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"PendahuluanAngka kematian dan angka kesakitan karena penyakit infeksi khususnya pada bayi dan anak balita, masih sangat tinggi di Indonesia. Hasil survai LitBangKes Republik Indonesia (1980) menunjukkan angka kematian spesifik pada golongan umur 1 - 4 tahun sebesar 19,6 per 1000. Angka kematian yang paling besar terjadi pada golongan umur di bawah satu tahun yaitu 90,3 per 1000 kelahiran hidup. Sebab kematian yang paling menonjol pada golongan umur tersebut ialah : diare (24,1%), infeksi saluran pernafasan (22,1%) dan tetanus neonatorum (20%) . Penyakit-penyakit ini sebenarnya dapat dicegah melalui imunisasi. Diperkirakan imunisasi dapat mencegah 31.5% kematian bayi dan 22,72 kematian anak balita (1). Program imunisasi melalui Pengembangan Program Imunisasi (PPI) telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 1977 dan telah meliputi Iebih dari 45,000 desa. Hasil cakupan imunisasi melalui program ini masih belum mencapai sasaran yang diharapkan. Pada tahun 1985 sebagai berikut : BCG 52% , DPT2 37% , DPT3 11% , TT2 24% , Polio-3 10% , Campak 11,7%, sedangkan WHO memperkirakan hasil yang dicapai ialah DPT3 6% dan Polio-3 7%. Angka tersebut menunjukkan drop out imunisasi ulang DPT dan polio masih tinggi.Zat-zat imunopotensiator diketahui mempunyai efek meningkatkan reaksi imunitas iubuh terhadap imunogen. Levamisol adalah salah satu imunopotensiator non-spesifik yang telah diketahui mampu meningkatkan baik fungsi imonitas selular maupun humoral. Dilaporkan obat tersebut efektif untuk : a) mencegah dan mengobati infeksi menahun rekuren di kulit, mukosa, mata, saluran pernafasan, juga infeksi sistemik yang disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri, jamur dan sebagainya ; b) menghilangkan anergi pasca infeksi virus dan riketsia ; c) mengobati penyakit reumatik, termasuk artritis reumatoid, lupus eritematosus sistemik dan sindrom Reiter ; d) menekan angka kekambuhan pada penderita kanker, terutama setelah operasi, radioterapi atau kemoterapi. Penggunaan levamisol sebagai ajuvan dalam imunisasi telah pula dilaporkan oleh beberapa peneliti, baik pada pada hewan percobaan maupun pada manusia.Tujuan penelitian untuk membuktikan manfaat levamisol sebagai ajuvan dalam meningkatkan sintesis zat anti-tetanus. Bila levamisol terbukti mampu meningkatkan sintesis zat anti-tetanus, maka manfaat ini diharapkan akan mempercepat tercapainya kadar zat anti yang optimal, walaupnn terjadi drop out."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia sering dilanda bencana sehingga memerlukan pangan darurat yang dapatsegera dikonsumsi oleh korban bencana. BPPT membuat pangan darurat yangmudah dikonsumsi, bernutrisi tinggi, dan mengandung ekstrak polifenol buahdelima yang diharapkan meningkatkan sistem imun. Efek pangan daruratdibandingkan dengan ekstrak Phyllanthus niruri, imunostimulan di pasaran, padamencit kelaparan yang diberi pajanan tetanus toksoid (TT). Digunakan 30 ekormencit betina yang dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan secara random.Observasi dilakukan sebelum perlakuan (minggu ke-0), ke-4, dan ke-8 setelahperlakuan. Pajanan TT diberikan pada akhir minggu ke-4. Pada minggu-minggutersebut, enam ekor mencit dari tiap kelompok dikorbankan untuk diambil sampeldarahnya dan dihitung jumlah dan jenis leukosit, serta kadar IgG total dan IgGspesifik anti-TT. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah dan jenisleukosit (kecuali batang), serta kadar IgG total antarkelompok perlakuan. Terdapatperbedaan bermakna pada jumlah batang dan kadar IgG spesifik anti-TTantarkelompok perlakuan pada minggu ke-8 dengan p = 0.032 dan 0.008, yaitujumlah batang lebih tinggi pada kelompok uji dan kadar IgG spesifik anti-TT lebihtinggi pada kelompok ekstrak Phyllanthus niruri. Dapat disimpulkan bahwapangan darurat BPPT berefek hampir sama dengan ekstrak Phyllanthus niruriterhadap respon imun. Tetapi, pangan darurat lebih meningkatkan jumlah batangdan ekstrak Phyllanthus niruri lebih meningkatkan kadar IgG spesifik anti-TTsecara signifikan.

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AbstractIndonesia is often hit by disasters that require emergency food that can beimmediately consumed by disaster victims. BPPT makes emergency food thateasily consumed, has high nutrition, and has pomegranate?s poliphenol extractthat is expected increasing immune system. The effect of BPPT?s emergency foodis comparised with the effect of Phyllanthus niruri extract as immune stimulant onthe market to hungry mice that are challenged by tetanus toxoid (TT). Thirty miceare divided randomly into two treatment groups. Mice are observed beforetreatment (week-0), in the fourth week, and eight week after treatment. TTchallenge is given in the end of fouth week. In these weeks, six mice from eachgroup are sacrificed for taking blood samples, counting the amount anddifferential counts of leukocytes, and the levels of total IgG and antitetanus-toxoidspecificIgG. There is no significant difference in the amount and differentialcounts of leukocytes (except stab), and the levels of total IgG between twotreatment groups. There are significant differences in the amount of stab andantitetanus-toxoid-specific IgG in eighth week with p = 0.032 and 0.008, BPPT?semergency food group reaches higher position in stab and Phyllanthus niruriextract group reachs higher position in antitetanus-toxoid-specific IgG . It can beconcluded that the effect of BPPT?s emergency food is almost same with the effectof Phyllanthus niruri extract on immune system. But, BPPT?s emergency foodgroup reaches higher position in stab and Phyllanthus niruri extract group reachshigher position in antitetanus-toxoid-specific IgG significantly."

"ABSTRACT

scope and methods of research: An effective contraception is now being searched to improve family plan naming, Concerning with this, levamisole is one alternate as contraception. Levamisole is an anathematic, which can male spermatozoa immotile in vitro within 2 minutes, by damaging the seminal diamine oxidase. Levamisole is quickly absorbed from digestive system when administered orally, its muscular and subcutan injection and is quickly distributed widely to all body tissues and the liquid in the body levamisole is possibly discovered in plasma semen since there is a similarity of troop bundle with nitro imidazole. TO discover the influence, it has been observed in a research of a male mouse strain AJ with the dose 03 mg, 1.0 mg, 15 mg, 2.0 mg, 2.5 mg given orally daily for 46 days. The males are then crossed with fertile females, the males than to be sacrificed for research: such as testicular histological, percentage of motile spermatozoa and the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa.

Result and conclusion: Administering levamisole in daily doses 03 mg, 1.0 mg, 1.5 mg, 2.0 mg, 25 mg produces no significant changes (p > 0.05) in the spermatogonium A, primary pakhitene spermatocyt cell and number born per litters. It also doesn't indicate the decrease of motile spermatozoa percentage, the weight of testis, diameter of seminiferous tubules and the body weight. Percentage of abnormal spermatozoa however shows significant increases at daily doses 1.0 mg compared with control groups (p r 0.05). It can be concluded that doses of levamisole given orally for 46 days has no effect on the mouse's fertility.

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ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara penelitian: Kontrasepsi yang efektif bagi pria saat ini sedang dicari dalam meningkatkan keluarga Berencana. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, levamisol merupakan alternatif sebagai alat kontrasepsi. Levamisol merupakan antelmintik yang dapat membuat spermatozoa imotil secara in vitro dalam jangka waktu 2 menit, karena menggangu diamine oksidase seminal. Levamisol segera diabsorpsi dari saluran cerna pada pemberian per oral, pemberian intramuskular dan injeksi subkutan serta segera didistribusi luas pada semua jaringan dan cairan tubuh. Adanya kesamaan gugus levamisol dengan nitroimidazol, besar kemungkinan ditemukan levamisol dalam plasma semen. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tersebut telah dilakukan penelitian pada mencit jantan strain AJ dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan. 2,5 mg/hari selama 46 hari. Selanjutnya mencit jantan dikawinkan dengan mencit betina fertil, kemudian mencit jantan dikorbankan guna pemeriksaan: gambaran histologi testis, persentase spermatozoa motil dan persentase spermatozoa abnormal.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Pemberian levamisol dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan 2,5 mg/hari tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata p > 0,05 pada: jumlah spermatogonium A, jumlah sel spermatosit primer pakiten, persentase spermatozoa motif, jumlah anak, berat testis, diameter tubulus seminiferous dan berat badan. Persentase spermatozoa abnormal menunjukkan hasil signifikan p < 0,05 pada dosis 1,0 mg/hari. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian levamisol oral selama 46 hari tidak berpengaruh terhadap kesuburan mencit jantan.;Ruang Lingkup dan Cara penelitian: Kontrasepsi yang efektif bagi pria saat ini sedang dicari dalam meningkatkan keluarga Berencana. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, levamisol merupakan alternatif sebagai alat kontrasepsi. Levamisol merupakan antelmintik yang dapat membuat spermatozoa imotil secara in vitro dalam jangka waktu 2 menit, karena menggangu diamine oksidase seminal. Levamisol segera diabsorpsi dari saluran cerna pada pemberian per oral, pemberian intramuskular dan injeksi subkutan serta segera didistribusi luas pada semua jaringan dan cairan tubuh. Adanya kesamaan gugus levamisol dengan nitroimidazol, besar kemungkinan ditemukan levamisol dalam plasma semen. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tersebut telah dilakukan penelitian pada mencit jantan strain AJ dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan. 2,5 mg/hari selama 46 hari. Selanjutnya mencit jantan dikawinkan dengan mencit betina fertil, kemudian mencit jantan dikorbankan guna pemeriksaan: gambaran histologi testis, persentase spermatozoa motil dan persentase spermatozoa abnormal.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Pemberian levamisol dengan dosis: 0,5 mg, 1,0 mg, 1,5 mg, 2,0 mg dan 2,5 mg/hari tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata p > 0,05 pada: jumlah spermatogonium A, jumlah sel spermatosit primer pakiten, persentase spermatozoa motif, jumlah anak, berat testis, diameter tubulus seminiferous dan berat badan. Persentase spermatozoa abnormal menunjukkan hasil signifikan p < 0,05 pada dosis 1,0 mg/hari. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian levamisol oral selama 46 hari tidak berpengaruh terhadap kesuburan mencit jantan."

"[ABSTRAKATS telah banyak digunakan di Indonesia dalam mengobati tetanus. Sejak tahun 2010, penggunaan HTIG sebagai antitoksin semakin meningkatTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.Method: Penelitian retrospektif pada kasus tetanus anak yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dari 2006-2014Results: Ada 69 pasien tetanus anak yang menjadi subjek penelitian, dengan kelompok usia terbanyak adalah 1 ? 5 tahun yaitu 53,6 % dan proporsi laki-laki lebih banyak dibanding perempuan (2:1), dengan 59,4 % subyek tidak pernah mendapat imunisasi dasar. Port d‟entree terbanyak adalah OMSK (47,8 %) dan tetanus derajat 3 merupakan diagnosis terbanyak (39,1 %). Semua subjek datang dirawat dengan gejala trismus, disertai kejang rangsang (75,4 %), kaku kuduk dan opistotonus (73,9 %), spasme spontan (69,6 %) dan perut papan 65,2 % subjek. Enam puluh tujuh persen subjek diobati dengan ATS dan 33 % dengan HTIG. Lama rawat subjek yang mendapat ATS 9,98 (SB 4,58) dan HTIG 10,91 (SB 5,88) hari. Subjek yang meninggal di akhir perawatan, pada kelompok ATS 4,4 % dan HTIG 21,7 %. Pada kelompok ATS, trismus terjadi selama 8 hari sejak dirawat, kejang rangsang dan kaku kuduk 3 hari, opistotonus dan perut papan 2 hari serta kejang spontan 1 hari. Sedangkan pada kelompok HTIG, trismus 8 hari, kejang rangsang, kaku kuduk, opistotonus dan perut papan 2 hari serta kejang spontan selama 1 hri. Tidak ada data mengenai risus sardonicus. Harga HTIG satu juta rupiah lebih murah dibanding ATS (Rp 4.414.711,- vs Rp 5.512.724,-) ATS dan HTIG memiliki efektifitas yang sama dalam hal lama rawat, lama terjadinya spasme dan hasil akhir perawatan. Harga HTIG lebih murah dibanding ATS. Disarankan memilih HTIG sebagai pilihan pertama pengobatan tetanus anak dan ATS hanya digunakan bila HTIG tidak dapat diberikan.;Background: ATS has been widely used in Indonesia in tetanus management. Since 2010, the use of antitoxin HTIG as increasingTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.

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ABSTRACTTo evaluate the differences between the outcomes in pediatric tetanus who received HTIG and ATSMethod: A retrospective study on pediatric tetanus case who admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since 2006 to 2014Results:There were 69 patients with pediatric tetanus as study subjects, with 1-5 years as the largest age group is 53.6% and the proportion of men more than women (2: 1), with 59.4% of the subjects never got primary immunization. The most of port d'entree was CSOM (47.8%) and tetanus grade 3 as most fequent diagnosis (39.1%). All subjects came hospitalized with symptoms of trismus, accompanied spasms excitatory (75.4%), neck stiffness and opisthotonos (73.9%), spontaneous seizures (69.6%) and 65.2% of the subjects belly board. Sixty-seven percent of subjects treated with ATS and 33% with HTIG. Length of stay subjects who received ATS 9.98 (SB 4.58) and HTIG 10.91 (SB 5.88) a day. Subjects who died at the end of hospitalization, the ATS group is 4.4% and and HTIG group is 21.7%. In the ATS group, trismus occurred during the 8 days of hospitalization, a stiff neck and spasms excitatory 3 days, opisthotonos and belly boards 2 days and 1 day of spontaneous seizures. While the group HTIG, trismus 8 days, spasm excitatory, stiff neck, and abdomen board opistotonus 2 days and spontaneous seizures for 1 day. No data on risus sardonicus. Price HTIG one million rupiahs cheaper than ATS (Rp 4,414,711, - vs Rp 5,512,724, -) ATS and HTIG have the same effectiveness in terms of length of stay, duration of occurrence of spasms and outcomes of hospitalization. HTIG price is cheaper than the ATS. HTIG can the first choice treatment of pediatric tetanusr and ATS are only used when HTIG can not be given.;Background: ATS has been widely used in Indonesia in tetanus management. Since 2010, the use of antitoxin HTIG as increasingTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.Objective: To evaluate the differences between the outcomes in pediatric tetanus who received HTIG and ATSMethod: A retrospective study on pediatric tetanus case who admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since 2006 to 2014Results:There were 69 patients with pediatric tetanus as study subjects, with 1-5 years as the largest age group is 53.6% and the proportion of men more than women (2: 1), with 59.4% of the subjects never got primary immunization. The most of port d'entree was CSOM (47.8%) and tetanus grade 3 as most fequent diagnosis (39.1%). All subjects came hospitalized with symptoms of trismus, accompanied spasms excitatory (75.4%), neck stiffness and opisthotonos (73.9%), spontaneous seizures (69.6%) and 65.2% of the subjects belly board. Sixty-seven percent of subjects treated with ATS and 33% with HTIG. Length of stay subjects who received ATS 9.98 (SB 4.58) and HTIG 10.91 (SB 5.88) a day. Subjects who died at the end of hospitalization, the ATS group is 4.4% and and HTIG group is 21.7%. In the ATS group, trismus occurred during the 8 days of hospitalization, a stiff neck and spasms excitatory 3 days, opisthotonos and belly boards 2 days and 1 day of spontaneous seizures. While the group HTIG, trismus 8 days, spasm excitatory, stiff neck, and abdomen board opistotonus 2 days and spontaneous seizures for 1 day. No data on risus sardonicus. Price HTIG one million rupiahs cheaper than ATS (Rp 4,414,711, - vs Rp 5,512,724, -) ATS and HTIG have the same effectiveness in terms of length of stay, duration of occurrence of spasms and outcomes of hospitalization. HTIG price is cheaper than the ATS. HTIG can the first choice treatment of pediatric tetanusr and ATS are only used when HTIG can not be given.;Background: ATS has been widely used in Indonesia in tetanus management. Since 2010, the use of antitoxin HTIG as increasingTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.Objective: To evaluate the differences between the outcomes in pediatric tetanus who received HTIG and ATSMethod: A retrospective study on pediatric tetanus case who admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since 2006 to 2014Results:There were 69 patients with pediatric tetanus as study subjects, with 1-5 years as the largest age group is 53.6% and the proportion of men more than women (2: 1), with 59.4% of the subjects never got primary immunization. The most of port d'entree was CSOM (47.8%) and tetanus grade 3 as most fequent diagnosis (39.1%). All subjects came hospitalized with symptoms of trismus, accompanied spasms excitatory (75.4%), neck stiffness and opisthotonos (73.9%), spontaneous seizures (69.6%) and 65.2% of the subjects belly board. Sixty-seven percent of subjects treated with ATS and 33% with HTIG. Length of stay subjects who received ATS 9.98 (SB 4.58) and HTIG 10.91 (SB 5.88) a day. Subjects who died at the end of hospitalization, the ATS group is 4.4% and and HTIG group is 21.7%. In the ATS group, trismus occurred during the 8 days of hospitalization, a stiff neck and spasms excitatory 3 days, opisthotonos and belly boards 2 days and 1 day of spontaneous seizures. While the group HTIG, trismus 8 days, spasm excitatory, stiff neck, and abdomen board opistotonus 2 days and spontaneous seizures for 1 day. No data on risus sardonicus. Price HTIG one million rupiahs cheaper than ATS (Rp 4,414,711, - vs Rp 5,512,724, -) ATS and HTIG have the same effectiveness in terms of length of stay, duration of occurrence of spasms and outcomes of hospitalization. HTIG price is cheaper than the ATS. HTIG can the first choice treatment of pediatric tetanusr and ATS are only used when HTIG can not be given.;Background: ATS has been widely used in Indonesia in tetanus management. Since 2010, the use of antitoxin HTIG as increasingTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.Objective: To evaluate the differences between the outcomes in pediatric tetanus who received HTIG and ATSMethod: A retrospective study on pediatric tetanus case who admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since 2006 to 2014Results:There were 69 patients with pediatric tetanus as study subjects, with 1-5 years as the largest age group is 53.6% and the proportion of men more than women (2: 1), with 59.4% of the subjects never got primary immunization. The most of port d'entree was CSOM (47.8%) and tetanus grade 3 as most fequent diagnosis (39.1%). All subjects came hospitalized with symptoms of trismus, accompanied spasms excitatory (75.4%), neck stiffness and opisthotonos (73.9%), spontaneous seizures (69.6%) and 65.2% of the subjects belly board. Sixty-seven percent of subjects treated with ATS and 33% with HTIG. Length of stay subjects who received ATS 9.98 (SB 4.58) and HTIG 10.91 (SB 5.88) a day. Subjects who died at the end of hospitalization, the ATS group is 4.4% and and HTIG group is 21.7%. In the ATS group, trismus occurred during the 8 days of hospitalization, a stiff neck and spasms excitatory 3 days, opisthotonos and belly boards 2 days and 1 day of spontaneous seizures. While the group HTIG, trismus 8 days, spasm excitatory, stiff neck, and abdomen board opistotonus 2 days and spontaneous seizures for 1 day. No data on risus sardonicus. Price HTIG one million rupiahs cheaper than ATS (Rp 4,414,711, - vs Rp 5,512,724, -) ATS and HTIG have the same effectiveness in terms of length of stay, duration of occurrence of spasms and outcomes of hospitalization. HTIG price is cheaper than the ATS. HTIG can the first choice treatment of pediatric tetanusr and ATS are only used when HTIG can not be given.;Background: ATS has been widely used in Indonesia in tetanus management. Since 2010, the use of antitoxin HTIG as increasingTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.Objective: To evaluate the differences between the outcomes in pediatric tetanus who received HTIG and ATSMethod: A retrospective study on pediatric tetanus case who admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since 2006 to 2014Results:There were 69 patients with pediatric tetanus as study subjects, with 1-5 years as the largest age group is 53.6% and the proportion of men more than women (2: 1), with 59.4% of the subjects never got primary immunization. The most of port d'entree was CSOM (47.8%) and tetanus grade 3 as most fequent diagnosis (39.1%). All subjects came hospitalized with symptoms of trismus, accompanied spasms excitatory (75.4%), neck stiffness and opisthotonos (73.9%), spontaneous seizures (69.6%) and 65.2% of the subjects belly board. Sixty-seven percent of subjects treated with ATS and 33% with HTIG. Length of stay subjects who received ATS 9.98 (SB 4.58) and HTIG 10.91 (SB 5.88) a day. Subjects who died at the end of hospitalization, the ATS group is 4.4% and and HTIG group is 21.7%. In the ATS group, trismus occurred during the 8 days of hospitalization, a stiff neck and spasms excitatory 3 days, opisthotonos and belly boards 2 days and 1 day of spontaneous seizures. While the group HTIG, trismus 8 days, spasm excitatory, stiff neck, and abdomen board opistotonus 2 days and spontaneous seizures for 1 day. No data on risus sardonicus. Price HTIG one million rupiahs cheaper than ATS (Rp 4,414,711, - vs Rp 5,512,724, -) ATS and HTIG have the same effectiveness in terms of length of stay, duration of occurrence of spasms and outcomes of hospitalization. HTIG price is cheaper than the ATS. HTIG can the first choice treatment of pediatric tetanusr and ATS are only used when HTIG can not be given.;Background: ATS has been widely used in Indonesia in tetanus management. Since 2010, the use of antitoxin HTIG as increasingTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.Objective: To evaluate the differences between the outcomes in pediatric tetanus who received HTIG and ATSMethod: A retrospective study on pediatric tetanus case who admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since 2006 to 2014Results:There were 69 patients with pediatric tetanus as study subjects, with 1-5 years as the largest age group is 53.6% and the proportion of men more than women (2: 1), with 59.4% of the subjects never got primary immunization. The most of port d'entree was CSOM (47.8%) and tetanus grade 3 as most fequent diagnosis (39.1%). All subjects came hospitalized with symptoms of trismus, accompanied spasms excitatory (75.4%), neck stiffness and opisthotonos (73.9%), spontaneous seizures (69.6%) and 65.2% of the subjects belly board. Sixty-seven percent of subjects treated with ATS and 33% with HTIG. Length of stay subjects who received ATS 9.98 (SB 4.58) and HTIG 10.91 (SB 5.88) a day. Subjects who died at the end of hospitalization, the ATS group is 4.4% and and HTIG group is 21.7%. In the ATS group, trismus occurred during the 8 days of hospitalization, a stiff neck and spasms excitatory 3 days, opisthotonos and belly boards 2 days and 1 day of spontaneous seizures. While the group HTIG, trismus 8 days, spasm excitatory, stiff neck, and abdomen board opistotonus 2 days and spontaneous seizures for 1 day. No data on risus sardonicus. Price HTIG one million rupiahs cheaper than ATS (Rp 4,414,711, - vs Rp 5,512,724, -) ATS and HTIG have the same effectiveness in terms of length of stay, duration of occurrence of spasms and outcomes of hospitalization. HTIG price is cheaper than the ATS. HTIG can the first choice treatment of pediatric tetanusr and ATS are only used when HTIG can not be given., Background: ATS has been widely used in Indonesia in tetanus management. Since 2010, the use of antitoxin HTIG as increasingTujuan: mengevaluasi perbedaan luaran pada tetanus anak antara yang mendapat ATS dan HTIG.Objective: To evaluate the differences between the outcomes in pediatric tetanus who received HTIG and ATSMethod: A retrospective study on pediatric tetanus case who admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since 2006 to 2014Results:There were 69 patients with pediatric tetanus as study subjects, with 1-5 years as the largest age group is 53.6% and the proportion of men more than women (2: 1), with 59.4% of the subjects never got primary immunization. The most of port d'entree was CSOM (47.8%) and tetanus grade 3 as most fequent diagnosis (39.1%). All subjects came hospitalized with symptoms of trismus, accompanied spasms excitatory (75.4%), neck stiffness and opisthotonos (73.9%), spontaneous seizures (69.6%) and 65.2% of the subjects belly board. Sixty-seven percent of subjects treated with ATS and 33% with HTIG. Length of stay subjects who received ATS 9.98 (SB 4.58) and HTIG 10.91 (SB 5.88) a day. Subjects who died at the end of hospitalization, the ATS group is 4.4% and and HTIG group is 21.7%. In the ATS group, trismus occurred during the 8 days of hospitalization, a stiff neck and spasms excitatory 3 days, opisthotonos and belly boards 2 days and 1 day of spontaneous seizures. While the group HTIG, trismus 8 days, spasm excitatory, stiff neck, and abdomen board opistotonus 2 days and spontaneous seizures for 1 day. No data on risus sardonicus. Price HTIG one million rupiahs cheaper than ATS (Rp 4,414,711, - vs Rp 5,512,724, -) ATS and HTIG have the same effectiveness in terms of length of stay, duration of occurrence of spasms and outcomes of hospitalization. HTIG price is cheaper than the ATS. HTIG can the first choice treatment of pediatric tetanusr and ATS are only used when HTIG can not be given.]"

"Latar belakang : Salah satu strategi dalam mengkontrol infeksi HIV, yaitu dengan pengembangan kandidat vaksin dengan efektifitas yang baik. Salah satu komponen virus yang dapat dikembangkan sebagai vaksin adalah protein Gag, yang merupakan protein struktural virus dan bersifat realtif lebih lestari dibandingkan komponen protein virus yang lain. Stimulasi respon sel T ens+ spesifik Gag, terkait dengan penurunan viremia, kontrol replikasi virus, dan perkembangan penyakit yang lambat. Respon T ens+ yang efektif juga dipengaruhi oleh sel T CD4+. Protein rekombinan Gag dapat diklona dan diekpre