Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Gnetum gnemon LINN., also called tulip tree, is found throughout the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. Locally, this tree is known as melinjo tree, and its young stems and leaves, young and ripe fruits are used in a traditional dish. The seeds of the ripe fruits are eaten after roasting. The seeds may also be processed in household-food industries into flattened and dried flakes called "owing melinjo". Prior to consumption, emping melinjo is usually fried in coconut fat which renders it crispy with a specific bitter taste. Emping melinjo is also exported to Middle East countries and the Netherlands (Departemen Perindustrian, 1988).The nutritional value of emping melinjo has not yet been studied in detail. A feeding trial using rats fed emping melinjo as the sole source of protein showed a low protein efficiency ratio when compared with skim milk (Oey, 1979). Budiarso and Sihombing (1989) reported that livers of rats fed diets containing melinjo seeds as major ingredient had perilobular necrosis. These studies suggest that emping melinjo has low nutritional value and may even contain toxic substances. However, the diets used consisted of emping melinjo as sole source of protein supplemented with vitamin and mineral mixtures. This is very different from the situation in Indonesians who consume emping melinjo as a snack, side dish or as a component of the rice menu. Thus, a study was performed with rats fed nutritionally adequate diets with varying levels of emping melinjo, either in dried/unfried or dried/fried form. The nutritional value of emping melinjo was assessed on the basis of growth performance, histology of selected organs, selected blood measures, nitrogen digestibility, and mineral absorption.In the first experiment, purified diets were used containing either 0, 10, 20 or 40 % (w/w) of dried/unfried emping melinjo. The control diet (without emping melinjo) contained casein as sole source of protein and was formulated according to the recommendations of the National Research Council: it contained 5 % of fat. The four experimental diets were balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 8 male rats per dietary group; the experimental period lasted 14 days. The rats had free access to food and demineralized water.Feed intake and weight gain were not significantly affected by emping melinjo in the diet. Cecum weight, including contents, was raised markedly after feeding emping melinjo. Feces production rose after consumption of emping in a dose-dependent fashion, but dry matter content fell. Histological examination showed that liver and jejunum were unaffected by the feeding of emping, but nephrocalcinosis was induced.The amount of emping melinjo in the diet did not affect hematocrit values and blood hemoglobin concentrations. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered by emping melinjo in a dose-dependent fashion. Apparent nitrogen digestibility was gradually decreased with increasing emping melinjo concentrations in the diet. The highest dietary concentration of emping used, i.e. 40 %, significantly reduced the apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.As a component of the human diet, melinjo is not consumed in its dry form but after frying in coconut fat. It could be suggested that dried/fried melinjo does not negatively affect mineral and nitrogen absorption because eiher possible anti-nutritional factors are denaturated by frying or the nutrients in emping become more accessible to digestive processes. The second experiment was carried out to test this suggestion. In addition, the solubility of minerals in the ileal lumen was determined to obtain clues as to the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effectof emping on mineral absorption. Soluble minerals in the ileal lumen are considered to be available for absorption as opposed to insoluble minerals.There were three experimental diets: a control diet, a diet containing 40 % dried/unfried emping and a diet containing 40 % dried/fried emping ( corrected for the fat taken up while frying). The high-fat diets (15 % fat) were carefully balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 12 male rats per dietary group, which had free access to food and demineralized water; the experimental period lasted 14 days.Feed intake did not differ significantly between the three experimental groups, but weight gain was some what depressed by both dried/unfried and dried/fried emping. The two emping preparations raised cecum weight and feces production, while the dry matter content of feces dropped.As was observed in experiment 1, the feeding of dried/unfried emping at a level of 40 % of the diet significantly reduced the apparent absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Frying of emping caused disappearance of the inhibitory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption whereas nitrogen and phosphorus absorption were still reduced, albeit to a lower extent.Dried/unfried and dried/fried emping in the diet raised both the amount of solid and liquid phase in the ileum. The concentrations of soluble calcium and magnesium were decreased by dried/unfried as well as dried/fried emping. The concentration of phosphorus in the liquid phase of the ileal lumen was lowered by dried/unfried but not by dried/fried emping.The addition of dried/unfried emping melinjo to the diet of rats at the expense of isonitrogenous amounts of nitrogen caused a lowering of the absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. This effect is either completely or partly abolished by frying of the emping melinjo Frying of dried/emping did not increase the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the liquid phase of the ileum so that its stimulatory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption remains obscure. Frying of emping did raise the ileal solubility of phosphorus. Frying of emping did raise the ileal solubility of phosphorus.The still some what reduced absorption of phosphorus as seen after the feeding of fried emping is probably the result of unavailable phosphorus as phytate in the emping. The reduced absorption of nitrogen in rats fed either dried/fried or fried emping could relate to the presence of poorly digestible material in the intestine as evidenced by the increased weight of solid phase in the ileal lumen. This undigestible material probably represents polysaccharides which raise microbial activity in the cecum leading to the formation of fatty acids and thereby elevating the water content of feces. The undigestible polysaccharides in emping melinjo, if and when present, could also be responsible for its cholesterol lowering activity."

"Emping melinjo adalah produk dari biji melinjo bagian dalam yang pembuatannya dilakukan dengan merebus, kemudian dipipihkan dan dikeringkan dibawah sinar matahari. Hingga saat ini belum banyak dilakukan penelitian mengenai nilai gizi emping melinjo. Karena emping melinjo umum dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia bahkan sudah merupakan komoditi eksport, maka dipandang perlu untuk mengetahui sejauh mana keuntungan dan kerugian bahan makanan tersebut terhadap kesehatan.Untuk mendapatkan jawaban dilakukan penelitian berupa percobaan eksperimental dengan menggunakan tikus putih. Penelitian terdiri dari 2 tahap yakni : 1. Penelitian pendahuluan untuk mengetahui mutu protein dengan menggunakan metode Net Protein Utilization (NPU) dan Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER). 2. Penelitian tentang daya cerna nitrogen dan apsorpsi mineral dengan memperhatikan problematik yang didapatkan pada penelitian tahap 1. Pada penelitian tahap pertama yang diperhatikan hanya segi kuantitas dari protein {10%), lemak (10%) dan energy 400 kal. dengan penambahan vitamin dan mineral tanpa perhitungan yang akurat.Sebaliknya, pada penelitian tahap ke-2, semua zat-zat gizi dalam ransum diperhitungkan dengan cermat, sehingga bernilai gizi adekuat dalam anti mengandung zat-zat gizi lengkap dan dalam jumlah cukup sesuai kebutuhan tikus percobaan seperti yang dianjurkan oleh National Research Council of the U.S.A.Pada penelitian tahap ke-2 kegiatan meliputi : a. Pemberian ransum dengan komponen emping melinjo mentah dalam 4 konsentrasi (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 40 %). b. Pemberian ransum dengan komponen emping melinjo mentah dibandingkan dengan emping melinjo goreng dengan konsentrasi sama (40 %). Kelompok kontrol (0 %) adalah kasein pada a. kadar protein 15 % (N + 6.25), lemak 5 %, kalsium 0.5 % magnesium 0.04 % phosphor 0.52 %, pada b. kadar protein 15 %, lemak 15 %, kalsium 0.4 % magnesium 0.04 % phosphor 0.52 % lama penelitian 14 hart dengan hasil aebagai berikut Pada percobaan tahap - 1 I. kimiawai : - Protein t 10 % - Komposisi asam amino menyerupai asam amino telur - Tidak ada asam amino pembatas Percobaan dengan tikus - NPU rendah - PER rendah - Angka kematian tinggi - Hepatotoksik II. Kimiawi: - Tidak dapat dideteksi adanya penghambat tripsin - Tidak dapat dideteksi adanya hemaglutinin Percobaan dengan tikus ; - Semua tikus tumbuh dengan subur sama dengan kontrol, secara umum absorpsi nitrogen, Ca, Mg, P, back, hanya pada kelompok emping melinjo (40 %) menunjukkan absorpsi P rendah. Namun retensi baik. - Pemeriksaan mikroskopik pada organ-organ vital tidak ditemukan kelainan. - Kadar kolesterol dan trigliserida plasma darah lebih rendah dibanding kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan 1. Emping melinjo tidak dapat digunakan sebagai sumber protein tunggal pada tikus percobaan. 2. Protein emping melinjo mengandung susunan asam amino yang lengkap sehingga memungkinkan tikus tumbuh baik, bila diberikan bersama protein lain yang bermutu baik seperti kasein di dalam ransum yang bernilai gizi adekuat. 3. Kalau emping melinjo digunakan sebagai komponen ransum yang bernilai gizi adekuat tidak dapat dideteksi adanya efek negatif seperti keracunan pangan. 4. Kalau emping melinjo digunakan sebagai komponen ransum yang bernilai gizi adekuat, tidak terlihat adanya efek merugikan tikus percobaan mengenai pertumbuhan, daya cerna nitrogen, absorpsi mineral dan tidak menyebabkan tanda-tanda kelainan pathologis jaringan organ-organ tertentu. 5. Emping melinjo kering dapat digunakan sebagai konponen ransum tikus yang bernilai gizi adekuat, sampai pada kadar 40 g per 100 g makanan. 6. Seandainya hasil dari penelitian emping melinjo pada tikus, dapat diekstrapolasikan kepada manusia, kerugian kesehatan tidak diantisipasi jikalau dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang umum dilakukan. Emping melinjo kering dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol dan trigiliserida dalam plasma. Saran: 1. Penggunaan emping melinjo sebagai bahan makanan manusia masih perlu diteliti lebih lanjut, diantaranya sebagai hasil olah dengan cara merebus, menggoreng dan sangan. 2. Perlu diteliti lebih lanjut kemampuan emping melinjo menurunkan plasma cholesterol dan trigliseida yang dikaitkan dengan penelitian epidemiologis diantara konsumen emping melinjo dan mereka yang tidak mengkonsumsinya.

---

Gnetum gnemon LINN., also called tulip tree, is found throughout the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. Locally, this tree is known as melinjo tree, and its young stems and leaves, young and ripe fruits are used in a traditional dish. The seeds of the ripe fruits are eaten after roasting. The seeds may also be processed in household-food industries into flattened and dried flakes called "emping melinjo". Prior to consumption, emping melinjo is usually fried in coconut fat which renders it crispy with a specific bitter taste. Emping melinjo is also exported to Middle East countries and the Netherlands (Departemen Perindustrian, 1988). The nutritional value of emping melinjo has not yet been studied in detail. A feeding trial using rats fed emping melinjo as the sole source of protein showed a low protein efficiency ratio when compared with skim milk (Oey, 1979). Budiarso and Sihombing (1989) reported that livers of rats fed diets containing melinjo seeds as major ingredient had perilobular necrosis. These studies suggest that emping melinjo has low nutritional value and may even contain toxic substances. However, the diets used consisted of emping melinjo as sole source of protein supplemented with vitamin and mineral mixtures. This is very different from the situation in Indonesians who consume emping melinjo as a snack, side dish or as a component of the rice menu. Thus, a study was performed with rats fed nutritionally adequate diets with varying levels of emping melinjo, either in dried/unfried or dried/fried form. The nutritional value of emping melinjo was assessed on the basis of growth performance, histology of selected organs, selected blood measures, nitrogen digestibility, and mineral absorption. In the first experiment, purified diets were used containing 0, 10, 20 or 40 % (w/w) of dried/unfried emping melinjo. The control diet (without emping melinjo) contained casein as sole source of protein and was formulated according to the recommendations of the National Research Council: it contained 5 % of fat. The four experimental diets were balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 8 male rats per dietary group; the experimental period lasted 14 days. The rats had free access to food and demineralized water. Feed intake and weight gain were not significantly affected by emping melinjo in the diet. Cecum weight, including contents, was raised markedly after feeding emping melinjo. Feces production rose after consumption of emping in a dose-dependent fashion, but dry matter content fell. Histological examination showed that liver and jejunum were unaffected' by the feeding of emping, but nephrocalcinosis was induced. The amount of emping melinjo in the diet did not affect hematocrit values and blood hemoglobin concentrations. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered by emping melinjo in a dose-dependent fashion. Apparent nitrogen digestibility was gradually decreased with increasing emping melinjo concentrations in the diet. The highest dietary concentration of emping used, i.e. 40 %, significantly reduced the apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. As a component of the human diet, melinjo is not consumed in its dry form but after frying in coconut fat. It could be suggested that dried/fried melinjo does not negatively affect mineral and nitrogen absorption because eiher possible anti-nutritional factors are denaturated by frying or the nutrients in emping become more accessible to digestive processes. The second experiment was carried out to test this suggestion. In addition, the solubility of minerals in the ileal lumen was determined to obtain clues as to the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of emping on mineral absorption. Soluble minerals in the ideal lumen are considered to be available for absorption as opposed to insoluble minerals. There were three experimental diets: a control diet, a diet containing 40 % dried/unfried emping and a diet containing 40 % dried/fried emping (corrected for the fat taken up while frying). The high-fat diets (15 % fat) were carefully balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 12 male rats per dietary group, which had free access to food and demi ne ral i zed water; the experimental period lasted 14 days. Feed intake did not differ significantly between the three experimental groups, but weight gain was some what depressed by both dried/unfried and dried/fried emping. The two emping preparations raised cecum weight and feces production, while the dry matter content of feces dropped. As was observed in experiment 1, the feeding of dried/unfried emping at a level of 40 % of the diet significantly reduced the apparent absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Frying of emping caused disappearance of the inhibitory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption whereas nitrogen and phosphorus absorption were still reduced, albeit to a lower extent. Dried/unfried and dried/fried emping in the diet raised both the amount of solid and liquid phase in the ileum. The concentrations of soluble calcium and magnesium were decreased by dried/unfried as well as dried/fried emping. The concentration of phosphorus in the liquid phase of the ileal lumen was lowered by dried/unfried but not by dried/fried emping. The addition of dried/unfried emping melinjo to the diet of rats at the expense of isonitrogenous amounts of nitrogen caused a lowering of the absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. This effect is either completely or partly abolished by frying of the emping melinjo Frying of dried/emping did not increase the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the liquid phase of the ileum so that its stimulatory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption remains obscure. Frying of emping did raise the ileal solubility of phosphorus. Frying of emping did raise the Meal solubility of phosphorus. The still some what reduced absorption of phosphorus as seen after the feeding of fried emping is probably the result of unavailable phosphorus as phytate in the emping. The reduced absorption of nitrogen in rats fed either dried/fried or fried emping could relate to the presence of poorly digestible material in the intestine as evidenced by the increased weight of solid phase in the deal lumen. This undigestible material probably represents polysaccharides which raise microbial activity in the cecum leading to the formation of fatty acids and thereby elevating the water content of feces. The undigestible polysaccharides in emping melinjo, if and when present, could also be responsible for its cholesterol lowering activity."

"This cross sectional study in the Philippines, is a part of CRONOS study. Data on dietary intake, anthropometry, biochemical assessment and socio - economic and self perceived health status were collected from 300 elderly Filipino men and women between 60-75 years old in middle income and low income areas in Metro Manila and rural areas in Rizal province during the period of October to November 1996.Results of dietary intake showed both sexes had very low intakes of energy nutrients. Rural elderly for both sexes had low intakes of energy and nutrients compared with urban middle income and urban low income.Anthropometric finding showed that rural elderly had lower nutritional status as compared to urban elderly. Chronic energy deficiency was higher in male than female elderly. A high prevalence of anemia (38%) among male elderly was also found to exist. A high prevalence of hypertension was also observed in the urban low income elderly (33%).Majority of the elderly rated their self rated health as good and fair. The reported self perceived diseases common among the elderly were arthritis, cough, and hypertension.Previous jobs engaged by the elderly were mostly blue collar jobs and owing to loss of income, most elderly are dependent on their families for support."

"Diarrhea contributes to about 17.5% of under-five children's death in the world and about 15.2% in developing countries. These figures were much lower compared to previous years, which show a reduction in death due to diarrhea among under-five children since 1990. In Indonesia, child deaths due to diarrhea among under-five childrendecreased from 15.3% in 1995 to 13.2% in 2001.Up to 70% of diarrhea in childhood was due to pathogen transmitted through food. Although this route of transmission already well recognized, the role of food hygiene in the development of diarrhea, especially in under-five children who live in urban poor areas, is sometimes overlooked.This study is aimed to assess the contribution of nutritional status and food hygiene practice to the occurrence of diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months who live in selected urban poor area in Jatinegara sub district, East Jakarta. A cross sectional study was conducted in 274 randomly selected children aged 12-59 months using interview on food hygiene practices and observation on housing and environmentalcondition in one day of the period of recording the child?s stool. Seven days record on frequency and consistency of the child?s stool was done to obtain the stool of diarrhea children. Diarrhea prevalence was calculated based on percentage of children who diagnosed as diarrhea during the seven days record. At the end of recording period allthe children were measured their weight and height to obtain their nutritional status data.All collected feces were analyzed using serology test for the presence of EPFC and ELISA for Rotavims. None ofthe feces showed the presence of EPEC and Rotavirus. There was a significant association between poor food hygiene, wasting and diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months, particularly in age 12 - 24 months (p-value < 0.05,X2 test).Diarrhea prevalence was higher in wasted children who had poor food hygiene practices (29.4%) compare to those with good food hygiene practices (7.7%). After stratification for age, wasted children aged 12 - 24 months with poor food hygiene practices had higher diarrhea prevalence (55.6%) compare to those who aged more than24 months with the same food hygiene practices."

"Suatu intervensi edukasi bagi kader Posyandu di kotamadya Bekasi yang diberikan dua tahun lalu terbukti meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi kader tentang Pemberian Makan Pendamping ASI yang aman. Karena itu sangat menarik untuk mengetahui pengetahuan dan praktek pengasuh pada pemberian makan bayi dan anak usia 0-23 bulan di daerah tersebut. i. Penelitian potong lintang telah dilakukan di dua kelurahan di kotamadya Bekasi. Data mengenai pengetahuan dan praktek pemberian makan bayi dan anak dikumpulkan dari 636 pengasuh dan anak usia 0-23 bulan. Penelitian ini menemukan di Bekasi terdapat 76.9% pengasuh yang memiliki pengetahuan yang benar dan 32% memiliki praktik pemberian makan bayi dan anak yang baik. Level pendidikan ayah, ibu dan pengasuh non-ibu, serta status pekerjaan ibu terbukti berhubungan dengan pengetahuan pengasuh yang benar. Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap praktik pemberian makan bayi dan anak pada pengasuh adalah pengetahuan pengasuh dan usia anak. Informasi mengenai pemberian makan bayi dan anak sebaiknya diberikan secara teratur dan terus menerus serta tidak hanya membidik pengasuh tapi juga anggota keluarga lainnya. Pelatihan kepada kader Posyandu juga sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan rekomendasi WHO yang terbaru.

---

The implementation of IYCF key actions and intervention in Indonesia was categorized in a poor situation. It is interesting to assess the knowledge and practices of caregivers on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) to children age 0-23 months in Bekasi municipality which couple years ago their posyandu cadres received education intervention and showed improvement on communication about safe complementary feeding competencies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in in selected areas/villages of Bekasi. Information on IYCF knowledge and practices were collected from 636 children age 0-23 months and caregivers. It was found that 76.9% caregivers had good IYCF knowledge and 32% had appropriate practices. Fathers, mothers, Non-Maternal Caregivers? education level and also employment status were associated with good knowledge. Message delivery on the IYCF recommendation should be given regularly, frequently and targeted not only to caregivers but also other influencing family member. There is also a need to ensure the cadres receive comprehensive training of the latest WHO recommendation."

"ABSTRAKPrevalensi stunting anak usia sekolah terjadi fluktuasi yaitu 32% tahun 2001, menjadi 30% tahun 2004, meningkat menjadi 33,4% tahun 2007, menurun kembali tahun 2010 menjadi 28,3%, namun kembali meningkat tahun 2013 menjadi 31,7%. Stunting banyak terjadi pada anak yang tinggal di daerah kumuh dengan asupan yang tidak adekuat dan infeksi penyakit berulang-ulang. Tingkat pendidikan ibu mempengaruhi pemberian makanan, dimana ibu dengan pendidikan tinggi cenderung memilih makanan yang bergizi dibandingkan dengan ibu yang memiliki tingkat pendidikan rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan pendidikan ibu dengan stunting pada anak usia sekolah di daerah kumuh data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2013 dan desain penelitian adalah cross sectional. Populasi adalah anak usia sekolah umur 5-18 tahun di daerah kumuh. Hasil analisis multivariat dengan cox regression, menunjukan anak usia sekolah dengan pendidikan ibu rendah memiliki peluang sebesar 1,327 (CI 95%, 1,246- 1,414) kali mengalami kejadian stunting dibandingkan dengan anak usia sekolah dengan pendidikan ibu tinggi setelah dikontrol oleh pekerjaan ayah dan pendidikan ibu yang berinteraksi dengan penyakit infeksi. Perlu dilakukannya program pendidikan pengasuhan dan pendidikan gizi masyarakat bagi ibu yang tinggal di daerah kumuh dengan cara melakukan penyuluhan dan kunjungan rumah.

---

ABSTRACT Prevalence of school-age children stunting was 32% in 2001, to 30% in 2004, increased to 33.4% in 2007, decreased again in 2010 to 28.3%, but increased again in 2013 to 31.7%. Stunting occurs mostly in children who live in slums with inadequate intake and recurrent disease infections. The level of maternal education affects provision of food, which mother whose higher education tend to choose nutritious foods compared with mothers whose low education. This study aims to know relationship the mother education with stunting in school-age children in slum area of Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2013 and research design is cross sectional. The population is school-age children 5- 18 years old in slums. The results of multivariate analysis with cox regression showed that school-age children with low mothers education had a chance of 1,327 (95% CI, 1,246-1,414) times of stunting incidence compared with school-aged children with high maternal education after controlled by father's work and maternal education interact with infectious diseases. Needs to do education programs for the care and education of community nutrition for mothers who live in slums by counseling and home visits."

"Gangguan pola makan terjadi pada anak penyandang autis maupun anak normal. Penelitian terdahulu mengungkapkan gangguan pola makan yang terjadi pada kelompok autis lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak normal. Obesitas dapat dipengaruhi oleh adanya gangguan pola makan, ketidakseimbangan asupan gizi, aktivitas fisik rendah, dan gangguan pola tidur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan antara kejadian obesitas dan faktor-faktor lainnya pada kelompok autis dan kelompok normal.Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 38 anak penyandang autis dan 38 anak normal yang berusia 5-11 tahun dengan desain ecological study sehingga dapat dilihat perbandingan dari kedua kelompok tersebut. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan adaptasi dari kuesioner Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI), Physical Activity Questionnaire for older Children (PAQ-C), Pediatric Behavior Scale (PBS), dan food record.Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah persentase obesitas lebih kecil pada kelompok autis (29%) dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal (60,5%). Selain itu, rata-rata asupan gizi {asupan energi (p 0,0001), asupan protein (p 0,0001), asupan lemak (p 0,0001), asupan karbohidrat (p 0,0001), asupan serat (p 0,045)} pada kelompok autis lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal. Rata-rata gangguan pola makan (p 0,0001) dan gangguan pola tidur (p 0,041) pada kelompok autis lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal. Perbedaan yang tidak signifikan terlihat pada aktivitas fisik (p 0,215) pada kedua kelompok. Penelitian lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk melihat hubungan dari faktor-faktor tersebut terhadap kejadian obesitas pada anak penyandang autis dan anak normal.

---

Feeding problems are more pervasive among children with autism than typically developing children. Obesity can be influenced by the presence of feeding problems, positive energy imbalance, low physical activity, and sleep problems. The purpose of this study was to compare between the incidence of obesity and other factors in the autism group and the typically developing group.

This study was conducted on 38 children with autism and 38 typically developing children aged 5-11 years with ecological study design to see comparison of the two groups. Data were collected using adapted questionnaires from Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI), Physical Activity Questionnaire for older Children (PAQ-C), Pediatric Behavior Scale (PBS), and food record.

Results indicated higher percentage of obesity among children with autism (29%) than typically developing children (60,5%). Besides, lower average of nutrient intake {calories (p 0,0001), protein (p 0,0001), fat (p 0,0001), carbohydrate (p 0,0001), fiber (p 0,045)} indicated among autism children than typically developing children. Higher average of feeding problems (p 0,0001) and sleep problems (p 0,041) indicated among autism children than typically developing children. Significant difference was not seen in the physical activity (p 0,215) from these two groups. Further research is needed to examine the relationship between these factors with the incidence of obesity among children with autism and typically developing children."