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"Mencegah proses aterosklerosis dengan membiasakan tidak merokok/stop merokok disertai olahraga teratur dan/atau pengaruh kerja fisik (trias SOK) adalah upaya preventif di masyarakat. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh trias SOK terhadap daya survival, dilakukan penelitian kohort historis pada sampel MONICA 1988 di tiga kecamatan Jakarta Selatan, serta diikuti sampai 31 Agustus 2001. Sampel dibagi menjadi kelompok trias SOK dan tanpa trias SOK. Dilakukan wawancara faktor risiko (merokok, hipertensi, hiperlipidemia, diabetes, obesitas), pemeriksaan fisik, laboratorium dan perekaman EKG. Otopsi verbal untuk mencari sebab kematian. Aktivitas fisik dikelompokkan pada: tidak ada, ringan hampir setiap hari, sedang dan berat minimal 20 menit dua kali atau lebih. Analisis statistik: regresi Cox, Kaplan Meier, Log rank, uji kappa, batas kemaknaan p<0,05. Terdapat 479 (23,4%) sampel dari 2073 orang, umur 25?64 tahun (1988), terdiri dari 209 (43,6%) lelaki, 270 (56,4%) perempuan. Insiden kardiovaskular 1,2% pertahun, proporsi kematian penyakit jantung 42,9%. Daya survival sampel trias SOK lebih baik (95,7%) dibanding tanpa trias SOK (81,1%), (HR 0,20, 95% IK 0,08?0,57, p=0,002]. Aktivitas fisik mempunyai rasio kematian rendah [ringan HR 0,45, IK 0,27?0,76, p=0,003), sedang (HR 0,32, IK 0,15?0,70, p=0,004) dan berat nol] dibanding tidak ada.Rasio kematian merokok tinggi (HR 4.99,KI 2.56?9.73, p=0,000), Dihasilkan Skor Kardiovaskular Jakarta, Skor ?7 sampai 1 risiko rendah (<10%), skor 2 sampai 4 sedang (10?20%), skor ³ 5 risiko tinggi (>20%). Upaya pencegahan penyakit kardiovaskular dengan cara tidak/stop merokok, dikombinasikan dengan olahraga teratur dan/atau kerja fisik merupakan cara tepat untuk meningkatkan daya survival. Dihasilkan Skor Kardiovaskular Jakarta untuk memprakirakan kematian kardiovaskular di masyarakat. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 230-41)

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Preventing atherosclerosis with smoking cessation, regular physical exercise and/or physical activity known as SOK (S-top/ no S-moking, sp-O-rt/ physical exercise, wor-K/ physical activity) is a simple preventive measure, which can be applied in the community. To determine the role of SOK on survival, to create cardiovascular risk score for Indonesian patients and to have a special formula to predict survival. A historical cohort study over thirteen years recruited from the subpopulation MONICA patients who resided at three districts of South Jakarta. Patients were divided into two groups, those with SOK and those without (non-SOK group). Assessment included complete history including cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetic, hyperlipidemia, obesity), physical examination, laboratory examination, twelve-lead ECG recording and level of physical activity/exercise. Outcomes included survival rate and all-cause of mortality. Statistical analysis included kappa statistic and various survival analyses. 479 participants were included in the SOK study. Mean age 46 years (range 25-64), 56% female. Cardiovascular mortality rate (including stroke) was 1.2% per year and 42.9% of mortality caused by heart disease. Survival rate was higher in SOK group compared with non-SOK (95.7% vs 81.1%) with Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.2 for SOK group (95% CI 0.08-0.57, p=0.002) In relation to the cardiovascular mortality rate: 1) any physical activity/exercise (OK) vs no-OK will lower the risk; low-OK (HR 0.4, p=0.003), medium-OK (HR 0.32, p=0.004), high-OK (HR 0.000, p=0.000) 2) Smoking will increase the risk vs non-smoking (HR 4.99, p=0,000). For predicting the cardiovascular events in ten-year time (CV10), we formulated the Jakarta Cardiovascular Score. The score was divided into low-risk (-7-1) with CV10 <10%, average-risk (2-4) with CV10 = 10-20%, high-risk (score > 5) with CV10 >20%. Smoking cessation, regular physical exercise and/or physical activity is an effective method to reduce cardiovascular death, thus enhances the survival. We formulated a simple method to predict cardiovascular events in our community known as the Jakarta Cardiovascular Score. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 230-41)"

"Latar Belakang. Proses aterosklerosis menjadi penyebab kematian dan morbiditas utama dan berkaitan dengan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) yang merupakan implikasi klinis proses aterosklerosis. Hipertensi dan dislipidemia menjadi salah satu faktor risiko proses aterosklerosis. Pemeriksaan ketebalan intima-media karotis (KIMK) dapat menjadi prediktor gangguan kardiovaskuler di kemudian hari. Studi Framingham merupakan penelitian yang memprediksi PJK dengan menggunakan kategori faktor risiko dan telah digunakan secara luas pada populasi yang berbeda. Populasi yang berbeda belum tentu memberikan perbedaan hasil analisis terhadap faktor risiko aterosklerosis.Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan rasio LDL-HDL dengan plak karotis pada populasi hipertensi di Mlati, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.Metode. Ini adalah penelitian potong lintang. Data dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik dengan melihat besar dari nilai rasio odds (odds ratio, OR) 95% interval kepercayaan (confidence interval, CI), dan nilai p.Hasil. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 115 orang terdiri atas 56 (48,7%) laki-laki dan 59 (51,3%) perempuan dengan rerata usia 47,61±7,92 tahun. Jenis kelamin laki-laki yang memiliki KIMK ≥ 1,5 mm lebih banyak dengan proporsi 0,72±0,46 (95% CI 0,57-0,87 ; p=0,0003). Kemungkinan kejadian plak meningkat pada quartile rasio LDL-HDL kolesterol yang lebih besar. Analisis quartile >75% terhadap kejadian plak dibandingkan quartile lebih rendah memberikan OR 4,15 (95% CI 1,74-9,89; p=0,001) dan setelah disesuaikan tetap menunjukkan kemungkinan kejadian plak lebih besar (OR 3,95; 95% CI 1,39-11,22; p=0,01). Didapatkan area under curve 0,8262.

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Background. Atherosclerosis had become main problem in mortality and morbidity and related with coronary heart disease as a clinical implication of atherosclerosis process. Hypertension and dyslipidemia had become risk factors for atherosclerosis process. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement could be a predictor for future cardiovascular disease. Framingham study was an experiment that predicted coronary heart disease using risk factor categories and had been used widely in many regions in the world with various population. A different population might not always give different result related with atherosclerosis process.

Aim of study. To see the relaionship of LDL-HDL ratio with carotid plaque among hypertensive population in Mlati, Sleman, DIY.

Method. This is a cross-sectional syudy. Data were analyzed with logistic regression by seeing odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p value.

Result. There were 115 subjects in this experiment with 56 (48,7%) male and 50 (51,3%) female with age rate was 47,61±7,92 years old. Male subjects with CIMT value ≥1,5 mm were higher than female with proportion of 0,72±0,46 (95% CI 0,57- 0,87; p=0,0003). The possibility of plaque increased in subjects with higher LDL- HDL ratio. Analyzis of >75% quartile compared with lower quartile gave OR 4,15 (95% CI 1,74-9,89; p=0,001) and after being adjusted still gave higher possibility of plaque (OR 3,95; 95% CI 1,39-11,22; p=0,01). Area under curve was 0,8262."

"Bahaya asap rokok merupakan penyebab utama pencemaran udara di dalam ruangan. Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta, menyadari perlunya adana kebijakan yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap para perokok pasif. Lahirnya PERDA Nomor 2 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara yang mengatur tentang KDM, menempatkan pemerintah Prpvinsi DKI Jakarta sebagai pemerintah provinsi pertama di Indonesia yang mengatur tentang KDM.Tesis inimembahas tentang implementasi kebijakan KDM di Provinsi DKI Jakarta khususnya di pusat perbelanjaan Senayan City, Plaza Semanggi dan Blok M Mall. Penelitian ini bermaksud melihat bagaiman implementasi kebijakan KDM di pusat perbelanjaan di Jakarta Selatan. Pertanyaan penelitian pada tesis ini adalah bagaimana implementasi kebijakan KDM di pusat perbelanjaan dan apa saja faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan ini.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data gabungan. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan perlunya pengawasan secara rutin dengan keterlibatan berbagai pihak terkait. Selain itu, perlu peningkatan kerjasama yang baik antara stakeholder terkait sehingga implementasi kebijakan ini dapat mencapai hasil yang optimal.

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The dangers of cigarette smoke is a major cause of indoor air pollution. The Jakarta Provincial government was really sure that they need a policy to provides protection for passive smoker. Local Regulation Policy (PERDA) of Jakarta Provincial Government Number 2/2005 about air pollution control, include No Smoking Area Policy, put they as the first provincial government that regulated the No Smoking Area Policy.This thesis discusses about implementation of No Smoking Area Policy in Jakarta, especially in shopping center in jakarta selatan: Senayan City, Plaza Semanggi and Blok M Mall.This research is a quantitative study using mixed data collection techniques between quantitative and qualitative. The result of the study suggests the need for regular monitoring of the provincial government of the Jakarta, consistent law enforcement for violators policy and the need to involve the community in monitoring this implementation policy."

"ABSTRAKRemaja usia 15-17 tahun merupakan masa kritis dari tahap tumbuh kembangremaja yang rentan terhadap perilaku merokok. Pola asuh orang tua merupakansalah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan perilaku merokok siswaSMA. Penelitan ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain survey analitikmelalui pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakanialah simple random sampling dengan responden penelitian sebanyak 276 orang diSMA Negeri 38 Jakarta. Hasil riset menjelaskan 58.3% perempuan, 59.4% berusia16 tahun, 56 responden perokok aktif kebanyakan laki-laki, merokok 1-10batang/hari. Pada uji chi square didapatkan hubungan antara pola asuh orang tuadengan perilaku merokok siswa SMA (p= 0.000) dan didapatkan hubungan antarajenis kelamin dengan perilaku merokok siswa SMA (p=0.000, OR= 8.766).Peneliti merekomendasikan agar dilakukan penelitian lanjutan mengenai korelasipola asuh orang tua dengan perilaku merokok siswa SMA.

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ABSTRACTAdolescents aged 15-17 years is a critical period of adolescent growth anddevelopment stages that are susceptible to smoking behavior. Parenting style isone of the factors that influence adolescent behavior. This study aims to determinethe relationship of parenting style with high school students' smoking behavior.This research is a quantitative research survey design with cross sectional analyticapproach. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling with surveyrespondents as much as 276 people in SMA Negeri 38 Jakarta. The results ofresearch to explain 58.3% female, 59.4% aged 16 years, 56 respondents activesmokers mostly male, smoking 1-10 cigarettes / day. In the chi square test foundthe relationship between parenting parents with high school students smokingbehavior (p = 0.000) and obtained relationships between the sex with a highschool student smoking behavior (p = 0.000, OR = 8766). The researcherrecommends further research on the correlation parenting style with high schoolstudent smoking behavior."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi dari fenomena perilaku merokok pada pekerja konstruksi di kantor pusat Jakarta dan dermaga pelabuhan Tanjung Priok menggunakan teori Health Belief Model. Informan di pilih yang merokok, pernah mencoba berhenti merokok dan mantan perokok. Saturasi data dicapai pada pertemuan manajemen 2 kali dan buruh 4 kali melalui diskusi kelompok terfokus dan wawancara mendalam pada 33 orang. Data direkam dan dianalisa secara induktif serta validitas menggunakan metode triangulasi. Enam tema sentral meliputi faktor modifikasi, persepsi kerentanan dan keparahan sakit akibat rokok, persepsi hambatan, persepsi manfaat dan self efficacy. Mantan perokok pada manajemen mampu menolak rokok disebabkan (1) kuatnya dukungan keluarga; (2) merasakan sendiri ancaman sakit akibat rokok; (3) tingginya self efficacy. Informan buruh yang merokok tidak pernah berpikir menolak rokok karena (1) rendahnya persepsi ancaman sakit akibat rokok karena baru saja merasakan nikmatnya rokok; (2) rendahnya pengawasan perusahaan. Perokok yang pernah mencoba berhenti merokok dan akhirnya gagal disebabkan tingginya persepsi hambatan. Role model akan berpengaruh pada suatu kelompok jika memiliki kesamaan kelas sosial. Penerapan reward lebih bermanfaat dibandingkan punishment. Institusi pendidikan dapat berperan pada faktor modifikasi melalui promosi kesehatan dan preventif.

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ABSTRACTThis study was aimed to obtain information from phenomenon smoking behavior of construction workers in central office at Jakarta and Tanjung Priok harbor using Health Belief Model theory. Informants selected were current smokers, smokers who have tried quitting, and former smokers. Data saturation was obtained on two-times management meeting and four-times labor focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in 33 people. Data were recorded and analyzed inductively and validated using triangulation method. Six central themes including modification factors, perceptions of vulnerability and severity of illness because of smoking, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and self efficacy. Former smokers from the management group was able to refuse due to (1) good family support; (2) self perceiveness of illness due to tobacco menace; (3) high self-efficacy. Labor who smoke never thought of quitting because (1) low perception of illness due to tobacco because of ?feel good? sensation; (2) lack of company supervision. Smokers who had tried to quit smoking and ultimately were usually failed because of high perceived barriers. Role model will have an effect with similar social classes. Implementation of reward was more helpful than punishment. Educational institutions can play role in the modification factor through health promotions and preventives. ;This study was aimed to obtain information from phenomenon smoking behavior of construction workers in central office at Jakarta and Tanjung Priok harbor using Health Belief Model theory. Informants selected were current smokers, smokers who have tried quitting, and former smokers. Data saturation was obtained on two-times management meeting and four-times labor focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in 33 people. Data were recorded and analyzed inductively and validated using triangulation method. Six central themes including modification factors, perceptions of vulnerability and severity of illness because of smoking, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and self efficacy. Former smokers from the management group was able to refuse due to (1) good family support; (2) self perceiveness of illness due to tobacco menace; (3) high self-efficacy. Labor who smoke never thought of quitting because (1) low perception of illness due to tobacco because of ?feel good? sensation; (2) lack of company supervision. Smokers who had tried to quit smoking and ultimately were usually failed because of high perceived barriers. Role model will have an effect with similar social classes. Implementation of reward was more helpful than punishment. Educational institutions can play role in the modification factor through health promotions and preventives. , This study was aimed to obtain information from phenomenon smoking behavior of construction workers in central office at Jakarta and Tanjung Priok harbor using Health Belief Model theory. Informants selected were current smokers, smokers who have tried quitting, and former smokers. Data saturation was obtained on two-times management meeting and four-times labor focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in 33 people. Data were recorded and analyzed inductively and validated using triangulation method. Six central themes including modification factors, perceptions of vulnerability and severity of illness because of smoking, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and self efficacy. Former smokers from the management group was able to refuse due to (1) good family support; (2) self perceiveness of illness due to tobacco menace; (3) high self-efficacy. Labor who smoke never thought of quitting because (1) low perception of illness due to tobacco because of ”feel good” sensation; (2) lack of company supervision. Smokers who had tried to quit smoking and ultimately were usually failed because of high perceived barriers. Role model will have an effect with similar social classes. Implementation of reward was more helpful than punishment. Educational institutions can play role in the modification factor through health promotions and preventives. ]"

"Objektif : Penyakit Kardiovaskular berawal dari fungsi endotel pembuluh darah yang terganggu, berlanjut menjadi proses aterosklerosis. Mencegah proses aterosklerosis dengan membiasakan tidak merokok/stop merokok disertai olahraga teratur dan/atau pengaruh kerja fisik (trias SOK) adalah upaya preventif pada tingkat endotel. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh trias SOK terhadap daya survival,dilakukan penelitian kohort.Metode: Pada tanggal I Juli 200 dilakukan penelitian kohort historis terhadap sampel MONICA 1988 di tiga kecamatan Jakarta Selatan, serta diikuti sampai 31 Agustus 2001. Sampel dibagi menjadi kelompok trias SOK dan tanpa trias SOK. Dilakukan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, gula darah dan kolesterol total serta perekaman EKG pada sampel yang hidup, otopsi verbal pada yang menyaksikan untuk mencari sebab kematian. Aktivitas fisik (kerja fisik dan olahraga perminggu) dikelompokan pada: tidak ada, ringan hampir setiap hari, sedang dan berat minimal 20 menit dua kali atau lebih. Merokok bila tetap merokok, mantan perokok bila telah berhenti 2 tahun atau lebih, tidak merokok bila tetap tidak merokok atau telah berhenti 10 tahun atau lebih. Kriteria hipertensi (JNC-VI), diabetes (gula darah puasa 140 mg/di atau sewaktu 200 mg/di), obesitas (IMT z 29,99 kglm2), EKG memakai kode Minnesota. Analisis statistik memakai suain (adjusted) regesi Cox, 95% interval kepercayaan, Kaplan Meier (daya survival), Log rank (rasio hazard/HR), uji kappa (degree of aggreement), Batas kemaknaan p