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"Malnutrition has been responsible, directly or indirectly, for 60% of the 10.9 million deaths annually among children under five. Over two-thirds of these deaths, which are often associated with inappropriate feeding practices, occur during the first year of life (WHO, 2003). In UNICEF conceptual framework, two immediate causes of malnutrition are inadequate dietary intakes and diseases, and the underlying causes that lead to those two are inadequate access to food in the household, insufficient health services and an unhealthy environment, and inadequate care for children and women (UNICEF, 1998). Inadequate dietary intake is influenced by inappropriate feeding practice. Children who are not breastfed have repeated infections and grow less well than children who at least receive some breast milk (Daelmans and Saadeh, 2003). From six months onward, a child must have complementary food at six-month point, since breast milk alone no longer meets all nutritional needs. Delaying the switch over much beyond six months of age can cause a child's growth to falter. Thus, for optimal growth and development, a child needs to be fed frequently with energy-rich, nutrient-dense foods (UNICEF, 1998). However, the complementary foods do not easily fulfill the nutrient requirement a child needs. Problem nutrients are those for which there is the greatest discrepancy between their content in complementary foods and the estimated amount required by the child (WHO, 1998). Three strategies for obtaining needed amounts of problem nutrients are: optimization of nutrient intake from locally available food, micronutrient supplementation, and fortification of processed complementary foods (Dewey and Brown, 2003). The 541" World Health Assembly in 2001 not only recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months as a global public health recommendation, but also recommended the widest possible use of indigenous nutrient-rich foodstuffs to improve complementary foods and feeding practice (Daelmans and Saadeh, 2003). In response to that recommendation, this study was aimed to develop a feasible dietary guideline for complementary feeding of infants aged 6-11 months that will used local food available. There have been some researches about developing dietary guideline in other countries for certain age group. This study was planned to develop a dietary guideline in one area of Indonesia where many of its children in the age group of 6-11 month were under nourished."

"Adequate nutrition during the first 2 year of life is important to ensure optimal physical and mental development of infants and young children. Therefore sustainable adequate nutrient intake is critical in childhood.In 2002, WHO urges all countries to promote improved CF practices to ensure optimal health, growth and development of young children. Research is needed in priority areas including examining the use of LP for developing context-specific complementary feeding guidelines.Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG), which promote culturally acceptable and affordable changes to local complementary feeding practices, will enhance chances for sustainable improvements in childhood nutritional status. As basis for documenting and understanding the dietary data for developing FBDG, several approaches can be used. Survey approach is usually used for developing FBDG; however this approach requires plenty of resources. In developing countries where resource is scare, rapid assessment procedure (RAP) method can be used as alternative. This method is rapid, and low in cost. Both approaches can be used in developing FBDG based on LP.The objective of this study was to compare FBDG of complementary feeding for children age 9-11 months old based on Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP) result and survey approach."

"Anak sekolah menghabiskan sebagian besar aktivitas sehari-hari disekolah. Mereka memerlukan asupan gizi yang cukup untuk pertumbuhan,pemeliharaan tubuh, dan aktivitas sehari-hari. Makanan jajanan dapat memenuhisebagian kebutuhan gizi mereka, walaupun keamanannya masih diragukankarena mengandung kontaminan kimia. Studi ini menilai kontribusi makananjajanan terhadap asupan gizi dan pajanan kontaminan di antara anak-anaksekolah di Kecamatan Senen. Studi ini merupakan studi potong lintang denganmetode pengambilan contoh secara purposif untuk sekolah dan acak untuk siswakelas 4 dan 5 SD. Beberapa metode yang digunakan antara lain wawancaraterstruktur, daftar ceklis makanan, 3 hari recall 24 jam, pengukuran antropometri,dan analisis kimia kontaminan. Makanan jajanan berkontribusi sekitar seperlimahingga sepertiga terhadap asupan gizi sehari. Kontaminan yang ditemukanadalah formaldehid, siklamat, dan timbal. Sebagian subjek terpajan formaldehid(9.2% jika menggunakan batas aman WHO, 77.6% jika menggunakan batas amanBPOM) dan siklamat (11.8%) di atas batas aman individual mereka.

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AbstractSchool children spent most of their daily activity at school. They needadequate nutrient to provide their growth, body maintenance and daily activities.Street food can provide some nutrient for their daily need, although its safety isstill doubtful due to presence of chemical contaminants. This study assessed thecontribution of street food to nutrient intake and contaminant exposure amongschool children in Senen subdistrict, Jakarta, Indonesia. A cross sectional studywas done with purposive sampling of school and students from grade 4-5 selectedrandomly. Several methods were used, such as structured interview, foodchecklist, repeated 24 hour recalls, anthropometric measurement and chemicalanalysis of contaminants. Street food contributed about one fifth to one third tonutrient intake. Contaminants found in this study were formaldehyde, cyclamateand lead. Some subjects were exposed to formaldehyde (9.2% using WHO cutoff,77.6% using NADFC cutoff) and cyclamate (11.8%) above their individual safetylevel."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu strategi untuk meningkatkan asupan gizi ada!ah melalui makanan pendamping AS! dengan biaya rendah, menggunakan makanan lokal yang tersedia dan pengolahan makanan sederhana, Kami menyajikan basil dari studi fonnatif pengembangan resep makanan pendamping AS! lokal padat gizi untuk bayi 9-11 bulan. Penelitian dilakulom di Lombok Timur pada bulan Februari 2010. Pengumpulan data termasuk survey pasar, wawancara kelompok dengan pengasuh dan kader, uji coba resep, pengernbangan resep dan 7 hari uji coba penerimaan resep di rumah tangga. Resep yang dicoba oleh sebagian besar rumah tangga di dusun dekat dan jauh pasar adalah bakso ikan dan cap cay, sedangkan resep yang paling sediklt dicoba adalah resep abon hati ayam. Terdapat potensi untuk memperoleh manfaat dari rnodifikasi resep lokal pada kecukupan gizi pada bayi 9-11 bulan.

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ABSTRACTOne of the strategy to improve the intake of problem nutrients was through the low cost complementary foods, using locally available foods and simple food processing. We present results from a formative study on the development of modified local nutrient-dense complementary foods for 9-11 month old infants. The study was conducted in East Lombok on February 2010. The data collection including a series of market survey, group interview with caregivers and cadres, recipe trials, recipe development, and 7-day HH acceptability trial. The recipe that mostly tried by the household in near and far market hamlet was fish meatballs and cap cay. while the least recipe tried was chicken liver abon. This study suggested that there would be potential lo benefit from the modified recipes on nutrient adequacy among 9-11 mo infants. "

"Obesitas merupakan masalah kesehatan yang sudah mendunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Situasi ini erat kaitannya dengan terjadinya perubahan asupan gizi ditandai dengan penambahan pola makan dimana hal ini dapat menyebabkan penyakit degenerasi. Lingkar pinggang mempakan salah satu faktor prediksi yang kuat pada resistensi insulin, yang merupakan fase dini perkembangan penyakit diabetes melitus. Asupan asam lemak jenuh yang tinggi dapat mcnyebabkan terjadinya resistensi insulin. Data mengenai hubungan antara asam lemak dan resistensi insulin di Indonesia sangat terbatas. Untuk melihat hubungan antara berbagai asupan lemak dengan insulin pada laki-laki dewasa dengan obesitas sentral di Jakarta, maka diadakanlah penelitian dengan metode potongan lintang. Kuesioner semi kuantitaf-frekuensi makanan yang telah divalidasi digunakan untuk memperoleh data asupan lemak pada 126 laki-laki usia 30-50 tahun dengan obesitas sentral di Jakarta yang sebelumnya telah mengikuti prosedur skrining melalui pemeriksaan klinis dan pengambilan darah. Pengukuran antropometrik dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data berat badan, tinggi badan dan lingkar pinggang. Data plasma insulin puasa, plasma glukosa puasa, plasma asam lemak bebas dan profil lemak darah diperoleh melalui pemeriksaan biokimia. Kucsioner global aktivitas tisik dan surveilens penyakit kronik digunakan untuk memperoleh data aktivitas fisik, kcbizmaan merokok, konsumsi alkohol, sayuran dan buah. Asupan lemak total, lemak jenuh, lemak tidak jenuh tunggal maupun ganda (% dari total kalori) diperolch Icbih tinggi dibandingkan rekomendasi PERKENI/NCEP/AHA/ADA (4l.23%, 21.51% and 9.32%), kecuali asupan lemak tidak jenuh ganda berdasarkan PERKENI (6.8?7%). Asupan omega-3 dan omega-6 tidak memenuhi rekomendasi berdasarkan IOM. Hiperkolesterolemia dan hipertrigliseridemia ditemukan pada penelitian ini. Sementara itu, insulin puasa berada dalam nilai nonnal (7.63 u/L). Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara asupan berbagai jenis lemak dengan insulin pada laki-laki dcwasa dengan obesitas sentral, tetapi plasma asam lemak bebas memiliki hubungan positif dengan asupan temak tidak jenuh ganda (% dari total kalori) (rp=0.l90, p<0.05), dan plasma glukosa puasa (r=0.l93, p<0.05). Penelitian kasus-kontrol perlu dilakukan untuk dapat melihat secara jelas hubungan antara asupan berbagai jenis lemak dengan insulin pada seseorang dengan dan tanpa obesitas sentral atau pada seseorang dengan dan tanpa resistensi insulin.

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Obesity is known as the major global health problems, including in Indonesia. This situation is associated with nutritional transitional characterized by changing in dietary patterns, leading to the prevailing degenerative diseases. Waist circumference is strong predictor of insulin resistance, an initial phase for development of type 2 diabetes melitus. High intake of SFA is contributed to insulin resistance. Data on the relations between intake of fatty acids and insulin resistance in Indonesia are very limited. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to examine the association between intake of different fatty acids and insulin level in abdominal obese adult men in Jakarta. Dietary fatty acids was obtained through validated fat SQ-F FQ to |26 men with abdominal obesity aged 30-SO, who pass the screening procedure through clinical and blood assessment. Anthropomethric assessments were done to obtain body weight, height and waist circumference. Biochemichal assessments were undertaken to obtain fasting plasma insulin, glucose, FFA and profile lipid. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and STEPS questionnaire were used to obtain data on physical activity, smoking habit, alcohol use, fruit and vegetable consumption. Intake of total fat, SFA, MUFA and PUFA (% of total calories) were found higher than that of the PERKENI/NCEP/AI-IA/ADA recommendations (4l.23% , 21.51% and 9.32%), except PUFA intake based on PERKENI (6.87%). Intake of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA did not meet the requirement suggested by IOM. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertrigliseridemia were found among subjects. Mean fasting plasma insulin was found within desirable range (7.63 ufL). There is no correlation between intakes of different fatty acids and insulin levels in abdominal obese adult men, but FFA plasma were positively correlated with PUFA intake (% of total calories) (rp=0-l90, p<0.05) and fasting plasma glucose (rp=0.l93, p<0.05)- Further study need to be conducted to have clearly understanding of the relationship between intake of different fatty acids and insulin level between abdominal obese and non-abdominal obese or insulin resistance and non insulin resistance using case-control study."

"Penelitian cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga pada keluarga Tenaa Kerja Indonesia Pria dan Wanita, faktor-»faktor penyebab dan dampaknya terhadap status gizi anak. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan januari hingga Maret 20l0 di Kabupaten Tulungagung, Propinsi Jawa Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jender tenaga kerja Indonesia menentukan status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Pada keluarga tenaga kerja pria, juga diketahui memiliki respons pemberian makan anak yang lebih bagus, cenderung memilih fasilitas pencarian pertolongan kesehatan yang formal, melakukan respons yang tepat ketika anak rewel, dan mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai pengasuhan anak yang Iebih baik. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signitikan mengenai status gizi anak pada keluarga Tenaga Kerja Indonesia pria dan wanita.

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This cross sectional study was aimed to compare household food security among household attached to male and female migrant worker, its determinant factors and impact on child nutritional status. Study was done in February-March 2010, involving 450 households in Tulungagung Districts, East Java Province, and found gender of the migrant worker is a predictor of household food security status. Household attached to male migrant workers had better responsive feeding, prefer forma] health seeking facilities, did more appropriate response when the child is crying and had better knowledge on child caring. Child nutritional status was not significantly different among two groups."

"Tujuan dari studi potong lintang ini adalah untuk membandingkan konsumsi pangan wanita usia reproduktif (19-49 tahun) yang gemuk dan normal di daerah Kebon Melati, Mangga Dua Selatan dan Pegangsaan yang termasuk daerah kumuh di Jakarta Pusat. Asupan energi total, karbohidrat dan protein jumlahnya lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada wanita yang gemuk sedangkan pada asupan protein dan densitas energi tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan. Selain itu ditemukan juga dua pola pangan yang secara subyektif diberi nama: pola "lebih sehat" dan pola "kurang sehat". Namun demikian tidak dapat disimpulkan mana di antara kedua pola tersebut yang menjadi pola konsumsi pada wanita yang gemuk dan normal karena tidak ditemukan hubungan antara antara pola konsumsi pangan dengan status kegemukan. Dalam studi ini juga ditemukan bahwa hubungan antara asupan energi dan status kegemukan tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor individu lainnya.

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The objective of this cross sectional study was to compare food consumption among obese and normal women of reproductive age (19-49 years) in Kebon Melati, Mangga Dua Selatan and Pegangsaan as representative of urban slum areas in Central Jakarta. Energy, carbohydrate and fat intakes in obese women were significantly higher, while protein intake and energy density were not statistically significant. Two dietary patterns were also found, subjectively named: the "more healthy" pattern and the "less healthy" pattern, but it cannot be concluded which of the dietary patterns characterized the diets of obese and normal women since there was no significant association between the dietary patterns and obesity status. This study also found that association of energy intake and obesity was not influenced by other factors."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai validitas dari FPA1 sebagai alat ukurestimasi porsi di antara wanita usia subur (WUS)2 dan bayi usia 6-11 bulan.Asupan makanan dari WUS dan bayi usia 6-11 bulan ditimbang menggunakanmetode WFR3, dan 24 hour food recall dengan bantuan FPA1 dan food model 3-dimensi pada responden yang sama pada hari berikutnya. FPA1 mencakup 86.24%dari semua makanan yang ditimbang. uji statistik Wilcoxon’s signed-rankmenunjukkan bahwa estimasi ukuran porsi menggunakan FPA1 pada sebagianbesar jenis makanan tidak berbeda secara statistik dengan berat porsi yangsebenarnya metode WFR3 dibandingkan dengan estimasi porsi dengan bantuanfood model 3-dimensi.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to assess the validity of FPA1 as tools of portion size estimationamong WRA2 and infants aged 6-11 months. Food intake of WRA2 and infantsage 6 – 11 months were weighed using WFR3, and then 24 hour food recall usingFPA1 and three dimension food models conducted in the same respondents on theday after. FPA1 covered 86.24% of all weighed food items. Wilcoxon’s signedranktest on the most of food items showed that estimated portion size using FPA1were statistically similar with the actual portion size using WFR3 compared toestimated using food model."

"ABSTRAKObjective of this study is to develop Food Photographs Application (FPA) as atool for portion size estimation. Cross sectional study performed in two stages;development and user opinion. Input for FPA improvement from experts areshould be community based and include mixed food with various food portions.FPA1 developed in software, contains; 201 food items in 354 items of foodportion with various HH measurement unit. After FPA1 developed, 62.9% ofdieticians, 82.9% of enumerators, and 42.9% of clients choose FPA1 rather thanexisting tools because FPA1 is more portable, have more complete foodvariation, various food portion and HH measurement unit.

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ABSTRACTObjective of this study is to develop Food Photographs Application (FPA) as atool for portion size estimation. Cross sectional study performed in two stages;development and user opinion. Input for FPA improvement from experts areshould be community based and include mixed food with various food portions.FPA1 developed in software, contains; 201 food items in 354 items of foodportion with various HH measurement unit. After FPA1 developed, 62.9% ofdieticians, 82.9% of enumerators, and 42.9% of clients choose FPA1 rather thanexisting tools because FPA1 is more portable, have more complete foodvariation, various food portion and HH measurement unit."

"ABSTRAKMakanan terfortifikasi yang merupakan salah satu pendekatan berdasar makanan dapat dijadikan salah satu intervenesi untuk mengurangi angka kejadian pendek sedang pada anak dibawah lima tahun. Pada studi ini, level fortifikasi dihitung berdasarkan kesenjangan antara kebutuhan nutrisi dan pengoptimalan makanan pendamping yang dikembangkan berdasarkan pendekatan linear programming. Studi ini dibagi menjadi tiga fase; 1) pengembangan rekomendasi makanan pendamping menggunakan perangkat lunak OPTIFOOD , 2) pengembangan biskuit terfortifikasi, dan 3) uji penerimaan biskuit dengan desain tiga lengan silang acak. Lima puluh satu anak ikut serta pada uji penerimaan. Tepung jagung, tepung kacang kedelai, dan bubuk daun kelor digunakan sebagai bahan baku utama biskuit. Sembilan zat gizi ditambahkan sebagai fortifikan yang ditambahkan pada high nutrient dense fortified biscuit (zatbesi, seng, kalsium, B1, B3,B6 asam folat, B12, dan vitamin A) dan delapan zat gizi (kecuali vitamin A) ditambahkan pada standard nutrient dense fortified biscuit. Anak-anak dapat mengonsumsi 80%, 75%, dan 70% biskuit tidak terfortifikasi, standard nutrient dense fortified biscuit, and high nutrient dense fortified biscuit. Kebanyak pengasuh menyukai aroma dan warna dari biskuit tetapi kurang menyukai teksturnya (dengan nilai uji pengindaraan berurutan 2.08 dan 2.20). tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata pada ketiga jenis biskuit tersebut.

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ABSTRACTFortified food as one of food based approach can be used as intervention to reduce prevalence of moderate stunting. In this study, fortificant level was calculated based on the gap between requirement nutrient intakes (RNI) and optimized complementary feeding developed using linear programming approach. This study was divided into three phases; 1) developing optimized complementary feeding recommendation using OPTIFOOD software, 2) developing the fortified biscuits, 3) biscuit acceptability trial with three arms randomized cross over design. Fifty one children participated in acceptability trial. Corn flour, soy flour, moringa leaves powder were used as the main ingredients of biscuits. Nine nutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, B1, B3,B6, folate, B12, Vit A) were added as fortificants in high nutrient dense fortified biscuit and eight nutrients (except Vit A) were added in standard nutrient dense fortified biscuit. The children could consume 80%, 75% and 70% of unfortified, standard nutrient dense fortified biscuit, and high nutrient dense fortified biscuit respectively. The majority of caregiver liked the aroma and color of biscuits but less of texture for standard and high nutrient dense fortified biscuit (with organoleptic score 2.08 and 2.20, respectively). There was no significant difference among the three types of biscuits."