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"Latar BelakangMeningkatnya pertumbuhan populasi usia lanjut, mengharuskan untuk memberikan perhatian besar kepada penyakit degeneratif atau penyakit dengan awitan usia lanjut. Penyakit Parkinson merupakan salah satu penyakit degeneratif tersebut.ObyektifMenyediakan data dasar penderita penyakit Parkinson sesuai pokok-pokok pada SPTPP (Skala Penilaian Terpadu Penyakit Parkinson)MetodaMerupakan penelitian deskriptif cross sectional dengan subyek penderita penyakit Parkinson yang berobat ice poliklinik saraf RSCM, dalam kurun waktu Oktober - Desember 2005. Pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 10.0Hasil PenelitianTerdapat 42 subyek yang masuk kriteria inklusi, dengan perbandingan laki-laki dan perempuan yang hampir sama (1,03:1), rata-rata berusia 63,62 tahun (stand dev 10,95), sebagian besar tidal( bekerja dan tinggal bersama keluarga. Usia awitan sakit rata-rata 57,55 tahun (stan dev 9,92) dengan durasi sakit rata-rata 6,10 tahun (stand dev 5,23). Levodopa dan antikolinergik merupakan obat anti Parkinson yang paling banyak dipergunakan oleh subyek (97,63% dan 80,97%), yaitu dalam bentuk kombinasi keduanya.Rata-rata basil pemeriksaan SPTPP adalah skor sub skala I 2,98 (stand dev 2,77), skor sub skala II 14,10 (stand dev 9,76), skor sub skala III 17,93 (stand dev 11,02), sub skala IV 3,02 (stand dev 3,27). Rata-rata derajat keparahan subyek adalah stadium 2,417 menurut skala Hoehn-Yahr, dan-rata-rata skala Schwab-England adalah 71,43% (stand dev 22,59).Gejala kardinal terbanyak pada subyek adalah rigiditas dan bradikinesia; sedangkan subyek dengan skala schwab-England rendah memiliki skor instabilitas postural dan bradikinesia yang tinggi. Gejala motorik yang berhubungan dengan terapi yang terbanyak adalah freezing, diikuti fluktuasi klinis dan distonia. Gangguan mentasi-intelektual merupakan gejala non motorik yang mencolok pada subyek.Aktifitas utama sehari-hari yang paling banyak terganggu adalah mengenakan baju dan berjalan. Mengenakan baju juga gangguan yang paling banyak memerlukan bantuan orang lain.Terdapat kecenderungan antara durasi sakit dan SPTPP; semakin lama durasi sakit semakin besar skor SPTPP dan Hoehn-Yahr serta semakin rendah skor Skala Schwab-England. Di samping itu terdapat pula kecenderungan antara basil pemeriksaan gejala motorik dan basil pemeriksaan kemampuan subyek.SimpulanAdanya trend bahwa semakin lama durasi sakit semakin berat gangguan mentasi, perilaku dan mood; semakin berat gejala motorik, semakin tinggi derajat keparahan serta semakin banyak komplikasi pengobatan. Semakin lama durasi sakit juga menunjukkan semakin berat ketidakmampuan melakukan aktifitas sehari-hari dan semakin besar ketergantungan pada orang lain. Terdapat trend bahwa semakin berat gejala motorik dan semakin parah derajat sakit semakin buruk fungsi subyek penelitian. Terdapat asumsi pada status gejala motorik yang sama, subyek menunjukkan fungsi aktifitas sehari-hari yang lebih buruk dibanding subyek penelitian lain di luar negeri.

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BackgroundThe increasing number of elderly people necessitates considerable attention to degenerative disease or late-age onset disease; Parkinson disease constitutes one of the degenerative disease.ObjectiveTo provide basic data on Parkinson patients based on UPDRS (Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale = SPTPP Skala Penilaian Terpadu Penyakit Parkinson)MethodA descriptive cross-sectional study that involved Parkinson patients that presented to the outpatient clinic of RSCM from October to December 2005. SPSS version 10,0 was used for the data processingResult42 subjects met the inclusion criteria with the almost similar ratio of male - female patients (1.03 : 1), with the mean age 63,62 (stand deviation 10.95) and most of them were unemployed and lived with their families. The mean morbid age was 57.55 (stand dev 9.92) with the mean morbid duration 6.10 years (stand dev 5.23), Levodopa and anticholinergic agent were the most common medicines taken by subjects (97.63% and 80.97%) in the combination therapy.The mean result of UPDRS 1 SPTPP examination were sub-scale I score 2.98 (stand dev 2.77), sub-scale II score 14.10 (stand dev 9.76), sub-scale III score 17.93 (stand dev 11.02) and sub-scale IV score 3.02 (stand dev 3.27). The mean severity degree of the subjets was at stage 2.417 based on I-Ioehn-Yahr scale and the mean Schwab-England scale was 71.43% (stand dev 22.59)The most frequently found cardinal symptom in the subjects were rididity and bradykinesia; whereas subjects with low Schwab-England scale had high postural instability and bradykinesia score. The most common motoric symptom found correlated with the therapy were freezing; clinical fluctuation and dystonia. Mental - intelectual disturbance was the most conspicuous non -- motorik symptom in subjetsThe most disturbed daily activities were putting on clothing and walking. Putting on clothing was the activity that need most help from the most significant members of the family.There was a trend between the morbid duration and UPDRS 1 SPTPP; the longer the morbid duration, the higher the SPTPP Hoehn-Yahr score were and the lower the Schwab-England scale was. In addition to that, there was a propensity between the motoric symptom assessment and the examination result of the subject's performance.ConclusionThere was a trend thet showed the longer the morbid duration was, the more severe the mental, behavior and mood disturbances were; the more severe the motoric symptom, the higher the serety degree was as well as the higher need for the treatment of complications. The more prolonged morbid duration also revealed the more serious disability of conducting every day activities and the higher dependence on other people. There was propensity for the worse function of the trial subjects due to the more severe motoric symptom and higher degree of disease severity. There has been some assumption that at the same status of motoric symptom, the subjects showed worse function of daily activities compared with other trial subjects in other countries."

"Air susu ibu (ASI) merupakan makanan bayi yang paling baik dan bersifat unik karena spesifik untuk spesies manusia. Pemberian ASI secara eksklusif (ASI eksklusif) adalah pemberian nutrisi yang ideal dan cukup untuk bayi sampai berusia 6 bulan. Pada tahun 1992, UNICEF dan WHO meluncurkan apa yang disebut "Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative" (Rumah Sakit Sayang Bayi = RSSB), yang bertujuan memperbaiki pelayanan maternal dan neonatal di rumah sakit sehingga para ibu dapat menyusui bayinya dengan balk melalui penerapan "Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding" (Sepuluh Langkah Menuju Keberhasilan Menyusui = 10 LMKM).Dalam kenyataan sehari-hari di masyarakat, para ibu umurnnya sudah mulai menyusui sejak bayinya lahir, tetapi sebelum bayi berusia 6 bulan mereka telah menghentikan pemberian ASI atau ditambah dengan makanan lain. Angka cakupan ASI eksklusif 0-4 bulan menurut Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2002 masih rendah yaitu sebesar 55%, sedangkan target yang akan dicapai pada tahun 2010 pemberian ASI eksklusif adalah sebesar 80%.Sejauh ini, angka pemberian ASI eksklusif yang sebenarnya di lapangan tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Pencatatan yang dilakukan oleh Puskesmas adalah jumlah kunjungan ibu yang memberikan ASI eksklusif tanpa verifikasi apakah benar ASI diberikan secara eksklusif kepada bayi. Di samping itu, data jumlah kunjungan tidak mencerminkan jumlah ibu yang memberikan ASI eksklusif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian yang cerrnat dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk memverifikasi perilaku menyusui ibu di lapangan.Faktor-Faktor yang Menghambat Pemberian ASI Eksklusif Banyak alasan mengapa ibu tidak memberikan AST kepada bayinya. Suatu survei mengungkapkan beberapa alasan ibu memberikan susu formula atau makanan tambahan, antara lain: ASI kurang atau tidak keluar (38,0%), dianggap sudah waktunya (27,1%), ibu bekerja (18,6%), dan bayi tidak mau (6,1%).Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi angka menyusui tidak hanya beragam dan kompleks, tetapi juga berpengaruh secara berlainan dalam situasi yang berbeda. Pendidikan ibu misalnya, berkaitan dengan angka menyusui yang lebih tinggi di negara-negara maju tetapi lebih rendah di negara-negara berkembang. Pengaruh budaya dan kepercayaan diri ibu terhadap kemampuannya menyusui juga dapat berbeda dan mempengaruhi sikap ibu terhadap menyusui.Faktor-faktor yang diketahui berkaitan dengan penghentian pemberian ASI antara lain merokok, paparan terhadap asap rokok, ibu sedang mendapat obat, problem fisik seperti obesitas dan masalah kejiwaan seperti depresi, serta keadaan yang membuat sulit menyusui, seperti kembali bekerja atau sekolah.Promosi susu formula dalam bentuk paket-paket edukasi dari perusahaan susu formula pada kunjungan antenatal telah terbukti meningkatkan penghentian pemberian ASI dalam 2 minggu pertama pasca bersalin. Ironisnya, paket-paket tersebut diberikan oleh para tenaga kesehatan yang melayani pelayanan antenatal para ibu hamil."

"[ABSTRAK Latar belakang Demam merupakan salah satu KIPI tersering terutama pascavaksinasi DTwP Bayi yang mendapat ASI eksklusif memperoleh faktor antiinflamasi dan imunomodulator dari ASI yang secara teoritis dapat menurunkan risiko demam pascavaksinasi namun belum ada penelitan di Indonesia yang menghubungkan pemberian ASI dengan kejadian demam pascavaksinasi Tujuan Membandingkan kejadian demam pascavaksinasi DTwP Hep B Hib antara bayi yang mendapat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula Metode Penelitian potong lintang pada bayi usia kurang dari 6 bulan yang mendapat vaksinasi DTwP Hep B Hib di Puskesmas di daerah Jakarta Utara dan Jakarta Timur pada bulan Juli September 2015 Hasil Subyek penelitian ini terdiri atas 65 subyek kelompok ASI eksklusif dan 68 kelompok susu formula Median usia kedua kelompok 3 bulan sebagian besar mendapat DTP pertama dan memiliki status gizi baik Terdapat perbedaan proporsi demam antara kelompok ASI eksklusif dan susu formula yaitu 27 dan 45 p 0 045 Bayi yang mendapat ASI memiliki risiko demam lebih rendah 0 59 kali IK 95 0 37 0 96 dibanding susu formula Median awitan demam kelompok ASI dan susu formula masing masing 6 jam p 0 829 sedangkan median lama demam kelompok ASI 7 jam dan susu formula 6 jam p 0 947 Rerata suhu tertinggi kelompok ASI 37 50C dan susu formula 37 80C p 0 165 Sebagian besar subyek demam pada suhu 38 0 38 50C 72 pada kelompok ASI dan 66 kelompok susu formula p 0 97 Simpulan Proporsi demam pascavaksinasi DTwP Hep B Hib pada bayi yang mendapat ASI eksklusif lebih rendah dibanding susu formula Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna awitan lama demam dan suhu tertinggi pascavaksinasi antara kelompok ASI dan susu formula ABSTRACT Background Fever is one of the most common adverse events following vaccination especially DTwP vaccine Babies who are exclusively breastfed received anti inflammatory factors and immunomodulator consisted in breastmilk which theoretically can reduce the risk of fever after vaccination There is no research in Indonesia concerning breastfeeding in association with post vaccination fever Objective To compare the fever following DTwP HepB Hib vaccine between exclusively breast fed and formula fed infants Methods A cross sectional study in infants younger than 6 months who received DTwP Hep B Hib vaccinations in North Jakarta and East Jakarta primary health care in July September 2015 Results The subjects consisted of 65 exclusively breast fed infants and 68 formula fed infants The median age of both groups were 3 months most of them received the first DTP vaccines and had good nutritional status There were differences in the proportion of fever among infants who were being exclusively breast fed and formula fed 27 and 45 respectively p 0 045 The relative risk for fever among infants who were exclusively breastfed was 0 59 95 CI 0 37 0 96 Median onset of fever for each groups was 6 hours p 0 829 whereas the median duration of fever for exclusively breast fed infants was 7 hours and formula fed infants was 6 hours p 0 947 The peak of mean temperature for breast fed and formula fed infants was 37 50C and 37 80C respectively p 0 165 Most subjects experienced fever at 38 0 38 50C 72 in the breast fed groups and 66 in the formula fed groups p 0 97 Conclusions The proportion of fever following DTwP Hep B Hib vaccine in breast fed infants is lower than formula fed infants There were no significant differences in onset duration of fever and highest temperature after vaccination between exclusively breast fed and formula fed infants ;Background Fever is one of the most common adverse events following vaccination especially DTwP vaccine Babies who are exclusively breastfed received anti inflammatory factors and immunomodulator consisted in breastmilk which theoretically can reduce the risk of fever after vaccination There is no research in Indonesia concerning breastfeeding in association with post vaccination fever Objective To compare the fever following DTwP HepB Hib vaccine between exclusively breast fed and formula fed infants Methods A cross sectional study in infants younger than 6 months who received DTwP Hep B Hib vaccinations in North Jakarta and East Jakarta primary health care in July September 2015 Results The subjects consisted of 65 exclusively breast fed infants and 68 formula fed infants The median age of both groups were 3 months most of them received the first DTP vaccines and had good nutritional status There were differences in the proportion of fever among infants who were being exclusively breast fed and formula fed 27 and 45 respectively p 0 045 The relative risk for fever among infants who were exclusively breastfed was 0 59 95 CI 0 37 0 96 Median onset of fever for each groups was 6 hours p 0 829 whereas the median duration of fever for exclusively breast fed infants was 7 hours and formula fed infants was 6 hours p 0 947 The peak of mean temperature for breast fed and formula fed infants was 37 50C and 37 80C respectively p 0 165 Most subjects experienced fever at 38 0 38 50C 72 in the breast fed groups and 66 in the formula fed groups p 0 97 Conclusions The proportion of fever following DTwP Hep B Hib vaccine in breast fed infants is lower than formula fed infants There were no significant differences in onset duration of fever and highest temperature after vaccination between exclusively breast fed and formula fed infants , Background Fever is one of the most common adverse events following vaccination especially DTwP vaccine Babies who are exclusively breastfed received anti inflammatory factors and immunomodulator consisted in breastmilk which theoretically can reduce the risk of fever after vaccination There is no research in Indonesia concerning breastfeeding in association with post vaccination fever Objective To compare the fever following DTwP HepB Hib vaccine between exclusively breast fed and formula fed infants Methods A cross sectional study in infants younger than 6 months who received DTwP Hep B Hib vaccinations in North Jakarta and East Jakarta primary health care in July September 2015 Results The subjects consisted of 65 exclusively breast fed infants and 68 formula fed infants The median age of both groups were 3 months most of them received the first DTP vaccines and had good nutritional status There were differences in the proportion of fever among infants who were being exclusively breast fed and formula fed 27 and 45 respectively p 0 045 The relative risk for fever among infants who were exclusively breastfed was 0 59 95 CI 0 37 0 96 Median onset of fever for each groups was 6 hours p 0 829 whereas the median duration of fever for exclusively breast fed infants was 7 hours and formula fed infants was 6 hours p 0 947 The peak of mean temperature for breast fed and formula fed infants was 37 50C and 37 80C respectively p 0 165 Most subjects experienced fever at 38 0 38 50C 72 in the breast fed groups and 66 in the formula fed groups p 0 97 Conclusions The proportion of fever following DTwP Hep B Hib vaccine in breast fed infants is lower than formula fed infants There were no significant differences in onset duration of fever and highest temperature after vaccination between exclusively breast fed and formula fed infants ]"