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"Latar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan penyakit yang dialami oleh masyarakat Indonesia, disebabkan oleh proses demineralisasi jaringan keras gigi. Saliva adalah faktor perlindungan alami terhadap karies yang dapat distimulasi oleh pengunyahan permen karet yang mengandung xylitol.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pengunyahan permen karet yang mengandung xylitol terhadap laju aliran saliva.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode cross-over. Total subyek 30 anak diberikan 3 macam perlakuan (pengunyahan parafin, 2 buah dan 4 buah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol) selama 5 menit. Pemeriksaan menggunakan gelas ukur salivary test kit GC.Hasil penelitian: Uji statistik ANOVA 1 arah menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,05) antara semua kelompok.Kesimpulan: Terjadi peningkatan laju aliran saliva dengan pengunyahan permen karet yang mengandung xylitol dan peningkatan terjadi seiring dengan penambahan jumlah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol.

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Background: Dental caries is a common oral disease to the Indonesians, which is caused by demineralization of tooth?s hard tissues. Saliva is a natural protective agent against caries that can be stimulated by chewing xylitol chewing gum.Objective: To identify the effect of chewing xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate.Method: Cross-over method. Thirty children having decayed and filled tooth ≥ 3 teeth are given 3 kinds of treatment (chewing paraffin, chewing 2 pieces, and chewing 4 pieces of xylitol chewing gum) on a 5-minute basis. Salivary flow rates are evaluated using GC salivary test kit metric cups.Result: Statistical evalution of one-way ANOVA shows significant differences (p<0,05) between all groups.Conclusion: There is an increase of salivary flow rate after chewing xylitol chewing gum, and the increase is proportional to the amount of the chewing gum."

"Latar Belakang : Karies adalah penyakit gigi yang sering terjadi di Indonesia. Saliva berperan dalam terjadinya karies. Saat ini xylitol dapat mencegah karies dan belum ada penelitian yang melihat pengaruh xylitol terhadap pH saliva.Tujuan: mengetahui pengaruh mengunyah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol terhadap perubahan nilai pH saliva. Metode: 30 anak berusia 10-12 tahun diberikan tiga perlakuan: mengunyah parafin, 2 permen karet xylitol, dan 4 permen karet xylitol selama 5 menit. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik dengan p<0,05.Hasil: Kelompok sebelum dan sesudah parafin, 2 xylitol, serta 4 xylitol didapat masing-masing nilai p=0,000; kelompok sesudah parafin dengan sesudah 2 xylitol (p=0,472); kelompok sesudah parafin dengan sesudah 4 xylitol (p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Peningkatan pH saliva terjadi seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah permen karet xylitol.

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Background: Dental caries is one of the common dental health problem in Indonesia. Saliva has a role in caries process. Recently, xylitol usage can prevent dental caries and no research has studied the effect on salivary pH.Objective: Identify the effect of xylitol xhewing gum on salivary pH.Method: 30 subjects aged between 10-12 years will get three kinds of treatment (cross-over method): chewing paraffin, 2 pieces of xylitol chewing gum, and 4 pieces of xylitol chewing gum on a 5 minute basis. The research data will be evaluated with statistic analysis (p<0,05).Result: Before and after parafin, 2 xylitol, and 4 xylitol p=0,000; between parafin and 2 xylitol p=0,472; between parafin and 4 xylitol p=0,000.Conclusion: The increase of salivary pH is proportional to the amount of the gum chewed."

"Latar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan penyakit yang sangat umum terjadi di Indonesia. Faktor - faktor yang menyebabkan karies gigi antara lain peningkatan retensi dan akumulasi plak, asam organic pada gigi, penggunaan flour, frekuensi diet asam dan karbohidrat, serta factor pelindung dari pelikel dan saliva. Salah satu cara untuk mencegah terjadinya karies gigi adalah dengan penggunaan xylitol sebagai pemanis pengganti gula karena tidak bisa difermentasi oleh bakteri.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh mengunyah sejumlah permen karet xylitol terhadap kapasitas buffer saliva. Metode: Menggunakan cross-over, melibatkan 30 anak berusia 10-12 tahun yang memiliki gigi karies atau ditambal ≥ 3. Setiap subyek diberikan tiga perlakuan, yaitu: pengunyahan parafin, pengunyahan 2 buah permen karet xylitol, dan pengunyahan 4 buah permen karet xylitol. Pemeriksaan kapasitas buffer saliva menggunakan Salivary Check merek GC. Data hasil penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan pengukuran statistic Kruskall- Wallis dan U Mann - Whitney.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermaknaan nilai kapasitas buffer setelah pengunyahan antara parafin, 2 buah xylitol, dan 4 buah xylitol (p<0,05). Simpulan: Terjadi peningkatan kapasitas dapar saliva setelah mengkonsumsi permen karet yang mengandung xylitol dan peningkatan ini terjadi seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol.

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Background: Dental caries is a very common disease in Indonesia. Factors that cause dental caries are increased retention and accumulation of plaque, increased production of organic acids at tooth interface, usage of fluoride, frequency carbohydrate and dietary acids, and the protective factors of pellicle and saliva. One of ways to prevent dental caries is by using xylitol as alternative sweeteners because bacteria can?t fementized it.Objectives: To identify the effect of chewing gum that contains xylitol on salivary buffer capacity. Method: Using cross-over method, involving 30 subject aged between 10-12 years who have carious and restored teeth ≥ 3. Every subject will get three kinds of treatment for 5 minutes: chewing paraffin, chewing 2 xylitol chewing gum, and chewing 4 xylitol chewing gum. Salivary buffer capacity is checked with Salivary Test kit from GC. The research data was analized with Kruskall-Wallis and U Mann Whitney.Result : There were reasonable level of significance of salivary buffer capacity after chewing paraffin, 2 pieces of xylitol, and 4 pieces of xylitol (p<0,05).Conclusion: Salivary buffer capacity increased after consuming chewing gum that contains xylitol and the increasing along with the chewing gum amount."

"The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the use of xylitol chewing gum and risk of dental caries. The sample was taken from a population of 800 (120 samples). Standard equipment was used in observing the dental plaque, salivary flow rate and pH of the saliva from patients using xylitol chewing gum or non-xylitol chewing gum. The results were analzed using the t-test (one tailed) with 95% confidence intervals (a < 0.05) The results show a significant effect of chewed xylitol gum with increased pH in saliva, increased salivary flow rate (SFR), and decreased plaque score."

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efektivitas mengunyah permen karet dan intervensi mobilisasi dini. Sebuah penelitian time series, 46 wanita pasca bedah sesar elektif dengan anestesi spinal dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok. Uji man-whitney dan chi-square digunakan untuk analisis statistik. Frekuensi bising usus (7 ± 5-10 dibanding 6 ± 1-8,). Waktu pertama kali flatus (7 ± 6-10 dibanding16 ± 11-20), secara signifikan lebih cepat muncul pada kelompok mengunyah permen karet dan intervensi mobilisasi dini dibandingkan dengan yang intervensi mobilisasi dini. Nilai masing-masing p=0,00 dan p=0,00. Mengunyah permen karet dan intervensi mobilisasi dini efektif dalam mempercepat pengembalian motilitas usus pasca bedah sesar dan dapat digunakan sebagai manajemen protokol pasca operasi;The aim of study was to prove the effectiveness of gum‑chewing and early mobilization intervention. A time series study with fourty-six women for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were divided into two groups. The Student’s man-whitney and chi‑square test were used for statistical analysis. The frequency of bowel sounds (7 ± 5-10 vs 6 ± 1-8). The first passage of flatus (7 ±6-10 vs 16 ± 11-20), were significantly reduced in patients that chewed gum and early mobilization intervention compared with early mobilization intervention. p=0,00 and p=0,00, respectively. Gum‑chewing and early mobilization intervention have a beneficial effect on early return of bowel function following cesarean section and should be included in the postoperative management protocol., The aim of study was to prove the effectiveness of gum‑chewing and earlymobilization intervention. A time series study with fourty-six women for electivecaesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were divided into two groups. TheStudent’s man-whitney and chi‑square test were used for statistical analysis. Thefrequency of bowel sounds (7 ± 5-10 vs 6 ± 1-8). The first passage of flatus (7 ±6-10 vs 16 ± 11-20), were significantly reduced in patients that chewed gum andearly mobilization intervention compared with early mobilization intervention.p=0,00 and p=0,00, respectively. Gum‑chewing and early mobilizationintervention have a beneficial effect on early return of bowel function followingcesarean section and should be included in the postoperative managementprotocol.]"

"Tesis ini disusun untuk menilai pengaruh latihan Functional Chewing terhadap fungsi mengunyah pasien anak palsi serebral dengan disfagia fase orofaringeal menggunakan metode penelitian evidence-based case report (EBCR). Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada Cochrane, Pubmed, Science direct, Oxford Academic dan Sage Journals sesuai dengan pertanyaan klinis. Penelitian ini menggunakan meta-analisis pada kedua jurnal yang didapat untuk menilai kualitasnya berdasarkan validitas, kepentingan dan aplikabilitasnya. Dari hasil meta-analisis didapatkan bahwa subjek penelitian adalah disfagia orofaringeal pada anak palsi serebral dengan GMFCS level V dan indikator kemampuan mengunyah Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS) 4 yang mendapatkan latihan Functional Chewing memiliki kemampuan mengunyah yang lebih baik dibandingkan yang mendapatkan latihan oromotor tradisional. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah latihan Functional Chewing dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mengunyah pada pasien anak palsi serebral dengan disfagia fase orofaringeal.

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This thesis was designed to assess the effect of Functional Chewing exercise on the chewing function of children with cerebral palsy with oropharyngeal dysphagia using an evidence-based case report (EBCR) research method. A literature search was performed on Cochrane, Pubmed, Science direct, Oxford Academic and Sage Journals according to clinical questions. This study uses a meta-analysis of the two journals obtained to assess their quality based on their validity, importance and applicability. From the results of the meta-analysis, it was found that the research subject was oropharyngeal dysphagia in children with cerebral palsy with GMFCS level V and the Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS) 4 chewing ability indicator who received Functional Chewing exercise had better chewing ability than those who received traditional oromotor exercise. The conclusion of this study is that Functional Chewing exercises can improve chewing ability in children with cerebral palsy with oropharyngeal dysphagia."

"Gangguan sistem muskuloskeletal dapat terjadi pada semua usia dan mempengaruhi kualitas hidup penderitanya. Masalah sistem ini dapat mengakibatkan peningkatan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas bila tidak ditangani dengan segera dan tepat. Intervensi keperawatan berdasarkan hasil telaah bukti dalam praktik keperawatan medikal bedah diperlukan dalam memperoleh pelayanan professional dan berkualitas. Praktik Ners Residensi Spesialis dilakukan untuk mengimplementasikan peran Ners Spesialis sebagai care giver, pendidik, pengelola pelayanan keperawatan, peneliti, pembaharu dan pelaksana tugas berdasarkan pelimpahan wewenang. Peran Ners Spesialis sebagai care giver dilakukan secara langsung pada 1 klien sebagai kasus kelolaan utama dengan Osteoarthritis genu bilateral dan 30 klien sebagai kasus resume dengan variasi penyakit menggunakan pendekatan teori self-care Orem. Peran Ners Spesialis sebagai edukator selain dilakukan terhadap pasien juga dengan rekan sejawat di tatanan pelayanan rumah sakit melalui kegiatan journal reading berdasarkan fenomena lapangan. Peran Ners Spesialis sebagai peneliti dengan penerapan EBN (Evidence Based Nursing) menggunakan chewing gum sebagai pencegahan postoperative ileus pada fraktur hip. Sedangkan, peran Ners Spesialis sebagai pembaharu dengan melakukan proyek inovasi berupa pengkajian awal risiko deep vein thrombus (DVT) menggunakan “Autar Scale” sebagai pemikiran dasar dalam melakukan asuhan keperawatan terhadap klien gangguan ekstremitas bawah.

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Musculoskeletal system disorders can occur at any age and affect the quality of life of sufferers. If not treated promptly and appropriately, this disorder can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Nursing interventions based on the results of evidence review in medical surgical nursing practice are necessary in order to obtain professional and quality services. The Specialist Nurse Residency Practice is carried out to implement the role of Specialist Nurse as a care giver, educator, manager of nursing services, researcher, reformer, and executor of duties based on delegation of authority. The role of the Specialist Nurse as a care giver is carried out directly to 1 client as the main case managed with bilateral genu Osteoarthritis and 30 clients as resume cases with a variety of diseases. Orem's self-care theory is utilized as an approach of the research. The role of Specialist Nurses as educators is carried out not only for patients but also with colleagues in the hospital service setting through journal reading activities based on the field phenomena. The role of the Specialist Nurse as a researcher with the application of EBN (Evidence Based Nursing) is using chewing gum as a prevention of postoperative ileus in hip fractures. Meanwhile, the role of the Specialist Nurse as a reformer is carrying out an innovative project in the form of initial risk assessment of deep vein thrombus (DVT) using the "Autar Scale" as the core idea in carrying out nursing care for patients with lower limb disorders."

"Karies gigi merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi jaringan keras gigi yang sangat banyak menyerang penduduk Indonesia, dengan tingkat prevalensi lebih dari 90%. Karies terjadi sebagai akibat ketidakseimbangan proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi yang terjadi pada permukaan gigi, yaitu pada saat tingkat demineralisasi terjadi lebih tinggi daripada remineralisasi. Untuk menanggulangi masalah karies, diperlukan usaha preventif yang terjangkau oleh masyarakat. Salah satu agen yang dipercaya dapat mencegah terjadinya karies adalah xylitol. Penelitian-penelitian terdahulu telah menyatakan bahwa xylitol dapat meningkatkan remineralisasi. Pada penelitian ini, diteliti pengaruh penambahan xylitol pada larutan remineralisasi pada permukaan email yang didemineralisasi ditinjau dari struktur permukaan email gigi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan 22 potong spesimen gigi yang dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, dan perlakuan. Seluruh spesimen gigi, kecuali kelompok kontrol positif, direndam ke dalam larutan asam asetat dengan pH 4 selama 2x24 jam pada suhu 500C. Setelah itu, kelompok perlakuan dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok dan direndam kembali ke dalam larutan reminerlisasi, yang mengandung 20% dan 50% xylitol pada suhu 370C selama 2x7 hari. Seluruh sampel difoto dengan menggunakan SEM (Scaning Electron Micrograf) pada laboratorium CMPFA FTUI dan dilakukan analisis secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa xylitol dapat memicu terjadinya proses remineralisasi pada permukaan gigi yang telah mengalami demineralisasi.

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Dental caries is one of the infection diseases on the tooth. Its prevalence in Indonesia is more than 90%. Caries happened when there is unbalance condition between demineralization and remineralization process, which is higher in demineralization. To prevent the dental caries, there should be preventive programs that can be reached by all people. One agent believed to control and reduced dental caries is xylitol. This research observed the enamel surface?s structure related remineralization effects of xylitol on artificially demineralized enamel. The samples were demineralized in an acid solution with 4.0 pH level for two days. After that, they`re immersed in a remineralized solution containing 20% or 50% xylitol at 37oC for two weeks. Samples were analyzed using SEM to see the quality difference between the control samples and the other one on the enamel?s surface. SEM analyzing indicated that remineralization happened in enamel?s surfaces. The enamel?s surfaces remineralized with solution containing 50% xylitol had a better change after remineralization than the 20% did. These results mean that xylitol can avoid caries by inducing remineralization and inhibit demineralization."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh pemaparan xylitol pada email yang telah terdemineralisasi terhadap remineralisasi ditinjau dari kekerasan email. Demineralisasi dilakukan dengan larutan asam asetat 0.01 Μ (pH 4.0) pada suhu 50°C selama 2 hari. Untuk remineralisasi, sampel kemudian direndam dalam larutan remineralisasi dengan konsentrasi xylitol 20% atau 50% pada suhu 37°C selama 2 minggu. Kekerasan email dari sampel dengan dan tanpa xylitol diuji menggunakan alat uji kekerasan Vickers. Hasil menunjukkan adanya perbedaan kekerasan email antara kelompok yang diberi aplikasi larutan remineralisasi berxylitol dengan kelompok kontrolnya (p<0.05). Kelompok yang direndam dalam larutan remineralisasi ber-xylitol menunjukkan nilai kekerasan yang lebih besar daripada kelompok kontrolnya. Kekerasan email berkisar antara 423 ± 45 VHN pada kelompok larutan remineralisasi ber-xylitol 20%, sedangkan kelompok kontrolnya menunjukkan nilai 302 ± 60 VHN. Kelompok yang direndam dalam larutan remineralisasi ber-xylitol 50% menunjukkan nilai kekerasan 367 ± 70 VHN, sedangkan kelompok kontrolnya menunjukkan nilai 252 ± 100 VHN. Ini dikarenakan kemampuan xylitol untuk membentuk kompleks dengan ion-ion kalsium, hal ini membantu remineralisasi, sehingga lebih lanjut meningkatkan kekerasan dari email yang terdemineralisasi. Fungsi utama kalsium adalah untuk kekerasan tulang dan gigi.

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This study aimed to determine the effects of xylitol exposure of demineralized enamel on remineralization in terms of enamel microhardness. The demineralizing treatment was done with a 0.01 Μ acetate buffer solution (pH 4.0) at 50°C for 2 days. For remineralization, the enamel samples were then immersed in a solution with 20% or 50% xylitol at 37°C for 2 weeks. Hardness of the enamel samples with and without xylitol treatment was measured as Vickers microhardness. Results showed differences of enamel microhardness between the group that is immersed in remineralizing solutions with xylitol and the control group (p < 0.05). Groups that is immersed in remineralizing solutions with xylitol showed higher microhardness values than its control groups. The enamel microhardness ranged between 423 ± 45 VHN on samples that are immersed in remineralizing solution with 20% xylitol, while its control group showed 302 ± 60 VHN in microhardness test. Samples that were immersed in remineralizing solution with 50% xylitol showed 367 ± 70 VHN in microhardness test, while its control group result in 252 ± 100 VHN. This is caused by the xylitol?s capability to form complexes with calcium ions, which helps the remineralization process and further increase the microhardness of the demineralized enamel. The major function of calcium is to provide rigidity and strength to bones and teeth."

"Streptococcus mutans serotype E is a major bacterium causing caries, and widely present in dental plaque. Dentifrices containing xylitol have been shown to inhibit the growth of these mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype E (in vitro). The 1:1 solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was diluted to the test concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, in addition to positive and negative control groups. These solutions were examined in S. mutans serotype E test cultures by the diffusion method. The resulting inhibition zone was 2.16 mm at a concentration of 10%, and 3.0 mm at a concentration of100%. Zero zone size was found at all other test concentrations,and a significant (Spearman) negative correlation was indicatedbetween the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutansstreptococci (p<0.05). The MIC was not been identified, but MBC was 10%. In conclusion, the dentifrice containing xylitol can significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype E at least at dentrifice concentrations of 5-10%."