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Abstrak :
Nowadays, many children in developing countries are suffering from micro nutrient deficiencies (Lartey et at., 2000b; Zhao et al., 1998; van Stuijvenberg et al, 1999; Sempertegui et at, 1995). And the most prevalent ones are VAD (Vitamin A Deficiency), IDA (Iron Deficiency Anemia), IDD (Iodine Deficiency Disorder), and lately is zinc deficiency (Sandstead, 1991). The causes of micro nutrient deficiencies are varied and include inadequate dietary intakes (Robert et al, 2000), repeated infections (Khanum et al, 1998) and poor bioavailability from foods due to the presence of inhibitors or inadequate intake of dietary enhancers (Berdanier, 1998; Lunnerdal, 2000; de Pee et al, 1998; Donnen et al, 1996; Lartey et al, 2000a). Due to the roles of micronutrients in metabolic process, immune competence and taste acuity (Golden, 1995), previous findings showed that micronutrient deficiencies might impaired growth (Allen, 1994b; Rosado, 1999; Krieger et al, 1986; Simondon et al, 1996; Hambidge, 2000; Golden & Golden, 1981) and immune system (Black, 1998; Khanum et al, 1998; Semba et al, 1993). The reversibility of impairments caused by micronutrient deficiencies depends on the severity, duration, and stage of development. In some cases, micronutrient supplementation can correct the impairment right after a certain period of supplementation. Ninh et al (1996) stated that zinc deficiency among nutritionally deprived children may limit growth because the growth stimulating effects of zinc might be mediated through changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF). And after 5 months supplementation with daily-10 mg zinc, weight and height of growth-retarded children in supplemented group significantly increased compared to those of placebo group. In Uganda, zinc supplementation had a short-term effect (within 3 months) on weight gain and MUAC increment only among children from the school with the highest socioeconomic status (Kikafunda et al, 1998). Clinical vitamin A deficiency has been associated with poor child growth (Tarwotjo et al, 1992). Study in Zaire among moderately malnourished preschoolers found that high dose vitamin A supplementation (60 mg of oily solution of retinal palmitate, 30 mg if aged <12 months) increased MUAC and weight significantly compared to control group although without deforming at baseline (Donnen et al, 1998). In Indonesia, the intervention using vitamin A-monosodium glutamate did not merely result on increment of serum vitamin A level, but it also increased the linear growth of supplemented children compared to children in control group at every age (Muhilal et al, 1988). Similar with zinc and vitamin A, iron deficiency may also lead to slowing of growth in regarding to the increment of iron demands during periods of rapid growth and the adverse effects of morbidity.

Abstrak :
Kompetensi merupakan kemampuan dasar yang harus dimiliki seseorang untuk mencapai keberhasilan dalam bekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kesiapan guru PAUD dalam aspek kompetensi gizi dan kesehatan menurut survei daring yang diadakan oleh SEAMEO RECFON dengan melihat gambaran hasil kompetensi berdasarkan karakteristik peserta dan menilai kualitas pengukuran kompetensi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, sampel yang digunakan total sampling sebanyak 78.711 guru PAUD. Analisis meliputi analisis butir soal (tingkat kesukaran butir soal, daya pembeda soal, distribusi jawaban dan rasch model) dan analisis deskriptif terhadap karakteristik responden. Hasil penelitian terhadap butir soal didapatkan 3 item soal yang dinyatakan tidak layak, 8 item soal yang diterima dengan perbaikan, dan ke 29 soal item lainnya sudah cukup baik untuk mengukur kemampuan peserta. Pengukuran menggunakan rasch model, didapatkan keseluruha soal ujian sudah fit secara statistik dan sudah memiliki variasi tingkat kesukaran item yang baik. Hasil analisis Reliabilitas Kuder Ridchardson (KR21) sebesar 0,742 menunjukkan reliabilitas soal dapat diterima.Secara keselurahan kompetensi gizi dan kesehatan guru PAUD belum baik dengan tingkat kelulusan sebesar 33,6%, standar kelulusan menggunakan nilai cut off point 70%. Semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan persentase kelulusan semakin baik, namun tidak berlaku untuk tingkat pendidikan Doktor hal ini dikarenakan adanya kemungkinan memegang peran manajemen PAUD. Semakin lama pengalaman mengajar persentase kelulusan kompetensinya semakin baik. Domisili terbanyak yang menjadi peserta ujian tinggal di wilayah Indonesia Barat. Peserta dengan riwayat pelatihan (DIKLAT dasar dan pelatihan gizi-kesehatan) persentase kelulusannya lebih baik dibanding kelulusan peserta yang tidak ikut pelatihan. Peserta yang terlibat menjadi kader posyandu persentase kelulusan kompetensinya lebih baik dibanding persentase kelulusan guru yang bukan kader posyandu.

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Competence is a basic ability that must be possessed by someone to achieve success in work.This study aims to assess the readiness of ECE teachers in nutritional and health competency aspects according to an online survey conducted by SEAMEO RECFON by looking at the picture of competency results based on participant characteristics and assessing the quality of competency measurement. This research is a study quantitative descriptive, the sample used is a total sampling of 78,711 ECE teachers. The analysis includes item analysis (item difficulty level, item discrimination, distribution answers, Rasch model) and descriptive analysis of the respondent's characteristics. The results of the research on the items obtained 3 items that were declared not feasible, 8 items were received with improvement, and the other 29 item items were good enough to measure the ability of participants. Measurement using the Rasch model, obtained all exam questions are statistically fit and already have a good variation in the level of difficulty items. The results of the Kuder Ridchardson Reliability Analysis (KR21) of 0.742 indicate the reliability of the questions is acceptable. Overall, the nutrition and health competence of PAUD teachers is not good with a graduation rate of 33,6%, the passing grade uses a 70% cut off point value. The higher the level of education the better percentage of graduation, but it does not apply to Doctoral education leves because of the possibility of holding PAUD management roles. The longer teaching experience the better percentage of graduation. Most domiciles who become test takers live in Western Indonesia. Participants with a history of training (basic training and nutrition-health training) the percentage of graduation is better than graduation of participants who did not participate in the training. Participants who were involved in becoming Posyandu cadre graduation rate were better than the graduation percentage of teachers who were not Posyandu cadres.

Abstrak :
Kejadian stunting pada masa anak-anak masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat, khususnya di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas, 2013) prevalensi stunting pada anak usia 5-12 di Indonesia sebesar 30,7%. Faktor nutrisi telah diketahui sebagai penyebab kejadian stunting. Namun, beberapa penelitian menemukan adanya kontribusi genetik terhadap penyerapan kalsium yang akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan, yaitu gen vitamin D receptor (VDR). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor genetik dan nutrisi terhadap height-for-age Z-core (HAZ) pada anak sekolah dasar di kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dan dilakukan pada tahun 2018. Penelitian ini melibatkan 142 anak sekolah dasar berusia 8-10 tahun. Pengukuran tinggi badan dilakukan untuk menghitung HAZ pada anak-anak. Asupan energi, protein, kalsium dan vitamin D diperoleh dengan 24-hour dietary recall selama 4 hari. Dua SNP yang terletak pada daerah promoter dari gen VDR dipilih (rs11568820 dan rs4516035); dan distribusi genotipnya dianalisis menggunakan Real Time PCR. Faktor lain seperti karakteristik sosiodemografi, riwayat penyakit menular dan skor paparan sinar matahari diperoleh dengan kuesioner terstruktur, dan kuesioner paparan sinar matahari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi stunting sebesar 21,8%. Asupan makan sebagian besar kurang terpenuhi, khususnya asupan kalsium dan vitamin D. Distribusi genotip rs11568820 adalah TT (19%), CT (43,7%) dan CC (37,3%). Sedangkan distribusi genotip rs4516035 adalah TT (90,8%) dan CT (9,2%). Analisis bivariat menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang signifikan antara asupan energi dan protein terhadap HAZ (p=0,030 dan p=0,016), tetapi tidak pada asupan kalsium dan vitamin D. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara polimorfisme kedua SNP gen VDR dengan HAZ (p>0,05). Setelah disesuaikan dengan faktor-faktor lainnya, asupan protein secara signifikan berkolerasi dengan HAZ (β=0,034, 95% CI 0,016 – 0,053, p<0,001, adj. R2=0,077). Efek dari aktivitas gen VDR kemungkinan tidak terlihat karena rendahnya asupan vitamin D yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan penyerapan kalsium yang kemudian akan mempengaruhi HAZ. ......Childhood stunting remains as a major public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. According to Indonesia Basic Health Research (Riskesdas, 2013) the prevalence of stunting among children aged 5-12 years old in Indonesia was 30.7%. Nutrition factors has been known as a predominant factors associated with stunting. However, some studies discovered a genetic contribution in calcium absorption that will affect growth of the children, known as vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. The aim of this present study was to assess the association between genetic and nutritional factors related to height-forage Z-score (HAZ) of elementary school children in Malang District, East Java. The study design was a cross-sectional study which began on 2018. In this study, 142 children aged 8-10 years old were included. Height measurement was obtained to calculate HAZ of the children. Dietary intake consist of energy, protein, calcium and vitamin D intake were obtained using 4 days 24-hour dietary recall. Two SNPs located in the promoter region of VDR gene were selected (rs11568820 and rs4516035); its genotype distribution were analyzed using Real Time PCR system. Other factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, history of infectious diseases and sun exposure score were assessed using structured questionnaire and sun exposure questionnaire. The result showed that the prevalence of stunting was 21.8%. Dietary intake were mostly inadequate, especially for calcium and vitamin D intake. Genotype distribution of rs11568820 was TT (19%), CT (43.7%), and CC (37.3). While for rs4516035 the distribution was TT (90.8%) and CT (9.2%). Bivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between energy and protein intake with HAZ of the children (p=0.030 and p=0.016, respectively), but not with calcium and vitamin D intakes. There were no significant association between VDR gene polymorphism for both SNPs and HAZ of the children (p>0.05). Adjusted by other factors, protein intake was significantly correlated with HAZ (β=0.034, 95% CI 0.016 – 0.053, p<0.001, adj. R2=0.077). The effect of VDR gene promoter activity might not revealed due to very low vitamin D intake to stimulates intestinal calcium absorption which in turn affect HAZ.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Untuk mengetahui pengaruh edukasi hidrasi dan penyediaan air minum terhadap total asupan cairan dan konsumsi minuman pada anak prasekolah. Sebanyak 183 anak 50 [44, 56] bulan; perempuan 51,9 dari studi intervensi klaster yang dilakukan oleh Kelompok Kerja Hidrasi Indonesia IHWG dimasukkan dalam analisis data. Penelitian dilakukan di Jakarta Timur dari bulan Januari sampai April 2017. Kelompok anak-anak menerima edukasi hidrasi dan penyediaan air minum n = 62 anak-anak ; atau penyediaan air minum saja n = 62 anak ; atau edukasi gizi seimbang kontrol, n = 59 anak-anak . Konsumsi total asupan cairan, air putih, susu, dan minuman manis bergula diukur dengan menggunakan catatan minuman 7 hari dan Fluid Frequency Questionnaire FFQ . Tidak ada perbedaan yan signifikan secara statistik pada asupan cairan total, asupan air putih, susu total, dan minuman manis bergula di antara tiga kelompok p> 0.05 . Namun, asupan air putih dan cairan total pada kelompok intervensi ditemukan meningkat dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Menariknya, susu rasa, dengan rata-rata kandungan gula lebih dari separuh dari rekomendasi, berkontribusi terhadap lebih dari 95 dari total asupan susu. Peneliti menyarankan agar edukasi yang spesifik dapt mencapai hasil yang lebih baik.

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ABSTRACT
To determine the effect of hydration education and water provision on total fluid intake and beverage consumption among preschoolers. A total of 183 children 50 44, 56 months female 51.9 from cluster trial conducted by Indonesian Hydration Working Group IHWG were included in data analysis. The present study conducted in East Jakarta from January until April 2017. Children were received hydration education and water provision n 62 children or water provision only n 62 children or general balance diet education control, n 59 children . Total fluid, plain water, total milk, and Sugar Sweetened Beverage SSB intake were measured using 7 days fluid record and FFQ. No statistically significant different found on total fluid intake as well as plain water, total milk, and sugar sweetened beverage intake between three groups p 0.05 . However, plain water and total fluid intake among intervention groups found increased compared to control group. Interestingly, flavored milk, with sugar content more than half of recommendation, was contributed more than 95 of total milk intake. Researcher suggests that pin point education may achieve better result.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional yang bertujuan membuat model prediksi persen lemak tubuh untuk remaja laki-laki usia 12-19 tahun (n = 111), dengan melakukan studi validasi pengukuran antropometri dan model Prediksi (Slaughter, Deurenberg, Lee dan Chan) terhadap persen lemak tubuh BIA. Pada penelitian ini juga menjelaskan korelasi antara pengukuran antropometri (IMT WHO, skinfold thickness dan lingkar pinggang) serta model prediksi (Slaughter, Deurenberg, Lee dan Chan) dengan persen lemak tubuh BIA. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik stratified proportional. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada siswa MTs dan MA. Multiteknik Yayasan Asih Putera kelas 7-12. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan IMT WHO memiliki korelasi paling kuat dengan persen lemak tubuh BIA (r = 0,804) diantara pengukuran antropometri yang digunakan. Model Prediksi IMT WHO memilki sensitivitas paling tinggi yaitu 94%, diikuti dengan model prediksi IMT WHO dan umur (94%) dan model prediksi Sitoayu. Seluruh variabel memiliki korelasi yang signifikan dengan persen lemak tubuh BIA (p < 0,0005). Hasil analisis multiregresi menunjukkan variabel yang dominan adalah IMT WHO, skinfold thickness, dan umur dengan model prediksi persen lemak tubuh baru (Sitoayu) = 23,28 + 1,56*IMT WHO + 0,13*ST - 0,62*U. Model prediksi ini memiliki AUC 0,937 dan nilai sensitivitas yaitu 84%.

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The primary purpose of this cross-sectional study to develop percentage body fat prediction model for boys aged 12-19 years (n = 111), by conducting a validation study anthropometric measurements and predictions model of body fat percentage (Slaughter, Deurenberg, Lee and Chan) to percent body fat BIA. In this study also examined the correlation between anthropometric measurements (WHO BMI, skinfold thickness and waist circumference) and predictions model (Slaughter, Deurenberg, Lee and Chan) with percent body fat BIA with stratified proportional design. The research was carried out on students MTs and MA. Multiteknik Yayasan Asih Putera grade 7-12. Bivariat analysis showed BMI WHO has the strongest correlation with percent body fat BIA (r = 0.804) between the anthropometric measurements were used. The Prediction model IMT WHO also has the best sensitivity (94%), the second is IMT WHO and Age (94%) and the third is Sitoayu. All variables have a significant correlation with percent body fat BIA (p < 0,0005). Multiregresi analysis results indicate that the dominant variable is the WHO BMI, skinfold thickness and age with the predictions model of percent body fat Sitoayu = 23,28 + 1.56 *BMI WHO + 0.13 * ST - 0.62 *Age. This prediction model has AUC 0,937 and the best sensitivity value of 84%.

Abstrak :
Alat ukur yang valid diperlukan untuk mengetahui status gizi lebih pada remaja puteri sehingga dapat diambil tindakan yang tepat, cepat dan mencegah kebingungan pengguna alat dalam menentukan alat yang tepat untuk menentukan status gizi lebih pada remaja puteri. Selain itu, alat yang harganya murah, mudah, dan cepat dalam pengoperasiannya juga diperlukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan model prediksi baru yang memiliki validitas optimal untuk memperkirakan persen lemak tubuh siswi MTs dan MA Multiteknik Yayasan Asih Putera Kota Cimahi tahun 2012 sehingga dapat diketahui status gizi lebihnya. Penelitian ini juga mengevaluasi validitas pengukuran antropometri (IMT, IMT WHO (Z Score), Skinfold Thickness (ST), dan Lingkar Pinggang (LP)) dan model prediksi (Slaughter, Deurenberg, Lee, dan Chan) jika dibandingkan dengan Persen Lemak Tubuh (PLT) BIA sebagai gold standard. Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional (potong lintang) dengan pendekatan kuantitatif observational. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 110 siswi dengan menggunakan desain stratifikasi proporsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata persen lemak tubuh responden adalah 26.51 % ± 5.48 %. Model prediksi yang didapatkan dari hasil multivariat adalah model prediksi Khairani (PLT Khairani = 0,991 IMT + 0,069 ST + 0,249 U - 1,703). Berdasarkan hasil uji validasi, model prediksi Khairani memiliki validitas optimal jika dibandingkan dengan model prediksi lainnya. IMT memiliki validitas optimal jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh pengukuran antropometri dan model prediksi. IMT dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai alat ukur untuk menentukan status gizi lebih pada siswi MTS dan MA Yayasan Asih Putera karena memiliki validitas yang optimal, lebih mudah dan cepat dalam pengoperasiannya, harganya relatif murah dan tidak invasive.

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The valid measurement tools needed to identify the overnutritional status of teenage girls in order to take the right action immediately and prevent the ambiguity in choosing the right measurement tools for the users. Beside those, the cheap price, easiness and quickness to use the measurement tools needed also. The purpose of this study was to get the new prediction model which had optimum validity for estimating body fat percentage of school girls from MTs and MA Multiteknik Yayasan Asih Putera Cimahi 2012 in order to identify their overnutritional status. This study also evaluated validation of anthropometric measurements (Body Mass Index (BMI), BMI WHO (Z Score), Skinfold Thickness (ST), and Waist Circumference (WC)) and several prediction models (Slaughter, Deurenberg, Lee, and Chan) against body fat percentage of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) as a gold standard. The design of this study was a cross sectional one with a quantitative observational approach. Quantity of sample was 110 school girls which taken by stratified proportional desain. The result of study showed that mean of body fat percentage of respondents was 26.57 % ±5.20 %. The prediction model which got from the multivariate analysis was Khairani model prediction (MP Khairani = 0,991*BMI + 0,069*ST + 0,249*Age - 1,703). Based on validation test, Khairani model prediction has optimum validity if compared with other prediction models. BMI has optimum validity if compared with other antropometric measurements and prediction models. BMI can be considered as a measurement tool for identifying overnutritional status of school girls?s MTs and MA Yayasan Asih Putera because of it has optimum validity, easiness and quickness in operation, less cost, and noninvasive.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Hasil dari studi menunjukkan adanya variasi tempat tinggal terhadap kejadian SCOWT di daerah urban dan rural dengan MOR 2,2 dan 1,3. Setelah karateristik anak dan ibu dimasukkan ke dalam model terjadi penigkatan MOR pada daerah urban dan rural menjadi (MOR untuk karakteristik anak 2,6 dan 2.0 dan MOR untuk karakteristik ibu 2,7 dan 2,5). Tidak ada dari komunitas karakteristik yangbisa menerangkan kejadian SCOWT pada komunitas. Oleh karena itu, peran dari komunitas perlu dieksplorasi lebih jauh dengan menggunakan analisa multilvel. Untuk menghambat beban ganda masalah gizi pada daerah urban dan rural, lingkungan post natal dan prenatal harus menjadi target intervensi.

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ABSTRACT
Multilevel logistic regression was performed to investigate the differences in potential explanatory factors of SCOWT pairs.Without considering any covariates there was a community level variance in explaining SCOWT in urban and rural regions. The MOR for SCOWT in both regions was 2.2 and 1.3. After inclusion of child characteristics the MOR became 2.6 and 2.0. After being adjusted with maternal characteristics the MOR became 2.7 and 2.5. None of the community characteristics in the study explain the variation of SCOWT at community. The roles of community characteristics with multilevel analysis need further exploration. To tackle the double burden of malnutrition in both regions, the prenatal and postnatal intervention supposed to be considered.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Malnutrisi akut merupakan risiko tinggi kematian pada anak usia dibawah lima tahun. Vietnam memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menentukan ambang batas optimal ukuran Lingkar-Lengan-Atas (LILA) guna meningkatkan akurasi indikator LILA pada screening anak kurus usia 6-59 bulan. Survei telah dilakukan di 16 kecamatan pada empat provinsi Midlands Utara dan daerah pegunungan. Data dari 4764 subjek anak menunjukkan bahwa ambang batas LILA optimal adalah 13,5 cm. Hal ini memungkinkan masuknya 65% anak-anak dengan skor-Z berat-untuk-tinggi (WHZ) kurang dari -3SD. LILA kurang dari 13,5 cm perlu dipertimbangkan untuk menentukan anak kurus selain ukuran berat-untuk-tinggi (WHZ) kurang dari -3SD.

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ABSTRACT
Acute malnutrition remains extreme risk of mortality among children under five. Vietnam needs further study to establish the optimal Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) cutoff to improve the accuracy of MUAC indicator in screening wasting children aged 6-59 months. A survey was conducted at all 16 sub-districts across four provinces in Northern midlands and mountainous area. The data of 4764 children showed that the optimal MUAC cut-off 13.5 cm would allow inclusion of 65% of children with a Weight-for- Height z-score (WHZ) less than -3SD. MUAC less than 13.5 cm should be considered to measure in parallel an in addition to WHZ less than -3SD

Abstrak :
Pola makan berenergi lebih dan kadar !emak tinggi seperti makananfastfood mengakibatkan gizi lebib dan timbu!nya obesitas. Gizi !ebih dan Obesitas rnerupakan faktor risiko rnuncu!nya penyakit degeneratif. Faktor resiko lain yang menyebabkan muncu!nya penyakit degeneratif antara lain kenaikan tekanan darah, rasio pinggang-panggul yang besar, kadar gula darah pua.a tinggi dan meningkatnya kadar kolesterol. Data total ko!estero!telah dilakukan di Indonesia, antara lain Surkesnas 2001 pada usia 25-64 tahun prevalensi kolesterol tinggi ( >200 mgldl) 6%, SKTR 2004 usia 25-64 tahun prevalensi kolesterol tinggi (200 - 249 mg/dl) 11,6 %, sedangkan survei di Depok pada usia 25-65 tahun 2003 prevalensi kolesterol tinggi sebesar 6,6%. Salah satu alternalif untuk mengamngi kadar kolesterol tinggi dan obesitas dengan melakukan diet vegetarian. Faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kadar kolesterol total adalah asupan lemak (p-value < 0,05; OR21,95 ; Cl 95%: 1,95-46,82), Faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kadar kolesterol HDL adalah asupan serat (p-va/ue < 0,05; OR = 6,86 ; CI 95% : 2,47 - 47,74}. Faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kadar kolesterol LDL adalah asupan serat (p-value < 0,05; OR = 8,20 ; CI95% : 2,33 -28,85), Sedangka.n faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kadar trigliserida adalah asupan serat (p-value < 0,05; OR= 7,80 ; CI 95%: 2,16- 29,43). Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan pengganaan sampel yang lebih besar dengan Iallcangan studi cohort, atau penelitian dengan menggunakan studi case-control maupun studi eksperimen untuk melihat pengaruh den faktor Iainnya yang berkaitan kadar lipid darah. ......Eating pattern which tends to prefer food witb high energy and high fat content such as fust food can cause overweight and ohesity. Overweight and obesity consider as risk factors for degenerative disease. Other risk factors associated with degenerative disease are high blood pressure, waist-hip ratio, and high blood-glucose level at fasting period and hypercholesterolemia. Prevalence survey for high total cholesterol had besn done in Indonesia, including: Surkesnas 200I showed 6% prevalence of high cholesterol (> 200mgldl) of 25-64 year of ages. The SKTR 2005 soowod prevalence of high cholesterol level (200-249 mg!dl) at the same age group was 11.6% while in Depok was 6.6%. One of alternative ways to reduce the high cholesterol level and obesity are by practicing vegetarian diet This research aimed to analyses the factors associated with blood lipid profile (p-value < 0,05; OR 8,20 ; CI 95% : 2,33 - 28,85). Furthermore, the most dominant factor for triglycerides level was also fiber intake (p-value < 0,05; OR =7,80; CI95%: 2,16- 29,43). Futher studies with bigger amount of samples using cohort study design or research with case-control study or experimental study are needed in order to investigate other factors inflWlce the lipid profile of adult vegetarians.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang dan tujuan: Area kumuh identik dengan permasalahan gizi pada anak. Salah satunya adalah masih terdapatnya anak pendek di daerah tersebut. Perawakan pendek dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya dikarenakan oleh dysbiosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi mikrobiota pada anak pendek dan tidak pendek di daerah kumuh di Jakarta serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain comparative cross sectional study yang dilakukan di RW 9 dan 11, Kelurahan Kebon Bawang, Jakarta Utara. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 21 anak pendek (HAZ £ -2SD) dan 21 anak tidak pendek (-1SD £ HAZ £ 3SD) usia 2-5 tahun. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik subjek dan keluarga, riwayat cara lahir, riwayat asi eksklusif, riwayat sakit serta higiene dan sanitasi. Selain itu juga dilakukan pengumpulan asupan zat gizi melalui Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ). Analisis mikrobiota dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi DNA dari feses subjek kemudilan dilakukan sekuensing 16S rRNA menggunakan Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Analisis bioinformatika dilakukan untuk membandingkan komposisi mikrobiota pada kedua kelompok. Uji Manova dan korelasi Spearman dilakukan untuk menganalisis kaitan antara faktor-faktor dan asupan zat gizi dengan komposisi mikrobiota. Hasil: Berdasarkan asupan zat gizi, pada kelompok anak pendek, asupan energi, zat gizi makro (karbohidrat, protein, dan lemak) dan zat gizi mikro (Zn dan Fe) lebih rendah dibandingkan anak yang tidak pendek. Pada kelompok anak pendek terdapat kecenderungan jumlah anak yang dilahirkan secara Caesar lebih banyak, yang memiliki riwayat sakit lebih banyak, konsumsi air minum air isi ulang lebih banyak dan yang tidak mencuci tangan sebelum makan lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok anak tidak pendek. Dilihat dari komposisi mikrobiota, terdapat perbedaan komposisi mikrobiota pada kedua kelompok, baik pada tingkat genus maupun spesies. Pada kelompok pendek terdapat kelimpahan yang lebih tinggi pada genus Mitsuokella and Alloprevotella serta spesies Providencia alcalifaciens. Sedangkan pada kelompok tidak pendek terdapat kelimpahan lebih tinggi pada genus Blautia, Lachnospiraceae, Bilophila, Monoglobus dan spesies Akkermansia municiphila, Odoribacter splanchnicus and Bacteroides clarus. Perbedaan komposisi mikrobiota ini dipengaruhi oleh riwayat cara kelahiran, riwayat ASI eksklusif, sumber air minum, sumber air untuk aktivitas lain, kebiasaan mencuci tangan sebelum makan serta asupan energi, makronutrient dan mikronutrient. Kesimpulan: Secara umum kelimpahan mikrobiota yang bersifat patogen pada anak pendek lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok tidak pendek. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh asupan zat gizi serta faktor-faktor lainnya. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh ini dapat diterapkan oleh anak pendek di daerah kumuh sebagai upaya perbaikan status gizi. ......Background and objective: Slum areas are identic with nutritional problems in children including stunted children. Incidence of stunted can be caused by various factors, one of which is dysbiosis. This study aims to analyze the microbiota composition of stunted and non-stunted children in Jakarta slum areas and related contributing factors. Method: This study used a comparative cross-sectional study design which was conducted in RW 9 and 11, Kebon Bawang Village, North Jakarta. The subjects in this study were 21 stunted children (HAZ£-2SD) and 21 non-stunted children (-1SD£HAZ£3SD) ages 2-5 years. The data collected included subject and family characteristics, mode delivery history, exclusive breastfeeding history, history of illness and hygiene and sanitation. In addition, nutrient intake was also collected through the Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ). Microbiota analysis was performed by extracting DNA from the subject's feces and then 16S rRNA sequencing using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Bioinformatics analysis was performed to compare the composition of the microbiota in the two groups. Manova test and Spearman correlation were performed to analyze the association between factors and nutrient intake with gut microbiota composition. Results: Based on nutrient intake, in the stunted children, energy intake, macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) and micronutrients (Zn and Fe) were lower than non-stunted children. In the stunted group there was a tendency for the number of children born by Caesarean section to be higher, to have a higher history of illness, to consume more refillable drinking water and not to wash their hands before eating than non-stunted group. There were differences in the composition of the microbiota in the two groups, both at the genus and species levels. In the stunted group there were higher abundance in the genera Mitsuokella and Alloprevotella and the species Providencia alcalifaciens. Whereas in the stunted group there was a higher abundance in the genera Blautia, Lachnospiraceae, Bilophila, Monoglobus and the species Akkermansia municiphila, Odoribacter splanchnicus and Bacteroides clarus. Conclusion: In general, the abundance of pathogenic microbiota in stunted children was higher than in the non-stunted children. This is influenced by nutrient intake and other factors. These influencing factors can be applied by stunted children in slum areas as an effort to improve nutritional status.