok terapi konvensional dibandingkan kelompok terapi kombinasikonvensional-bahan alam. Namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara keduanya(P>0,05). Kontinuitas penggunaan obat mempengaruhi tekanan darah sistolik(P<0,05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa belum terlihat jelas pengaruhpenggunaan obat bahan alam yang digunakan bersamaan dengan obatkonvensional dalam menurunkan tekanan dar

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AbstractThe proportion of hypertensive disease in Depok city was 57.4% in 2002. Primaryhealth centers had given antihypertensive medication. In addition to the drugscommonly given by a doctor (conventional), many patients took medicinal plants(natural medicine). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combinationtherapy of convensional-herbal on blood pressure in hypertensive patients in fiveprimary health centers in Depok. This retrospective cohort study used samples ofhypertension patients who came to primary health centers. Patients who werewilling to join the study were 123 patients and grouped in to conventional therapygroup (74 people) and combination of conventional-herbal therapy group (49people). The majority of hypertensive patients who came to the health centers areaof Depok were women, aged 50-59 years old, married, came from ethnic Betawi,less educated, unemployed / housewives, low income and suffering fromhypertension stage II. Combination therapy of convensional-herbal had bettereffect on diastolic and convensional therapy had better effect on systolic.However, no significant difference between them (P> 0.05). The continuity oftreatment affected systolic blood pressure (P <0.05). This study showed that hadnot seen clearly influence of herbal that is used combination with conventionaldrugs in lowering blood pressure."

"Latar Belakang : Komunikasi antar sel otot jantung terjadi dengan bantuan protein connexin, terutama connexin43, yang merupakan protein utama penyusun gap junction pada sel otot jantung. Pada penyakit jantung yang disertai dengan hipertrofi, adanya perubahan ukuran pada jantung ini akan mempengaruhi produksi dan distribusi protein connexin43 pada sel otot jantung. Semakin besar ukuran sel, maka ekspresi connexin akan meningkat disertai dengan peningkatan distribusi connexin ke lateral. Lateralisasi connexin ini dapat mengganggu hantaran impuls listrik antar sel otot jantung. Latihan fisik erobik juga dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya adaptasi organ jantung berupa peningkatan ukuran dan kerja ventrikel kiri dalam upaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen dan metabolisme tubuh yang meningkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana pengaruh keadaan hipertrofi fisiologis yang terjadi akibat latihan fisik, dalam hal ini latihan fisik erobik, terhadap produksi dan distribusi protein connexin43. Tujuan : Melihat bagaimana pengaruh latihan fisik erobik dan detraining terhadap ekspresi dan distribusi protein connexin43. Desain : Penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimental in vivo pada tikus. Metode : Pada jaringan jantung tikus dilakukan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia untuk melihat bagaimana jumlah dan distribusi dari protein connexin43 serta dilakukan perbandingan antara tikus yang tidak diberi latihan fisik dengan tikus yang diberi latihan fisik erobik dan detraining. Hasil : Pada perbandingan antara kelompok kasus dan perlakuan, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada parameter total Cx43, Cx43 diskus interkalatus, Cx43 lateral, dan presentase Cx43 diskus interkalatus dan Cx43 lateral (p<0,05). Pada perbandingan antara kelompok kontrol, perbedaan bermakna hanya ditemukan pada perbandingan antara kelompok 8 dan 12 minggu untuk parameter total Cx43 dan jumlah Cx43 diskus interkalatus. Pada perbandingan antara kelompok perlakuan, ditemukan perbedaan bermakna untuk parameter total Cx43 pada kelompok latihan erobik 4 minggu dengan kelompok latihan erobik 4 minggu yang diikuti proses detraining 4 minggu. Kesimpulan : Latihan fisik erobik memberikan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Pada perbandingan antara perlakuan, diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok latihan fisik yang disertai/tidak disertai proses detrain.

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Background: Communication between cardiomyocyte happens in the gap junction located on intercalated disk. In patologically hypertrophied heart, the bigger cardiomyocyte become, the more protein expressed and distributed to lateral side of cardiomyocyte. It will cause disturbance in electrical and metabolic coupling between cardiomyocyte. Aerobic training will also cause hypertrophy, especially left ventricle, because the heart has to pump more blood that carry oxygen that is needed in the cell. This research is done in order to analyze the effect of physiologically hypertropied heart, cause by aerobic training, on the expression and distribution of connexin43.

Objective : To see the effect of aerobic training and detraining to the expression and distribution of connexin43 in heart.

Design : This research is using experimental study on rat.

Methods : Expression and distribution of connexin43 from rat's ventricle tissue is detected using immunohistochemistry then analyzed with imageJ program. The results are compared between control group and group that’s given aerobic training and detraining.

Results : Significant differences in the amount of total Cx43, Cx43 in intercalated disc, lateralized Cx43, Cx43 intercalated disc percentage, and lateralized Cx43 percentage was found in all the aerobic groups compared with controls. Comparison between control groups show significant differences of total Cx43 and Cx43 in intercalated disc only between 8 weeks control and 12 weeks control group. Comparison between aerobic groups shows significant differences in amout of total Cx43 between 4 weeks aerobic training and 4 weeks aerobic training followed by 4 weeks detraining period.

Conclusion : Aerobic training causes an increase in amount of total Cx43, Cx43 in intercalated disc, lateralized Cx43. The increase in the amount of Cx43 will diminish during detraining period."

"Latihan fisik merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori. Latihan fisik dapat meningkatkan kadar serotonin pada otak, termasuk hipokampus, dengan cara meningkatkan transpor triptofan yang merupakan prekursor serotonin menuju otak. Serotonin merupakan neurotransmiter yang diketahui dapat mempengaruhi berbagai fungsi otak, termasuk proses belajar dan memori. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik intensitas ringan terhadap kemampuan belajar dan memori serta kadar serotonin pada hipokampus. Latihan fisik dilakukan menggunakan treadmill pada kecepatan 15 m/menit selama empat minggu, dengan durasi latihan 15 menit untuk minggu ke-1 dan 25 menit untuk tiga minggu berikutnya. Pada akhir masa perlakuan, hewan coba didekapitasi, jaringan hipokampus diisolasi dan ditimbang. Kemudian serotonin dan triptofan diekstraksi dari jaringan hipokampus, pengukuran kadar serotonin dan triptofan dilakukan dengan menggunakan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa latihan fisik aerobik intensitas ringan dapat meningkatkan performa hewan coba dalam menyelesaikan uji belajar dan memori pada perangkat water-E maze. Pada kelompok perlakuan, penurunan waktu tempuh yang signifikan terlihat pada minggu ke-1, namun hal tersebut baru terlihat pada minggu ke-4 pada kelompok kontrol. Penurunan jumlah kesalahan yang signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan terlihat pada minggu ke-2, tetapi penurunan jumlah kesalahan yang signifikan belum terlihat sampai dengan minggu ke-4 pada kelompok kontrol. Analisis statistik komparatif hasil belajar dan memori antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dalam hal waktu tempuh yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan uji belajar dan memori baik oleh kelompok kontrol maupun kelompok perlakuan. Jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh hewan coba pada kelompok perlakuan lebih sedikit secara signifikan pada uji belajar dan memori minggu ke-3 dan ke-4 (p<0,05). Berat total hipokampus kelompok perlakuan lebih berat secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05). Kadar serotonin pada hipokampus kelompok perlakuan lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05). Kadar triptofan lebih tinggi pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, namun perbedaan tersebut tidak signifikan secara statistik. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan kadar serotonin pada hipokampus yang diinduksi oleh latihan fisik terlibat dalam meningkatkan fungsi dan struktur hipokampus sehingga berperan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori spasial.

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Physical exercise is one of the most important factors that can improve learning and memory. Physical exercise can enhance serotonin level in the brain by increasing tryptophan (serotonin precursor) transport to the brain, including the hippocampus. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that influencing many brain functions, including learning and memory.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of low intensity of aerobic exercise on learning and memory ability and serotonin level in adult male wistar rats hippocampus. Physical exercise was done for four weeks using animal treadmill at 15 m/min in speed, 15 minutes for 1st week and 25 minutes for the next three weeks in duration. At the end of the treatment period, animals were decapitated, the hippocampus tissues were isolated and weighed. Then serotonin and tryptophan extracted from hippocampal tissue, the measurements of hippocampal serotonin and tryptophan levels were done using HPLC.

The results showed that low intensity of aerobic exercise can improve animal performance in completing the learning and memory tests on the water-E maze. The duration time to finish learning and memory test was significantly decrease at 1st week in exercised group, but it was seen at 4th week in the control group. The number of errors was significantly decrease at 2nd week in exercised group, but significant decrease in the number of errors have not been seen until the 4th week in the control group.

Statistical comparative test of learning and memory between the control group and the exercised group showed that there was no significant difference in terms of duration time needed by both groups to complete learning and memory tests (p>0,05). Statistically significant difference of error numbers had ben shown by exercised group at 3rd and 4th week (p<0,05). The total weight of the hippocampus of exercised group was significantly heavier than the control group (p<0,05). Serotonin levels in the hippocampus of exercised group significantly higher than that in control group (p<0,05). Meanwhile, triptofan levels was also higher in the hippocampus of exercised group although not significantly different.

These results indicate that the enhancement of serotonin levels in the hippocampus induced by low intensity of aerobic exercise was involved not only in improving the function and stucture of the hippocampus but also spatial learning and memory ability as well."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan penyedap rasa makanan yang sangat sering digunakan. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MSG dalam dosis tinggi dapat bersifat neurotoksik/eksitotoksik bagi sel saraf di sistem saraf pusat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap pembentukan memori khususnya memori spasial dan pengaruh MSG terhadap selsel saraf di hipokampus mengingat area ini sangat berperan dalam proses pembentukan memori. Subjek penelitian adalah 25 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague Dawley (berusia 8-10 minggu, berat 150-200 gr) yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok (dua kelompok kontrol dan tiga kelompok perlakuan masing-masing mendapat MSG sebanyak 2 mg/gr, 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr yang diberikan secara oral selama 30 hari). Uji memori spasial dilakukan dengan menggunakan water-E maze, sebelum pemberian MSG dimulai dan setiap minggu hingga minggu ke-4 (dilakukan 5x pengujian). Setelah hari terakhir pemberian MSG, seluruh hewan coba dikorbankan. Jaringan otak diambil dengan hati-hati, segera difiksasi dalam cairan formalin untuk selanjutnya diwarnai dengan pewarnaan HE. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil uji memori dengan perangkat water-E maze menunjukkan adanya peningkatan jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh kelompok perlakuan dosis 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr serta peningkatan durasi waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh semua kelompok perlakuan untuk menyelesaikan uji memori yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol setelah pemakaian MSG selama 30 hari. Gambaran histologi hipokampus menunjukkan peningkatan persentase kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penggunaan MSG dalam dosis tinggi seperti yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus tikus dan menurunkan fungsi pembentukan memori spasial.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used as a flavor enhancer in modern nutrition. Recent studies have shown that high dose of MSG was neurotoxic/excitotoxic to neuronal cells in Central Nervous System. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of MSG on spatial memory formation and neuronal cells in hippocampus which play the role in forming memory. Twenty five male albino Sprague Dawley rats (age: 8-10 weeks, weight: 150-200 gr) were divided into five groups (two control groups and three treated groups with varying doses of MSG: 2mg/gr, 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr respectively received MSG dissolved in normal saline by oral gavage for a period of 30 days). To measure the spatial memory, the animals were exposed to the water-E maze before treatment and every week until the 4th week (5 times measurement). The rats were sacrified after the last day of MSG treatment. The brain was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde and then stained with HE staining. Result were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by a Post Hoc test. Water-E maze performance showed a significant increase in the number of errors in the 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr MSG treated groups and increase duration time to finish the spatial memory task in all treated groups compared to control groups after 30 days of MSG treatment. Histological structure of hippocampal showed significant increase in the percentage of neuronal cells damage. The study conclude that high dose of MSG at the doses administered was damaged neuronal cells in the rat's hippocampus and impaired the spatial memory formation."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonesensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan di ginjal dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histologis dan fungsi ginjal pada tikus jantan dewasa setelah pemberian MSG dan setelah penghentiannya. Sebanyak 27 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dewasa dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (diberi akuades), kelompok MSG 4 g/kg dan kelompok MSG 6 g/kg. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi 3 berdasarkan waktu mematikannya (hari ke-31, hari ke-45, dan hari ke-59). Sampel darah diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar urea dan kreatinin, serta ginjal untuk pemeriksaan histologis. Kelompok MSG 6 g/kg yang dimatikan pada hari ke-31 dan hari ke-45 menunjukkan kerusakan berupa edema glomerulus dan edema tubulus, dimana luas kerusakan pada kelompok yang dimatikan pada hari ke-45 lebih kecil daripada yang dimatikan pada hari ke-31 (p=0,046). Kadar urea dan kreatinin darah tidak berbeda antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan yang dimatikan pada hari yang sama. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian MSG pada dosis 6 g/kg menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal dengan adanya pemulihan setelah penghentian pemberian MSG selama 2-4 minggu, tetapi tidak menyebabkan perubahan fungsi ginjal.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is a nonessential amino acid, that may cause excitotoxicity. Since glutamate receptors were also found in the kidney, it is suggested that glutamate can cause kidney damage by a mechanism similar to excitotoxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the renal histological and functional changes in adult male rats after exposure of MSG and after termination of exposure. A total of 27 adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: 1 control group (given distilled water), 2 treatment groups (given 4 g/kg MSG or 6 g/kg MSG).

Treatment was given for 30 days by oral gavage. Each group was then devided into 3 smaller groups based on the day of sacrifice (31st, 45th, and 59th day). Urea and creatinine levels, as well as the kidney histological changes were examined in all groups. Rats in the group treated with 6 g/kg MSG sacrificed on day-31 and day-45 showed glomerular and tubular edema, with less extensive damage observed in the group that was sacrificed on day-45 (p=0.046). Blood urea and creatinine levels did not differ between groups sacrificed on the same day. Our results revealed that administration of 6 g/kg MSG caused kidney damage which recovered after 2-4 weeks of cessation, but did not cause any alteration in renal function."

"Mencegah terjadinya massa tulang puncak rendah merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak strategi pencegahan osteoporosis. Suatu penelitian yang melibatkan 25 kasus dengan massa tulang puncak rendah dan 25 kontrol telah dilakukan untuk meneliti faktor risiko yang memengaruhi kejadian tersebut. Kelompok kasus memiliki indeks riwayat kalsium (IRK) yang lebih rendah dibanding kontrol (median 160 (1−2361) vs 965 (19−3185), p =0,001). Seseorang dengan nilai IRK<1000 memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami massa tulang puncak rendah dibanding IRK lebih tinggi (odds ratio10,61, 95% CI: 2,05; 54,95). Riwayat konsumsi teh atau kopi, serta data komposisi tubuh dan aktivitas fisik saat penelitian bukan merupakan faktor risiko. Sehingga, penghitungan IRK dengan nilai batas 300 dan 1000 dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi perempuan yang lebih berisiko dan modifikasi kebiasaan hidup dapat disarankan lebih dini.

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Preventing the occurrence of low peak bone mass is one of the many strategies of osteoporosis prevention. A study involving 25 cases with low peak bone mass and 25 controls was conducted to examine the risk factors of low peak bone mass. The cases had a lower historical calcium index (HCI) compared to controls (median of 160 (1-2361) vs. 965 (19-3185), p =0.001). Someone with HCI <1000 had risk of having low peak bone mass compared to those with higher HCI (odds ratio 10.61, 95% CI: 2.05; 54.95), and some with HCI <300 had a higher risk. History of tea or coffee consumption, as well as body composition and physical activity acquired during the study were not known as risk factors. Therefore, HCI calculations with cut-off of 300 and 1000 can be used to identify those at risk and earlier lifestyle modifications should be recommended."

"Latar belakang: Gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pilot merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dapat menyebabkan inkapasitasi pada saat pilot menjalankan tugas terbangnya dan berdampak terhadap keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini mengidentifikasi jam terbang total dan faktor dominan lainnya terhadap risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural di antara pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Desain penelitian potong lintang dengan purposive sampling pada tanggal 4-20 Mei 2015 terhadap pilot laki-laki berusia 20-60 tahun dan pilot memiliki lisensi Commercial Pilot License (CPL) atau Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL) yang sedang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala (medex) di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, Jakarta. Gangguan pendengaran yaitu subyek memiliki ambang dengar 25 dB atau lebih. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara memakai kuesioner. kemudian data diambil dari rekam medis pada hari pemeriksaan. Risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural dianalisis menggunakan risiko relatif (RR) dengan regresi Cox. Hasil: Selama 3 minggu masa pengumpulan data terdapat 681 pilot yang melakukan medex di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, didapatkan 314 pilot yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Sebanyak 15,9% mempunyai gangguan pendengaran sensorineural. Pilot dengan jam terbang total lebih 5000 jam dibandingkan kurang 5000 jam berisiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural 4,7 kali lipat [risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=4,73; p=0,137]. Pilot dengan usia 45-60 tahun dibandingkan usia 20-44 tahun berisiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural 6,8 lipat (RRa=6,87; p=0,000). Simpulan: Jam terbang total 5000 jam atau lebih serta usia 45-60 tahun meningkatkan risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pilot sipil di Indonesia.

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Background: Sensorineural hearing loss in civil pilots could interfere pilots? performance to safely operate an aircraft thus could cause incapacitation on board. This study aimed to identify risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss among civil pilots in Indonesia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling on 4-20 May 2015 was conducted on pilots of the male civilian. The inclusion criteria civilian pilots male 20-60 years old and had Commercial Pilot License (CPL) or Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL) who were taking medical examinations (medex) in Civil Aviation Medical Centre, Jakarta. Hearing impairment defined by hearing threshold of 25 dB or more. Demographic data were collected by interviewed pilots using questionnaires while audiometry and laboratory data were collected from medical records. Risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss were analyzed by Cox regression.

Results: Three weeks collecting data had 681 pilot conducted medex in Civil Aviation Medical Centre, among 314 commercial pilots were fulfilled the criteria?s. Percentage of sensorineural hearing loss from audiometry data were 15.9%. Subjects with 5000 flight hours or more had almost five times increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss compared to subjects with less than 5000 flight hours [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 4.73; p = 0.137]. Subjects aged 45-60 year-old had almost seven times increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss compared to subjects aged 20-44 year-old (RRa= 6.87; p = 0.000).

Conclusion: Total flight hours 5000 hours or more and age of 45-60 years increased the risk of sensorineural hearing loss among civilian pilots in Indonesia."