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"Penelitian ini membahas perkembangan pengaturan tindakan afirmasi untuk meningkatkan keterwakilan perempuan pada DPR RI dan bagaimana pelaksanaan pengaturan tersebut sejak awal tindakan afirmasi diterapkan pada tahun 2004, hingga terakhir kali tindakan afirmasi untuk DPR diterapkan, yaitu pada tahun 2014. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan sejarah hukum. Pembahasan dimulai dengan menganalisis tindakan afirmasi pada Undang-Undang Partai Politik, Undang-Undang Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD, dan Undang-Undang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah. Selain itu penelitian ini akan membahas pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut dengan menganalisis peraturan pelaksanaannya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua bentuk tindakan afirmasi untuk perempuan masuk ke dalam DPR RI, yaitu melalui kuota partai politik dan kuota pada proses pencalonan legislatif. Setiap periode pengisian jabatan DPR, peraturan mengenai tindakan afirmasi perempuan tersebut selalu berubah. Namun dengan adanya perubahan-perubahan tersebut, belum menghasilkan peningkatan keterwakilan perempuan yang signifikan di DPR RI.

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This research discusses about the development of affirmative action regulations in the increase of women's representation in the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat/DPR) of Republic of Indonesia and how the implementation of the regulations since the beginning of affirmative action was applied from 2004 until the last time affirmative action for DPR was implemented in 2014. The research method used is normative juridical with a legal history approach. The discussion begins by analyzing the affirmative action on the Acts of Political Parties, the Acts of the Election for Members of DPR, the Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah/DPD) and the Local People’s Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah/DPRD), and the Acts of Representatives Council Institutions. In addition, this research will also discuss about the implementation of the regulations by analyzing the implementative regulations. The results of the research show that there are two forms of affirmative action for women to enter DPR, i.e.: through quotas of political parties and quotas in the process of legislative candidacy. In every period of DPR, the regulations on women's affirmative actions have been continuesly changing. However, with those changes, the regulations have not succeeded to increase women's representation in DPR significantly."

"This book discusses affirmative action or positive discrimination, defined as measures awarding privileges to certain groups that have historically suffered discrimination or have been underrepresented in specific social sectors. The book?s underlying rationale is that one cannot place at the same starting point people who have been treated differently in the past because in this way one merely perpetuates a state of difference and, in turn, social gaps are exaggerated and social cohesion is endangered. Starting out with an introduction on the meaning and typology of affirmative action policies, the book goes on to emphasise the interaction of affirmative action with traditional values of liberal state, such as equality, meritocracy, democracy, justice, liberalism and socialism. It reveals the affirmative action goals from a legal and sociological point of view, examining the remedial, cultural, societal, pedagogical and economy purposes of such action. After applying an institutional narrative of the implementation of affirmative action worldwide, the book explains the jurisprudence on the issue through syntheses and antitheses of structural and material variables, such as the institutional recognition of the policies, the domains of their implementation and their beneficiaries. The book eventually makes an analytical impact assessment following the implementation of affirmative action plans and the judicial response, especially in relation to the conventional human rights doctrine, by establishing a liaison between affirmative action and social and group rights.. The book applies a multi-disciplinary and comparative methodology in order to assess the ethical standing of affirmative action policies, the public interests involved and their effectiveness towards actual equality. In the light of the above analysis, the monograph explains the arguments considering affirmative action as a theology for substantive equality and the arguments treating this policy as anathema for liberalism. A universal discussion currently at its peak."

"Usia dewasa madya merupakan fase kehidupan yang ditandai oleh banyak tanggung jawab dan peran yang dapat memengaruhi kepuasan hubungan pernikahan. Maka, untuk mencapai kepuasan dalam hubungan pernikahan, dewasa madya dapat menggunakan mekanisme koping, yaitu afirmasi diri. Afirmasi diri dapat membantu individu untuk mengatasi masalah yang dimilikinya. Studi ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui kaitan antara afirmasi diri dan kepuasan hubungan pada dewasa madya (usia 40-65 tahun) yang sedang menikah, bekerja, memiliki anak, dan memiliki orang tua atau mertua yang menjadi tanggungan. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah CSI-16 dari Funk dan Rogge (2007) dan SSAM dari Harris dkk. (2019). Sebanyak 99 data responden berhasil diolah dalam penelitian ini dengan menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif yang signifikan antara afirmasi diri dan kepuasan hubungan. Apabila seseorang memiliki afirmasi diri yang baik, maka ia akan cenderung merasa memiliki kepuasan hubungan dalam hubungannya. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan pemahaman dewasa madya terkait afirmasi diri yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kepuasan hubungan pernikahannya.

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Middle adulthood is a phase of life marked by many responsibilities and roles that can affect marital satisfaction. So, to achieve satisfaction in the marital relationship, middle adults can use coping mechanisms, namely self-affirmation. Self-affirmation can help individuals to overcome the problems they have. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-affirmation and relationship satisfaction in middle adults (age 40-65 years) who are married, work, have children, and have dependent parents or in-laws. The measurement tools used are CSI-16 from Funk and Rogge (2007) and SSAM from Harris et al. (2019). 99 respondent data were successfully processed in this study by showing a significant positive correlation between self-affirmation and relationship satisfaction. If a person has good self-affirmation, then she/he will tend to feel that she/he has conflicting relationship satisfaction. The implication of this marriage research is to increase middle-adult understanding of self-affirmation needed to increase relationship satisfaction"

"Perkembangan kebutuhan bisnis mendorong kemunculan antropologi desain. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang perkembangan antropologi desain sebagai hasil konvergensi antara ilmu antropologi dan desain dalam menyelesaikan masalah-masalah praktis dalam bisnis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yang menggabungkan antara studi pustaka dan refleksi pengalaman penulis sebagai antropolog yang terlibat dengan bidang desain. Terdapat tiga tahapan dalam perkembangan antropologi desain, yaitu ethnomethodologically informed design, participatory design, dan antropologi desain. Perkembangan ini mendorong antropolog untuk mempraktikkan etnografi desain dengan pendekatan partisipatoris yang menempatkannya sebagai peneliti sekaligus “desainer”. Dalam prosesnya, antropologi desain dilakukan dengan menerapkan prinsip transformatif, holistik, kolaboratif, transformatif, performatif, transdisipliner, terbuka terhadap kemunculan, iteratif dan kritis. Berdasarkan pengalaman penulis dalam proses desain, prinsip dan metode tersebut dioperasikan melalui langkah-langkah: (1) brainstorming dengan tim, (2) penyusunan pertanyaan dan instrumen penelitian (prototype), (3) usability testing dan observasi perilaku pengguna, (4) in-depth interview, (5) analisis data, (6) redesign. Pengalaman penulis dan beberapa studi kasus terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa antropologi desain yang dioperasikan dalam kerangka human-centered design dapat membantu proses desain produk dengan lebih holistik. Praktik antropologi desain ini menunjukkan bahwa antropologi mampu secara adaptif diterapkan dalam bidang bisnis.

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The growth of business encourages the emergence of design anthropology. This paper aims to illustrate the development of design anthropology as a convergence of anthropology and design to solve practical business problems. The methods used for this research are literature review and reflection of writer’s personal experience as an anthropologist who is involved in the design field. There are three stages of design anthropology development: ethnomethodologically informed design, participatory design, and design anthropology. This development encourages anthropologists to practice design ethnography with a participatory approach that put them as a researcher and “designer” at once. In the process, design anthropology practices some principles: transformative, holistic, collaborative, transformative, performative, transdisciplinary, emergent potentiality, iterative and critical. Based on writer’s experience in the design process, those principles and methods are operated in: (1) brainstorming with the teams, (2) setting-up research instruments and questions, (3) usability testing and observing user’s behavior, (4) in-depth interview, (5) data analysis, (6) redesign. This writer’s experience and recent studies show that design anthropology operated within human-centered design could help the design process to be more holistic. Design anthropology practices give us a hint that anthropology can be adaptively practiced in the business world."