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"Diarrhea contributes to about 17.5% of under-five children's death in the world and about 15.2% in developing countries. These figures were much lower compared to previous years, which show a reduction in death due to diarrhea among under-five children since 1990. In Indonesia, child deaths due to diarrhea among under-five childrendecreased from 15.3% in 1995 to 13.2% in 2001.Up to 70% of diarrhea in childhood was due to pathogen transmitted through food. Although this route of transmission already well recognized, the role of food hygiene in the development of diarrhea, especially in under-five children who live in urban poor areas, is sometimes overlooked.This study is aimed to assess the contribution of nutritional status and food hygiene practice to the occurrence of diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months who live in selected urban poor area in Jatinegara sub district, East Jakarta. A cross sectional study was conducted in 274 randomly selected children aged 12-59 months using interview on food hygiene practices and observation on housing and environmentalcondition in one day of the period of recording the child?s stool. Seven days record on frequency and consistency of the child?s stool was done to obtain the stool of diarrhea children. Diarrhea prevalence was calculated based on percentage of children who diagnosed as diarrhea during the seven days record. At the end of recording period allthe children were measured their weight and height to obtain their nutritional status data.All collected feces were analyzed using serology test for the presence of EPFC and ELISA for Rotavims. None ofthe feces showed the presence of EPEC and Rotavirus. There was a significant association between poor food hygiene, wasting and diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months, particularly in age 12 - 24 months (p-value < 0.05,X2 test).Diarrhea prevalence was higher in wasted children who had poor food hygiene practices (29.4%) compare to those with good food hygiene practices (7.7%). After stratification for age, wasted children aged 12 - 24 months with poor food hygiene practices had higher diarrhea prevalence (55.6%) compare to those who aged more than24 months with the same food hygiene practices."

"Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk membandingkan status gizi danpenyakit infeksi pada anak usia 12-59 bulan antara kelompok yang menerimadosis penuh dan yang menerima setengah dosis/tanpa kapsul vitamin A diperkotaan miskin Paseban. Studi cross sectional ini, 429 anak direkrut melaluisampel random sederhana dan purposive sampling. Status gizi dan prevalensipenyakit infeksi antar grup tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Studi ini menemukanpemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan di posyandu, keterpaparan informasi mengenaisuplementasi vitamin A dan pengetahuan pengasuh yang lebih baik mengenaivitamin A lebih tinggi ditemukan pada anak kelompok dosis penuh dibandingkankelompok setengah dosis/tanpa kapsul vitamin A.

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AbstractThe aim of study was to compare nutritional status and infectious diseasesamong children aged 12-59 months old betwen groups receiving full doses andhalf/no dose of vitamin A capsules in urban poor Paseban. This cross sectionalstudy, 429 were recruited through simple random and purposive sampling.Nutritional status and prevalence of infectious diseases between groups were notsignificantly different. This study found that utilization of health services inposyandu, exposure about vitamin A supplemantation from caregivers and betterknowledge of cargeivers on vitamin A were higher found among children in fulldoses group compared to those in half/no dose group."

"The study was carried out among 40 low-income households in East Jakarta. It generally aimed at examining the contribution of intra-household food distribution practices to the differences in nutritional status of individual members within and between urban poor households with underfive year old children. Two groups represented the study households. One group with malnourished (<-2 Z-scores for weight for age indicator) 18-60 months old children and the other group with well-nourished (>:-2 Z-scores) of the same age. A three day household and individual food intake were collected through the use of a combined food weighing and 24-hour food recall method. Results revealed that.malnourished underfive year old children were given less adequate diets in terms of nutrient requirement while parents? diet were sufficiently adequate. In contrast, the well-nourished children were adequately fed while their parents got less. The children's intake were found to have a marginal relationship with their nutritional status while significant associations were seen with parent's energy intake and household's total income. On the whole, findings indicated inequality in the food distribution patterns among urban poor households and these patterns somehow influences the nutritional status of household members particularly the pre-school age children"

"ABSTRACTWorldwide it is estimated that 1400 million episodes of diarrhea occur annually in children under the age of 5 years. In 1990, over 3 million of such children died. Up to 70% of diarrhea episodes could be due to pathogens transmitted through food (Motarjemi, et. al., 1993). A prospective cohort study was conducted in Kelurahan Kapuk, West Jakarta. The purpose was to identify relationship between food contamination, diarrhea, and nutritional status of children age 6 months to 2 years. Food samples such as drinking water (DW), rice mixture (RH), and milk formula (ME) consumed by 99 children were tested for contamination of Escherichia coli, total coliform, and total aerobic bacteria (APO). Diarrhea occurrence during 2-weekperiod were noted along with measurements of weight and height. The results were as follow: 6% DW, 18% RM, and 7% MF were contaminated by faecal coliform; 29% DW, 26% RM, and 46% MF had total coliform below the recommenced guideline values of Health Department and WHO (Depkes, RI 1990, Depkes, RI 1991 & WHO, 1985); as well as 74% DW, 43% RM, and 12% MF for APC. However, no statistical significant relationship was found between food contamination and diarrhea. Seventeen children suffered diarrhea during the 2-week study period; ranging from 1-6 days with average of 3 days. No persistent diarrhea was found. About half (53%) of the diarrhea children had mild dehydration problem. Mean x-scores of weight-for-height for the diarrhea children at food sampling and 7 day afterward were (-1.39±1.03) and (-0.62+2 90). Six children were wasted at food sampling day, but only 5 were still wasted at 7th day visit. No statistical significant relationship was found between diarrhea and nutritional status after the disease."

"Micronutrient supplementation is one approach that could correct the child impairment of development caused by micronutrient deficiencies. However micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries usually associated with marginal deficiency of several micronutrients. Therefore, it was assumed that supplementation with multiple micronutrients would be more effective.

In the previous Indonesia study, a randomized placebo controlled trial study has been done in 17 villages of Magelang district, Central Java for 6 mo among children aged 6-12 mo (n=284) who randomly assigned into four experimental groups: 1 RDA daily multi-micronutrient, 2 RDA weekly multi-micronutrient, iron daily supplementation and a placebo group. Nutritional status, development, and hemoglobin concentration was no difference between treatment groups at the end of supplementation. To answer the possibility of age responsiveness and manifestation of treatment effect on development and nutritional status, this present follow up study has been done at 6-mo after supplementation commenced when children aged 18-24 mo. At 6-mo follow up, there was difference between group in height for age Z-score and psychomotor development index (PDI). The scores differences are may be due to treatment differences."

"Masalah gizi yang umum ditemui di Indonesia yaitu stunting atau kelainan berupa pertumbuhan panjang/tinggi badan anak yang lebih rendah dari standar panjang/tinggi badan anak seusianya. Pada tahun 2019, jumlah balita stunting terbanyak di Provinsi DKI Jakarta terdapat di Kota Jakarta Timur yaitu mencapai 10.485 jiwa. Kecamatan di Kota Jakarta Timur dengan jumlah balita stunting tertinggi pada tahun 2019 tepatnya terdapat di Kecamatan Jatinegara dengan total mencapai 351 balita stunting. Berdasarkan banyaknya jumlah balita stunting yang terdapat di Kecamatan Jatinegara, maka penelitian ini memfokuskan pada penelitian mengenai status gizi balita di Kecamatan Jatinegara. Permasalahan kesehatan penduduk di kota perlu segera diatasi mengingat masih maraknya perpindahan penduduk desa menuju kota. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang memiliki hubungan dengan status gizi balita serta (2) untuk mengetahui pola spasial dari status gizi balita di Kecamatan Jatinegara, Kota Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan unit analisis Rukun Warga (RW) dengan metode analisis secara statistik menggunakan Chi Square dan analisis spasial menggunakan Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA). Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan faktor individu yang memiliki hubungan dengan status gizi balita adalah pola makan balita, sedangkan faktor rumah tangganya adalah mata pencaharian keluarga serta dari faktor lingkungan adalah jenis hunian. Selain itu, analisis spasial menunjukkan bahwa balita dengan status gizi normal memiliki pola spasial yang sama dengan balita berstatus gizi sangat pendek yaitu tersebar seragam pada Rukun Warga (RW) dengan jumlah Posyandu yang rendah, kepadatan hunian yang rendah, dan jenis hunian berupa rumah kecil. Sedangkan balita dengan status gizi yang pendek cenderung memiliki pola yang mengelompok pada Rukun Warga (RW) dengan jumlah Posyandu yang rendah, kepadatan hunian yang rendah, dan jenis hunian berupa rumah sangat kecil.

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Nutritional problems that are commonly encountered in Indonesia are stunting or abnormalities in the form of growth in length/height of children that are lower than the standard length/height of children their age. In 2019, the highest number of stunting toddlers in DKI Jakarta Province was in East Jakarta City, reaching 10.485 people. The sub-district in East Jakarta City with the highest number of stunting toddlers in 2019 is precisely in Jatinegara District with a total of 351 stunting toddlers. Based on the large number of stunting toddlers in Jatinegara District, this study focuses on research on the nutritional status of toddlers in Jatinegara District. The health problems of the population in the city need to be addressed immediately considering the widespread movement of rural residents to the city. This study aims to (1) determine what factors have a relationship with the nutritional status of toddlers and (2) to determine the spatial pattern of the nutritional status of toddlers in Jatinegara District, East Jakarta City. This study uses the unit of analysis for the Rukun Warga (RW) with statistical analysis methods using Chi Square and spatial analysis using Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA). The result of statistical analysis shows that the individual factor that has a relationship with the nutritional status of children under five is the diet of the toddler, while the household factor is the family's livelihood and from the environmental factor is the type of dwelling. In addition, spatial analysis shows that toddlers with normal nutritional status have the same spatial pattern as toddlers with very short nutritional status, namely uniformly distributed in the Rukun Warga (RW) with a low number of Posyandu, low residential density, and the type of housing in the form of small houses. Meanwhile, toddlers with short nutritional status tend to have a clustered pattern in the Rukun Warga (RW) with a low number of Posyandu, low residential density, and very small housing types."

"A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the problem of nutritional status and intestinal helminthiasis among underfive children in three selected refugee centers in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara and to identify possible relationship between intestinal helminthiasis and nutritional status. A number of 188 children 12-59 months of age were involved in this study. All three refugee centers showed that Ascaris lumbricoides was most common (29.0% in Naibonat, 28.8% in Noelbaki and 23.4% in Tuapukan), followed by hookworm (25.8% in Naibonat, 10.0% in Noelbaki and 3.9% in Tuapukan) and the least common was Trichuris trichiura (6.3% in Noelbaki, 3.2% in Noelbaki and 0% in Tuapukan). Based on the WHO?s criteria the intensity of intestinalhelminthiasis in all three refugee centers were low. Nutritional status was characterized by high of prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in all three refugee centers. The prevalence of underweight was 28.6% in Tuapukan, 25.8% in Naibonat, and 18.8% in Noelbaki. The prevalence of stunting was 29.0% in Naibonat, 20% in Noelbaki and23.4% in Tuapukan. While the prevalence of wasting was 8.8% in Noelbaki, 6.5% in Naibonat and 3.9% in Tuapukan. For anemia, 75% of children in Noelbaki, 71.4% in Tuapukan and 45.2% in Naibonat had haemoglobin level less than 11 g/dl. There was no significant association between the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and nutritional status of children also between the intensity of Ascaris Iumbricoides and nutritional status."

"This cross-sectional study was conducted on 204, 60-75 years old free-living elderly, who were randomly selected from 2 suhvillages of Johar Baru, Jakarta Pusat. The overall health, food and biochemical nutrient status of the elderly were poor. Energy intake was law and 53.9 percent of the subjects had energy intake <2/3 of the RDI. The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (BMI < 18 .5 kg/rn2) was 26.6 percent More than 75 percent of the elderly had iron and vitamin BI intakes < 2/3 of the RDL Using WHO criteria, the overall prevalence of anemia was 28.9 percent and the elderly females were most affected than the elderly males. Low vitamin Br status (ETK stimulation X14 percent), was found in 64.4 percent of the subjects Low biochemical status of vitamins B12, and A were 8.8 and 5.4 percent, respectively. Folate status was adequate as only 2.9 percent of the elderly had low RBCfolate levels.Intakes of vitamins B, and B12 were related with their biochemical nutrient levels Diseases was a risk factor to low thiamin status but increased RBC folate. Widowhood and less than 6 years schooling were associated with low Hb and serum retina concentrations in elderly males BMI r 18.5 kg/nn was associated with low Hb and RBC folate concentrations. Subjects of household with per capita income less than Rp 41,200.00 had the highest prevalence of anemia compared with subjects of households with higher per capita income Low vitamin B12 status was associated with low Hb while serum vitamin B12 was positively associated with RBC folate."

"Diare merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar kedua pada anak usia di bawah lima tahun, dimana 1 dari 9 balita di dunia meninggal diakibatkan oleh diare. WHO menyebutkan bahwa sekitar 80% kematian diare disebabkan oleh air yang tidak aman, sanitasi yang tidak memadai dan kebersihan yang tidak memadai, terutama di negara berkembang. Diare tetap menjadi masalah utama tetapi sebagian besar dapat dicegah. Air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan yang lebih baik dapat mencegah kematian 297.000 anak di bawah 5 tahun setiap tahunnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan faktor WASH (sumber air bersih, air minum, fasilitas sanitasi, pembuangan tinja anak, dan fasilitas cuci tangan) dan faktor host (ASI eksklusif dan imunisasi campak) terhadap kejadian diare pada balita di wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang (cross-sectional). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu data SDKI 2017. Hubungan antara variabel independen dengan dependen akan dilihat menggunakan uji statistik kai kuadrat (chi-square). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor WASH dan host yang memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan diare balita di Indonesia, yaitu sumber air bersih (OR = 1,41), air minum (OR = 1,37), fasilitas sanitasi (OR = 1,39), pembuangan tinja anak (OR = 1,26), ASI eksklusif (OR = 1,68) dan imunisasi campak (OR = 1,19). Pada wilayah pedesaan, yaitu air minum (OR = 1,39), fasilitas sanitasi (OR = 1,19), dan ASI eksklusif (OR = 1,72) serta di wilayah perkotaan, yaitu sumber air bersih (OR = 1,69), fasilitas sanitasi (OR = 1,65), pembuangan tinja anak (OR = 1,30), dan ASI eksklusif (OR = 1,64). Diharapkan pemerintah untuk memperluas pedoman terkait diare balita yang disebabkan karena faktor WASH dan faktor host balita, untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat.

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Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, account for 1 in 9 child deaths worlwide. WHO states around 80% deaths from diarrhea are caused by unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and inadequate hygiene, especially in developing countries. Diarrhea remains a major problem but is largely preventable. Better water, sanitation, and hygiene could prevent the deaths of 297,000 children under five each year. This research aims to analyze the association between WASH risk factors (clean water sources, drinking water, sanitation facilities, disposal of children's feces, and hand washing facilities) and host factors (exclusive breastfeeding and measles immunization) on the prevalence of diarrhea among children under five in rural and urban areas in Indonesia. This research is a quantitative study using a cross-sectional research design. The data used is secondary data, SDKI 2017. The association between independent and dependent variables will be test using the chi-square statistical test. The research results show, clean water sources (OR = 1.41), drinking water (OR = 1.37), sanitation facilities (OR = 1.39), disposal of children’s feces (OR = 1.26), exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.68) and measles immunization (OR = 1.19), were significantly associated with children under five diarrhea. In rural areas, drinking water (OR = 1.39), sanitation facilities (OR = 1.19), and exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.72), were significantly associated with children under five diarrhea, and in urban areas, clean water sources (OR = 1.69 ), sanitation facilities (OR = 1.65), disposal of children's feces (OR = 1.30), and exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.64), were significantly associated with children under five diarrhea. The knowledge findings from this study suggest government to expands guidelines regarding children under five diarrhea caused by WASH factor and host factors, to increase public awareness."

"Gangguan tidur pada bayi atau anak merupakan masalah yang sering didapatkan orang tua. Sekitar 20-30 % bayi di dunia mengalami gangguan pada tidurnya. Gangguan tidur pada anak dapat menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak baik dalam aspek fisik, sosial, kognitif, dan perilaku anak. Hal ini penting karena perkembangan dan pertumbuhan memegang peranan penting hingga usia lima tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari prevalensi gangguan tidur dan hubungan antara gangguan tidur dengan perkembangan dan pertumbuhan anak usia usia 6 sampai 36 bulan di Kelurahan Kampung Melayu, Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan April 2014 hingga Juli 2015 terhadap 62 anak usia 6-36 bulan di Kelurahan Kampung Melayu, Jakarta Timur. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara consecutive dan merupakan studi analitik seksi silang. Pengambilan data pada sampel dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan kuesioner yang telah di uji coba dan BISQ. Hasil analisis bivariate menunjukkan P-value >0,05 yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi gangguan tidur sebanyak 17,7% dari 62 subjek terdiri dari 33 anak laki-laki dan 29 anak perempuan. Dari tingkat pendidikan ayah dan ibu sebagian besar masuk ke dalam kategori menengah dengan 63,4 % dan 59,6%. Sebanyak 59,6 % anak minum ASI pada variabel perilaku anak sebelum tidur dan 38,7 % mengaku biasa saja pada kategori kesulitan menidurkan anak. Pada status gizi dan status perkembangan, 72,7 % anak dikelompokkan ke kategori status gizi normal dan 58% anak dikelompokkan ke kategori status perkembangan sesuai. Setelah dilakukan uji hipotesis Fisher, tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna secara statistik antara gangguan tidur dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan (P>0,05).

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Sleep disorder on kids is a problem that is often faced by parents. Around 20 to 30% babies have sleep disorder worldwide. Sleep disorder can cause disturbance to children?s growth and development. This issue needs to be addressed well, considering this particular age is the golden period that determines the children?s future growth and development. This research aims to seek for the relation between sleep disorder with growth and development on children aged 6 to 36 months in Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta. This research is a cross-sectional study, and the data is taken through anthropometry measurement and filling two sets of questionnaires, general questionnaires regarding growth and development and BISQ. Data is then analyzed in bivariate, which the result shows p value > 0,05. This means that there is no statistically relevant relation between sleep disorder with nutritional status and development.

This study shows that the prevalence of sleep disorder is 17,7% out of 62 subjects, which consist of 33 boys and 29 girls. The education status shows that 63,4% of fathers and 59,6% of mothers are in average category. 59,6% of children are breastfed before sleep and 59,6% of parents don?t undergo significant problems while putting their children to sleep. For the categories of nutritional status and development, 72,7% of children have normal nutritional status and 58% have appropriate development. Through Fisher test, there is no statistically relevant relation between sleep disorder and growth and development (p>0,05)."