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Natalia Tanojo

Hubungan antara infeksi ascaris lumbricoides dan status anemia pada anak anak sekolah di distrik Nangapanda Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur = Anemia status in ascaris lumbricoides infected school children in Nangapanda Ende district Nusa Tenggara Timur

"Kebanyakan dari infeksi Ascaris lumbricoides sebagai bagian dari infeksi geohelminthes terjadi di Negara berkembang Seringkali hal ini menjadi penyebab terjadinya anemia kurang nutrisi dan terhambat pertumbuhan pada manusia Anak anak yang tinggal di daerah endemik menjadi rentan terhadap kondisi tersebut sebagai target utama dari infeksi geohelminthes Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara infeksi A lumbricoides dan anemia pada anak anak sekolah di Nangapanda.

Penelitian ini dilakukan di desa Nangapanda Kabupaten Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur Sebanyak 262 anak berusia di bawah 18 tahun berpartisipasi pada penelitian ini Data personal anak dari tingkat SD dan SMP di Nangapanda diperoleh dengan mengisi kuesioner Sebanyak 262 sampel darah dan tinja dikumpulkan Adanya infeksi cacing ditentukan dengan metoda RT PCR dan status anemia diperiksa melalui darah Informasi yang didapat lalu dievaluasi dengan metode Chi square Fisher rsquo s exact test dan Logistic regression.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi infeksi A lumbricoides adalah 4 2 dan prevalensi anemia 9 9 Uji statistik chi square menunjukkan bahwa infeksi A lumbricoides tidak cukup signifikan untuk menyebabkan anemia p 0 084.

Kesimpulannya Tidak ada korelasi antara infeksi A lumbricoides dan anemia pada anak sekolah di desa Nangapanda kabupaten Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur.

Most Ascaris lumbricoides infections, as part of geohelminth infections, happen in the developing country. Frequently, this infection becomes the source of anemia, under-nutrition, and halted growth in human. Schood-aged children, as the main host of geohelminth infections, becomes vulnerable to the infection, especially those living in endemic area of geohelminth infections. This research describes the correlation between anemia and A. lumbricoides infection in school-aged children of Nangapanda.
The research was conducted in Nangapanda, Ende, Nusatenggara Timur. Approximately 262 children under 18 years old participated. Personal data was collected through questionnaire to students of elementary school and junior high school. Around 185 blood and stool sample were then collected to be further analyzed by using 262 analysis and RT PCR to find the helminth infection and anemia status, respectively. The whole information was then evaluated by using Chi-square method, Fisher?s exact test, and Logistic regression.
Result shows that A. lumbricoides infected around 4.2% and anemia prevalence is about 9.9%. Neverhteless, chi square study analysis shows that the result of A. lumbricoides infections can not significantly result in anemia (p=0.084).
In conclusion, there is no correlation between A. lumbricoides infection and school children in Nangapanda, Ende district, Nusa Tenggara Timur."

Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014

S-Pdf

UI - Skripsi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Sri Wahdini

Deteksi cryptosporidium sp pada feses pasien terinfeksi HIVI AIDS dengan diare kronis = Detection of cryptosporidium sp in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient with chronic diarrhea

"Cryprosporidium sp adalah parasit yang merupakan protozoa penyebab diare pada individu lmunodefisiensi seperti penderita HlV/AIDS, Diagnosis criptosporidiosis dengan menemukan ookista pada tinja menggunakan metode pulasan tahan asam dinilai kurang sensitif. Deteksi koproantigen Crypto:,poridium sp menggunakan ELISA diketahui lebih sensitif dan spesifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk deteksi koproantigen Cryptosporidlum sp pada pasien HIV/AJDS dengan diare kronik menggunakan ELISA dan MTA serta melihat korelasi antara nilai absorbansi dengan hitung ookista. Sebanyak 95 sampel tinja dari pasien HIV/AIDS dengan diare kronik diperiksa menggunakan pulasan tahan asam yang merupakan gold standort dan deteksi koproantigen. Frekuensi kriptosporidiosis menggunakan deteksi koproantigen sebesar 36,8% dan dengan metode MTA 11,6%. Nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas koproantigen dibandingkan dengan pulasan tahan asam sebesar 100% dan 71A%. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara nilai absorbansi dengan hitung ookista.

Cryptosporidium sp is a protozoan parasite, causes severe diarrhea in immunodeficient hosts like the HIV/AIDS patients. Diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis by finding the oocyst from stool by modified acid fast staining, is insensitive. Coproantigen detection offers more sensitive and specific technique to detect Cryptosporidium infection. The objective of this study is to determine cryptosporidiosis proportion among HIVIAIDS patients by Cryptosporidial antigen detection in stool compare it to modified acid fast staining and determine its correlation with oocyts count. A number of 95 stool specimens from the HIV/AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea were subjected to coproantigen ELISA test and modified acid-fast staining (gold standard). The frequency of Criptosporidial infection was 36,8% and 11,6% respectively by coproantigen detection and AF staining with 100% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity. There is no correlation between optical density and oocyst count."

Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2009

T32063

UI - Tesis Open Universitas Indonesia Library

Jonno Berty Bradly Bernadus

Diagnosis malaria pada sampel urin dengan teknik polymerase chain reaction

"Malaria merupakan penyakit yang masih menimbulkan masalab kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. Prevalensi malaria di beberapa daerah cukup tinggi dan menjadikan daerah tersebut endemik malaria. Diagnosis malaria ditegakkan melalui pemariksaan gejala ktJnis dan penemuan parasit pada pemariksaan darah seoara mikroskopik. Pemariksaan mikroskopik masih merupakan "Gold Standard", tetapi masih terdapat beberapa kendala dalam sensitivitas dan akurat.

Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengemhangkan diagnosis altematif pemariksaan malaria yang lebih sensitif dan akurat. Teknik PCR pada sampel urin tems dikembangkan sehagai altematif diagnosis malaria. Penelitian ini dileknkan pada 58 sampel urin yang diambil pada orang yang tlnggal di daerah endemik malaria dan dipariksa dengan teknik PCR dengan menggunakan primer ssu rRNA, didapatkan 42 sampel positif dengan sensitivitas 98 % dan spesilisitas 94 %.

Uji diagnostik mikroskopik pada sampel darah dan PCR pada sampel untuk P falclparum didapatkan 18 posltif dengan sensitivitas 94% dan spesifisitas 94%, sedangkan untuk P. vlvax didapatkan 25 sampel positlf dengan sensitivitas 96% dan spesifisitas 94%. Teknik PCR dengan sampel urin dapat digunakan sebagai alat diagnostik malaria untuk menggantikan pemeriksaan mikroskopik darah karena memilild sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang tinggi (lebih dari 90% ).

Malaria is an infectious disease which is still causing a public health problem in many parts of Indonesia. There are many endemic areas where the prevalence of malaria is high . The diagnosis of malaria is commonly done by clinical examination and parasite finding at microscopic examination of blood sample. Microscopic examination is still used as a gold standard for malaria diagnosis, however this method is less sensitivity and accuracy especially in low parasitemia.
Therefore, it is a need to develop an alternative method which is more sensitive and accurate fur Malaria diagnosis. PCR method for urine sample is being developed as an alternative diagnosis for Malaria. A total of 58 individuals living in malaria endemic areas participated in blood and urine collections. The presence of malaria parasites in blood samples were detected by microscopic examination whereas the DNA of mrdarial parasites, P. falciparum and P. vivax, in urine samples were detected by PCR method using ssu rRNA primers. Positive results of both malarial parasites were found in 42 samples with 98% sensitivity and 94 % specificity.
Diagnostic test of microscopic examination of blood samples and PCR of urine samples showed that 18 samples were P. falciparum positive with 94% sensitivity and 94% specificity whereas 25 samples were positive for P. vivax with 96% sensitivity and 94% specificity. This study revealed that PCR method can be used as an alternative diagnostic tool for malaria because it has high sensitivity and specificity (more than 90 %)."

Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2009

T32801

UI - Tesis Open Universitas Indonesia Library

Sri Wahdini

Deteksi Cryptosporidium sp pada feses pasien terinfeksi HIV/AIDS dengan diare kronis = Detection of Cryptosporidium sp in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome patient with chronic diarrhea

"Cryptosporidium sp adalah parasit yang merupakan protozoa penyebab diare pada individu imunodefisiensi seperti penderita HIV/AIDS. Diagnosis criptosporidiosis dengan menemukan ookista pada tinja menggunakan metode pulasan tahan asam dinilai kurang sensitif. Deteksi koproantigen Cryprosporidfum sp mengunakan ELISA diketahui lebih sensitif dan spesifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk deteksi koproantigen Cryptosporidium sp pada pasien HIV/AIDS dengan diare kronik menggunakan ELISA dan MTA serta melihat korelasi antara nilai absorbansi dengan hitung ookista. Sebanyak 95 sampel tinja dari pasien HIV/AIDS dengan diare kronik diperiksa rnenggunakan pulasan tahan asam yang merupakan gold standorr dan deteksi koproantigen. Frekuensi kriptosporidiosis menggunakan deteksi koproantigen sebesar 36,8% dan dengan metode MTA lI,6%. Nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas koproantigen dibandingkan dengan pulasan tahan asam sebesar 100% dan '71,4%. Tidak terdapat korlasi antara nilai absorbansi dengan hitung ookista.

Cryptosporidium sp is a protozoan parasite, causes severe diarrhea in imrnunodeticient hosts like the HIV/AIDS patients. Diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis by finding the oocyst from stool by modified acid fast staining, is insensitive. Coproantigen detection offers more sensitive and specific technique to detect Cqptosporidium infection. The objective of this study is to determine eryptosporidiosis proportion among HTV/AIDS patients by Cryptosporidial antigen detection in stool compare it to modified acid fast staining and determine its correlation with ooeyts count. A number of 95 stool specimens from the HIV/AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea were subjected to coproantigen ELISA test and modified acid-fast staining (gold standard). The frequency of Criptosporidial infection was 36,8% and 11,6% respectively by coproantigen detection and AF staining with 100% sensitivity and 71,4% specificity. There is no correlation between optical density and oocyst count."

Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2009

T32882

UI - Tesis Open Universitas Indonesia Library

Susi Soviana

Model dinamika sistem pemanfaatan serangga parasitoid (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) dalam upaya mengendalikan lalat

"ABSTRACT

Flies have been the most common problem encountered in husbandry

management either in big animals or poultry; and it has not been easy to solve.

Disturbances caused by flies especially when the fly population is high do not

directly affect the animals themselves, but they rather socially have effects on the

breeders and the people living in the areas -around the farm. The use of

chemical insecticide in controlling fly population around animal farms has been

minimized, and nowadays natural enemies of flies-are more commonly used.

Research on the use of parasitoid insects in controlling flies has been

continuously conducted in some countries. ln Indonesia, there have not been

many studies done on the use of parasitoid insects particularly in animal farming

despite the country?s big potential in fauna.

The study on the use of parasitoid insects (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in

controlling the population of filth flies in chicken farms was done by adopting data

from research done earlier for 3 years (1996 - 1998). This research was a

pioneering work and was the only research ever on the application of parasitoid

insects in the field of animal husbandry conducted at three chicken farms in Bogor Regency. Observation on fluctuation of filth fly population and that of

parasitoid in relation to some macro climate variables recorded at the nearest

weather station was done in the first year. In the following years, at one of that

chicken farm, an application of parasitoid by inundation of Spalangia endius

Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and monitoring of fluctuation of fly and

parasitoid population were done with regard to micro climate variables in the hen

houses measured by thermohygrograph.

Correlation between monthly average population of fly and parasitoid

during dry and rainy seasons and that of some macro and micro climate

variables was measured using correlation analysis for the identification of climate

variables that influenced the fluctuation of fly and parasitoid population the most.

Natural phenomena and all the results of the data processing above,

along with supply of secondary data derived- from existing references was

formulated into a system dynamic model. This is a model with a capability of

analyzing dynamic behaviors of fly and parasitoid population that forming a

complex system which characterized by its 'relation to several factors (biotic and

a biotic ones), related factors changing dynamically, as well as non linear relation

and feedback mechanism in it.

As far as macro climate is concerned, it has insignificant effects on the

fluctuation of fly and parasitoid population despite a significant difference in the

monthly total rainfall between the dry and the rainy seasons, because the

chicken manure as flies breeding place in the pen system of egg layer hens are

protected, and thus the climate variables does not directly affect them. The correlation of monthly average population of fly puparia and progeny parasitoid

indicated a high value (r = 0.914). lt showed the parasitoid characteristics being

pupal parasitoid and obligat toward fly puparia. The fluctuation of fly population

correlated only significantly with the humidity in the pen. Thus, the fluctuation of

fly population during the inundation period was not only infiuenced by parasitoid

activities but also by the fluctuation of monthly average humidity inside the hen

houses.

The construction of this dynamic- model was preceded by making a Causal

Loop Diagram (CLD), producing three main subsystems namely the subsystems

of fiy and parasitoid which each fonning a positive feedback cycle (R=

Reinforcing), and the subsystem of how the first two subsystems were related

which forming a negative feedback cycle (B= Balancing).

The Causal Loop Diagram described further how interaction mechanism

between the flies and the parasitoid was as well as how it related to other various

factors affecting that relation in a very complex system of chicken fami

ecosystem. Then, CLD was transformed into three models of Stock Flow

Diagrams (SF D), the first of which was SFD picturing the dynamic of fly

population and its parasitoid and its relation with factors of macro climate using

the data from the research result ofthe first working paper. This was a natural

model for interaction between flies and parasiloid in a conditional ecosystem

(Generic Model). The second model was the one for the use of parasitoid in

controlling population of flies with the application of parasitoid S. endius

inundation using the data from the research result of the second working paper (inundation Model). The last was a prediction model having some intervention to

identify the most important factors in the efforts of controlling the tlies by relying

on the role of parasitoid and a biotic factors. Due to limited data, the construction

of the model had to be carried out with strict assumptions.

With the advantages of system dynamic model which were possible for

being simulated and getting intervention, it was indicated that the increasing

capacity of parasitoid and pen humidity were important factors in the efforts of

controlling fly population in the ecosystem of chicken farm. Pen humidity was

basically a representation of manure condition being a breeding place for both

flies and parasitoid, and was closely related with the structure and management

of the pen, either chicken food quality. Meanwhile, increasing capacity of

parasitoid could mean increasing number as well as potential ofparasitoid in

attacking their host. in order to increase the parasltoid potential, efforts in habitat

conservation supporting the survival of parasitoid have to be a primary

consideration."

2006

D1226

UI - Disertasi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Patra Patiah

Prevalensi, intensitas infeksi dan faktor risiko Soil-Transmitted Helminths pada anak sekolah dasar dan anggota keluarga di Jakarta dan Cipanas = Prevalence, intensity of infection and risk factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminths among school children and family members di Jakarta and Cipanas, West Java / Patra Patiah

"ABSTRAK

Soil-transmitted heminths (STH) dapat menjangkiti anggota keluarga di daerah

endemis. Di Indonesia, prevalensi, intensitas infeksi dan faktor risiko STH pada

anggota keluarga belum diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui

prevalensi, intensitas infeksi dan faktor risiko STH pada anak SD dan anggota

keluarga di Jakarta dan Cipanas. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SDN Kalibaru 07 Jakarta

dan SDN Tarigu Cipanas Jawa Barat selama Januari-Juni 2012 dengan menggunakan

rancangan penelitian cross-sectional. Total sebanyak 841 sampel tinja (241 sampel

dari Jakarta dan 600 Cipanas) diperiksa dengan metode Kato-Katz. Ascaris

lumbricoides dan Trichiuris trichiura paling umum ditemukan dan dianalisis secara

terpisah. Di Jakarta, prevalensi A. lumbricoides dan T. trichiura pada anak SD, orang

tua murid dan anggota keluarga lain berturut-turut 37,5%, 36,5%, 30,4%, 10,1%,

30,5% dan 6,8%, sedangkan di Cipanas, 2,0%, 16,7%, 2,0%, 8,7%, 0,0% dan 4,7%.

Selain itu, di Jakarta, secara total, intensitas infeksi A. lumbricoides ringan

24,1%(58/241), sedang 9,1% (22/241) dan berat 0,4% (1/241), di Cipanas,

intensitas infeksi A. lumbricoides ringan 1,1% (7/600). Di Jakarta, secara total,

intensitas infeksi T. trichiura ringan 20,3% (49/241) dan sedang 0,8% (2/241),

sedangkan di Cipanas intensitas infeksi T. trichiura ringan 8,2% (49/600). Analisis

statistik memperlihatkan di SD Kalibaru 07 Jakarta , prevalensi dan intensitas infeksi

A. lumbricoides pada anak laki-laki berbeda bermakna dengan perempuan (p<0,05)

dan terdapat korelasi positif dan bermakna antara orang tua dan anak yang terinfeksi

A. lumbricoides. Di Kalibaru Jakarta merupakan tempat berisiko untuk infeksi A.

lumbricoides (OR 23,7 95%CI 6,42-87,6), sedangkan di Cipanas tempat yang

berisiko terinfeksi T. trichiura (OR 3,9, 95%CI 1,11-13,49). Jumlah anggota

keluarga terinfeksi STH (A. lumbricoides atau/dan T. trichiura) 1-5 orang di Jakarta

dan 1-4 orang di Cipanas. Analisis regresi logistik memperlihatkan bahwa

pendidikan ibu dan ketersediaan toilet merupakan faktor risiko infeksi A.

lumbricoides di Jakarta. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa pemberian

anthelmintik dan perbaikan sanitasi sangat diperlukan untuk menurunkan infeksi

STH di Jakarta dan Cipanas.

ABSTRACT

Soil-transmitted heminths (STH) may affect among family members in an endemic

area. In Indonesia, prevalence, intensity of infection and risk factors of STH

among household are known, so far. The aim of this study is to know intensity of

infection and risk factors of STH among school children and family members in

Jakarta and Cipanas. This study was conducted SDN Kalibaru 07 Jakarta and SDN

Tarigu Cipanas West Java, in January until June 2012, using cross-sectional design.

Overall, 841 stool samples (241 stool samples from Jakarta and 600 from Cipanas)

were examined by Kato-Katz method. Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichiuris trichiura

were common found and spatial analyzed in this study. In parent, and other family

members were 37,5%, 36,5%, 30,4%, 10,1%, 30,5% and 6,8% respectively, while in

Cipanas, 2,0%, 16,7%, 2,0%, 8,7%, 0,0% and 4,7% respectively. In addition, in

Jakarta, overall, intensities of A. lumbricoides infection were 24,1% (58/241) light,

9,1% (22/241) moderate, and 0,4% (1/241) heavy , while in Cipanas, they were

1,1% (7/600) light infections . In Jakarta, overall, intensities of T. trichiura infection

were 20,3% (49/241) light and 0,8% (2/241) moderat, while in Cipanas, it was

8,2% (49/600) light infection only. The statitistical analyses showed that both the

prevalence dan intensity of A. lumbricoides infection were significant different

among male and female school children of SDN Kalibaru 07 Jakarta (p<0,05) and

significant positive correlation (p<0,05) between both parent and school children

infected by A. lumbricoides. In Kalibaru Jakarta was a risk area to have A.

lumbricoides infections (OR 23,7 95%CI 6,42-87,6), while in Cipanas was T.

trichiura risk area (OR 3,9, 95%CI 1,11-13,49). The number of family members

infected by STH (A. lumbricoides or/and T. trichiura) was 1-5 persons in Jakarta

and 1-4 persons in Cipanas. Logistic regression analyses showed taht mothers’

education and toilet were risk factors of A. lumbricoides infection in Jakarta. This

study showed that anthelminthics and improvement of sanitation are considerable

required to reduce STH infections in Jakarta and Cipanas."

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2012

T-Pdf

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Tity Silvia

Aplikasi teknik imunositokimia untuk deteksi malaria pada darah donor di unit transfusi darah = Application immunocytochemistry technique to detect of malaria in blood donors at the blood transfusion unit / Tity Silvia

"ABSTRAK

Latar belakang. Transfusi darah mempunyai resiko untuk menyebabkan transmisi penyakit melalui darah, seperti malaria. Indonesia merupakan daerah endemik malaria terutama jenis P.falsiparum dan P.vivax. Di daerah endemik sulit menyaring kasus malaria hanya melalui wawancara dan keadaan klinis saja sehingga diperlukan pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menyaring kasus malaria. Pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap malaria yang ada saat ini adalah pemeriksaan mikroskopik dengan pewarnaan Giemsa, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) dan PCR. Teknik yang digunakan tersebut memiliki keterbatasan. Perubahan yang terjadi pada permukaan membran eritrosit selama perkembangan parasit malaria intraseluler antara lain diekspresikannya berbagai protein polimorfik yang diketahui dapat memberi respon imun yang kuat. Antibodi terhadap molekul protein ini dapat ditemukan dalam serum penderita segera setelah penyembuhan infeksi malaria primer. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah sediaan apus sel darah merah yang terinfeksi malaria yang diwarnai dengan teknik imunositokimia dapat mendeteksi adanya antigen pada permukaan sel darah merah tersebut menggunakan mikroskop cahaya.

Metodologi.Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 42 bahan penelitian yang terdiri dari bahan yang positif dan negatif berdasarkan pemeriksaan mikroskop. Bahan penelitian ini diperiksa dengan teknik PCR sebagai baku emas, lalu dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan imunositokimia ( immunocytochemistry,ICC).

Hasil. Dari 42 bahan penelitian yang diperiksa dengan PCR , dua bahan tidak dapat dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan ICC karena sediaan terlalu kecil.Dari 40 bahan yang diperiksa dengan PCR dan ICC, tiga bahan penelitian menunjukkan hasil positif dengan pemeriksaan PCR maupun ICC. Satu bahan penelitian yang negatif dengan pemeriksaan PCR menunjukkan hasil positif dengan pemeriksaan ICC. Sensitivitas pemeriksaan menggunakan teknik ICC dibandingkan dengan PCR adalah 100% dengan spesifisitas 97%.

Simpulan. Pemeriksaan ICC cukup sensitif untuk menyaring adanya sel darah merah yang terinfeksi malaria sehingga dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai pemeriksaan untuk uji saring malaria pada darah donor.

ABSTRACT

Background. Blood transfusion are at risk to cause the transmission of blood borne diseases, such as malaria. Indonesia is a malaria- endemic areas , especially P.falciparum and P.vivax. In endemic areas, malaria is difficult to filter out throught interviews and clinical manifestation only. Hence, the laboratory tests to screen cases of malaria are needed. The existing laboratory techniques to detect malaria are microscopic examination with Giemsa staining, rapid diagnostic test and PCR. These technique had limitation . Changes that occur on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane during intracellular malaria parasite development such as the expression of various polymorphic protein, is known to induce a strong immune response. Antibodies to this protein molecule can be found in the serum of patients immediately after primary malarial infection. Therefore this research aims to search if the red blood cells smear of blood infected with malaria using immunocytochemistry technique can detect the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells using a light microscope.

Methodology. In this study conducted at 42 study material consisting of positive and negative material base on microscope examination. This research material examined by PCR as gold standard, followed by immunocytochemistry examination (ICC).

Result. Forty two research material were examined by PCR, two material can not be able to proceed with the ICC examination because the size of preparation are too small. Forty material were examined by PCR and ICC, three material research shows positive result with PCR and ICC . One study material negative with PCR shows positive result with the ICC. Sensitivity checks using ICC compared to PCR technique was 100% with specificity was 97%.

Conclusion. ICC technique is sensitive to screen for red blood cells infected with malaria. It can be considered as a screening examination for malaria in blood donor."

Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014

T-Pdf

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Puji Budi Setia Asih

Dasar molekul resistansi plasmodium vivax terhadap obat antimalaria klorokuin

Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2010

D1761

UI - Disertasi Open Universitas Indonesia Library

Leily Trianty

Ekspresi ligan plasmodium falciparum dan reseptornya serta variasi genetik sel darah merah pada proses invasi parasit malaria di Timika Papua = The expression of plasmodium falciparum ligands and their corresponding receptors and genetic variation of red blood cells involved in parasite invasion in Timika Papua

"Proses invasi Plasmodium falciparum ke dalam sel darah merah merupakan tahapan penting pada infeksi malaria. Proses ini sangat kompleks melibatkan interaksi antara protein ligan pada permukaan merozoit parasit dengan reseptor permukaan pada sel darah merah inang. Reseptor sel darah merah yang digunakan pada saat invasi parasit P. falciparum diidentifikasi berdasarkan sensitivitasnya terhadap enzim neuraminidase (N), tripsin (T) dan kimotripsin (K). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 69 darah pasien yang terinfeksi P. falciparum yang dikultur secara ex vivo secara langsung di laboratorium di Timika. Sel darah donor yang digunakan untuk uji invasi sebelumnya diberi perlakuan dengan 50 mU/ml neuraminidase, 1 mg/ml tripsin, atau 1 mg/ml kimotripsin. Kami mengidentifikasi 8 pola invasi parasit malaria dengan tipe terbanyak yang ditemukan adalah tipe A yang resistan terhadap ketiga perlakuan enzim (NrTrKr; 28,99%) dan tipe B (NsTsKr; 21,74%). Selain itu dilakukan pula analisis untuk mengetahui ekspresi relatif protein kelompok Duffy Binding Ligand (DBL) dan Reticulocytes Homolog (Rh) yang berperan pada proses invasi dengan mendeteksi ekspresi protein tersebut dari RNA yang disintesis menjadi cDNA yang diisolasi pada stadium schizon dari masing-masing isolat klinis. Protein kelompok DBL yang dianalisis adalah EBA-140, 175, 181 sedangkan dari kelompok Rh adalah Rh-1, 2a, dan 2b. Hasil analisis kuantitatif dengan real time reverse transcription PCR menunjukkan bahwa protein EBA-140, Rh-1 dan EBA-175 merupakan tiga protein ligan P. falciparum yang paling umum ditemukan pada isolat klinis parasit malaria di Timika, Papua. Variasi genetik sel darah merah seperti Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO), Gerbich negatif, dan varian hemoglobin (HbE) tidak ditemukan pengaruhnya pada proses invasi pada penelitian ini. Informasi yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi masukkan untuk pengembangan vaksin malaria berbasis hambatan invasi parasit ke dalam sel darah merah.

Plasmodium falciparum invasion is a complex process involving several parasite ligands and their receptors expressed on the red blood cell surface. We reported various receptors used by the parasite ligands during their invasion based on their sensitivity to neuraminidase (N), trypsin (T) or chymotrypsin (C). Most field isolates in Timika invaded red blood cells through type A receptor that was resistant to all enzyme treatments (NrTrCr; 28,99%) and type B that was sensitive to neuraminidase and trypsin (NsTsCr; 21,74%). The expression of two invasion ligands; Plasmodium falciparum Duffy binding ligand (PfDBL) and P. falciparum reticulocyte homolog (PfRh) were quantified from the schizonts stage of each isolate. We employed quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-RT-PCR) to detect the expression of PfDBL family including EBA-140, EBA-175 and EBL-181 and PfRh genes such as Rh-1, Rh-2a, Rh-2b. We demonstrated thatEBA-140, Rh-1 and EBA-175 werethe major invasion ligands expressed in P. falciparum of Timikan isolates. The presence of red cell polymorphisms including the Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO), Gerbich negativity, and variant hemoglobin (HbE) as detected by PCR was not found to affect parasite invasion. The present study strengthens the support to include malaria invasion proteins into the development of malaria vaccine platform."

Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia, 2013

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Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri

Studi virulensi trypanosoma evansi isolat indonesia dengan penentuan marka molekular DNA mikrosatelit dan analisis profil sitokin pada mencit Mus musculus = Virulence study of trypanosoma evansi isolates from Indonesia and identification of molecular marker based on microsatellite DNA and cytokine profile analyses in mice Mus musculus

"ABSTRAK

Pendahuluan :Trypanosoma evansi adalah protozoa berflagella yang bersirkulasi

di dalam darah secara ekstraseluler sebagai agen penyakit Surra serta menyerang

seluruh hewan vertebrata, serta berpotensi sebagai zoonosis. Informasi virulensi

isolat T. evansi sangat dibutuhkan untuk penentuan strategi pengobatan Surra di

daerah wabah dan endemis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi

virulensi isolat T. evansi yang dikoleksi dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesia

termasuk memperoleh marka genetik serta mengetahui profil sitokin pada mencit.

Disamping itu, dilakukan juga uji serologis pada peternak di daerah wabah Surra

Metode : Sebanyak 32 isolat lokal T. evansi dikonfimasi dengan PCR multiplex

(ITS-1; Te Ro Tat 1,2 VSG dan ESAG6/7), selanjutnya diuji virulensinya dengan

menginfeksikan104 parasit pada mencit galur DDY. Studi genotyping populasi

T. evansi dievaluasi dengan 8 marka mikrosatelit Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10,

MORF2-CA, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT. Dua isolat yang berbeda

virulensi (tinggi-Bang87 dan rendah-Pml 287) dipilih untuk uji imunopatogenitas

sedangkan serum peternak diuji dengan metode FELISA dan CATT T. evansi.

Hasil : Dari 32 isolat tersebut terbagi menjadi 17 isolat bervirulensi tinggi, 11

isolat bervirulensi moderat dan 4 isolat bervirulensi rendah dengan 8 pola tingkat

parasitemia. Analisis Neigbour Joining (NJ) terhadap 8 lokus berdasarkan Multi

Lokus Genotipe (MLG) mikrosatelit terbagi menjadi 4 populasi, yaitu MLG A,

MLG B, MLG C dan MLG D. Analisis terhadap struktur populasi juga

memberikan hasil yang sama dengan terbentuknya 4 klaster. Hasil ini juga

membuktikan bahwa marka yang digunakan bersifat spesifik lokasi. Sebanyak

tiga marka mengindikasikan adanya asosiasi antara virulensi dan MLG (Tbb-1,

M6C8-CA dan MEST-19). Kadar IFN-γ meningkat secara tajam pada mencit

yang diinfeksi isolat Bang 87 pada 4hpi berkorelasi negatif yang signifikan

(p<0,05) dengan kadar IL-10, sedangkan pada mencit yang diinfeksi isolat Pml

287, peningkatan kadar IFNγ berkorelasi positif dengan kadar IL-10. Kematian

dini pada mencit yang diinfeksi isolat Bang 87 disebabkan oleh sindrom respon

inflamasi sitemik. Hasil uji serologis menunjukkan bahwa 4 dari 24 serum

peternak (16,67%) didaerah wabah positif dan seluruh serum negatif untuk

daerah non wabah.

Kesimpulan : Variasi virulensi T. evansi isolat Indonesia memiliki karakter

molekular yang berbeda serta menginduksi pola mediator sitokin pro dan

antiinflamasi yang berhubungan dengan pola manifestasi patologi yang berbeda.

Marka mikrosatelit pada studi ini mampu mengidentifikasi asal usul sumber

infeksi, dan tingkat virulensi isolat yang sedang bersirkulasi. Surra berpotensi

sebagai emerging zoonosis, terutama bagi peternak didaerah wabah dan endemis.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of

protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially

as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to

determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The

aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates

collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as

well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out

to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area

Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;

Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104

parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was

evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA

MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence

isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis

using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits

Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three

different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4

low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour

Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into

4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population

analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results

indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.

Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association

between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice

infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant

negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice

infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10

levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic

inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out

of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from

free area are negative.

Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has

different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory

mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological

manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify

origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the

outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or

immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of