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"Shopping has also studied in the field of leisure. Dholakia identified three main motives for shopping: utilitarian, family or social interaction and shopping as a pleasure activity in its own right with social and relaxation dimensions. In addition, Dholakia cautioned against the assumption that gender is a key variable, noting that many of the published studies had either all-female or female-dominant samples (Dholakia,R.R. (1999) "Going shopping: Key determinants of shopping behaviors and motivations", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol.27, No.4, pp.154-165). In a survey of women around the world, more than 60 percent of women said that they enjoy shopping for clothes in every country except Hongkong, where only 39 percent responded so positively. The "shopping" prize goes to Latin Americans; more than 80 percent of women in countries like Brazil and Columbia agree that clothes shopping are favorite activity. Other high-scoring countries include France, Italy and Japan. ("A Global Perspective...on Women and Women's Wear", Lifestyle Monitor 14 (Winter 1999-2000):8-11).The study about shopping tourism cluster in Bandung city, Indonesia would refer to "Cluster theory" introduced by Prof. Michael Porter. Cluster theory is a theory from Prof. Michael E Porter from Harvard Business School, which is very popular today.A Cluster is a geographically proximate group of interconnected companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and complementarities. The geographic scope of a cluster can range from a single city or state to a country or even a network of neighboring countries ("On Competition", Porter, 1998). Cluster offer a new way to think about economies and economic development, new roles for business, government, and institutions, and new ways to structure the business﷓ government or business-institution relationship. When we are talking about a cluster, it is about how to build and develop business strength from various areas not to create from zero. Some benefits gained from cluster in relation with competitive advantage from cluster are productivity and innovation. In relation with productivity, a company in a cluster has access to specialized inputs and employees, access to information, complementarities, access to institutions and public goods and incentives and performance measurements. In relation with innovation, firms within a cluster are often able to move more clearly and rapidly perceive new buyer needs, cluster participation offers advantages in perceiving new technological, operating, or delivering possibilities and firms within a cluster can experiment at lower cost. The health of the cluster then is important to the health of the company. A company may actually benefit from the presence of local competitors. Trade associations can be competitive assets, as well as lobbying and social organizations. There must be something interesting and unique in Bandung city. Natural tourism objects, hotels, new toll access, and many more are supporting the cluster. New toll access, Cipularang toll from Jakarta to Bandung has also increased the number of visitors to go to Bandung. It takes only one and a half hour average to go there. Before Cipularang toll is opening, it takes at least two until three hours to get to Bandung using train or bus. However, this new facility is like two sides of knye. Visitors from Jabotabek become easily to go to Bandung go shopping, but the other sides visitors from Bandung also become easily to go to Jakarta go shopping too. The government of Bandung, especially Tourism department does not put their focus on shopping tourism. However, according to the interview with the Head of Bandung Tourism Promotion, Aman Raksanagara, the reason is because shopping tourism has a very short life cycle and only attracts local visitors. However, shopping tourism attracts local tourists from neighbor cities of Bandung. At the beginning of this final project, I will develop the shopping tourism cluster and explain it based on the Porter's cluster theory. Then, this final project is trying to explain about the tourist's shopping behavior when they are visiting Bandung city. The most popular shopping destination in Bandung is factory outlets, and then this study is focusing in shopping behavior at factory outlets in Bandung city. The research will refer to the previous research from Kiran Karande (Old Dominion University) and Jaishankar Ganesh (University of Central Florida) in their journal of marketing theory and practice: Fall 2000 titled "Who Shops at Factory Outlets and Why?: An Exploratory Study. In their marketing journal, they explained the typology of outlet mall shoppers based on reasons for shopping at outlet malls in the three main types of shoppers. They are recreational shoppers, serious economic shoppers and time conscious deal prone shoppers. This final project will construct a research to know what kind of the shoppers' characteristics when visiting factory outlets in Bandung based on the three types of shoppers above. Then, based on the cluster theory from Michael Porter I would analyze the cluster and construct the diamond model about the Bandung shopping tourism cluster. This theory is a result from Iong-term research about concentration or interconnection companies or institutions in a particular sector, which then will determine the competitiveness and development of a nation. The study about cluster then is developed become a theory and its implications for the public policy decision making in many nations. "

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktivitas merger dan akuisisi terhadap kinerja operasional dan kinerja pasar perusahaan yang diproksikan oleh rasio-rasio keuangan seperti current ratio, total asset turnover, debt equity ratio, net profit margin, return on equity, return on asset, dan tobin?s q ratio. Selain itu juga untuk memberikan bukti mengenai perbandingan kinerja perusahaan untuk setiap jenis merger atau akuisisi. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi 30 perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) tahun 2000- 2008. Penelitian ini menggunakan pengujian hipotesis uji t sampel berpasangan, uji t sampel independen, dan uji wilcoxon. Sinergi diukur dengan membandingkan rasio keuangan perusahaan tiga tahun sebelum dan tiga tahun setelah merger dan akuisisi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas merger dan akuisisi tidak menghasilkan sinergi bagi perusahaan dan dari semua rasio keuangan hanya debt equity ratio yang mengalami penurunan signifikan, serta dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil merger dan akuisisi semuanya sama bagi semua jenis merger dan akuisisi.

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This research aims to examine the effect of merger and acquisition activity on operational and market performance of the firms which can be measured using financial ratios, such as current ratio, total asset turnover, debt equity ratio, net profit margin, return on equity, return on asset, and tobin?s q ratio. Moreover, to give evidence about firm?s performance comparison among the type of merger and acquisition. Sample of this research consists of 30 firms at the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2000-2008. This research using paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and wilcoxon test. The synergy is measured by examining some pre- and post-merger and acquisition financial ratios (three years before and three years after). The results showed that merger and acquisition didn?t provide synergy for the firms and only debt equity ratio showed a significant decline of all financial ratios. The results also leading to a conclusion that merger and acquisition outcomes were similar for all merger and acquisition types."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti apakah perusahaan acquirer mendapatkan dampak kinerja yang signifikan setelah melakukan Cross Border Acquisition (CBA) pada target perusahaan di Asia Tenggara. Periode penelitian selama tahun 2005-2015 dengan periode pengamatan kinerja pada 12, 24 hingga 36 bulan paska CBA. Metode pengujian yang digunakan adalah event study dan estimasi model pooled least squared pada variabel dependen kinerja BHAR, ROA dan ROE. Penelitian ini menguji 5 faktor utama yang diduga mempengaruhi dampak value pada kinerja acquirer paska CBA yaitu lokasi perusahaan dari negara maju/berkembang, jarak budaya, kemampuan absorpsi dan transfer pengetahuan, pengalaman serta lingkungan tata kelola. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa acquirer mendapatkan dampak value paska CBA. Lokasi perusahaan dari negara maju/berkembang, jarak budaya dan lingkungan tata kelola juga memberikan dampak yang signifikan pada kinerja paska CBA.

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This paper aims to examine whether the acquirer firm can get significant performance from Cross Border Acquisitions (CBA) targeting firms domiciled in Southeast Asia. We examine deals over the period 2005-2015 with 12, 24, 36 months of performance horizon. We use event study and pooled least square model estimation on BHAR, ROA, and ROE as the dependent variable. We test 5 factors that are predicted to have a significant impact on acquirer performance after CBA. They are whether acquirer from advanced or emerging market, culture, absorptive capabilities, experience, and governance. We find that the CBA has a significant value impact on acquirer performance. We documented that location, culture, and governance have a significant impact on acquirer performance."

"Penelitian ini menguji sampel dari pengumuman merger dan akuisisi di Indonesia selama periode 2009-2013 untuk mengidentifikasi dampak dari pengumuman merger dan akuisisi pada harga saham perusahaan bidder. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode event study dimana Cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR) dari saham perusahaan bidder di setiap event window berbeda telah dianalisis. Rangkaian tahapan analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan return saham perusahaan bidder sebelum dan sesudah pengumuman merger dan akuisisi di event window yang berbeda. Hampir disetiap event window, perusahaan bidder menghasilkan positif abnormal return yang signifikan.

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This study examines a sample of merger and acquisition announcement in Indonesia during the time period of 2009-2013 to identify the effect of merger and announcement on stock prices of bidder firms. The study used event study methodology where Cumulative Average Abnormal Returns (CAAR) of bidding firm’s stock prices in different event windows have been analyzed. The series of stages analysis has also been conducted by comparing the pre-announcement and post-announcement returns of bidder firms’ stock prices in different event window. Across all the event windows, bidder fims’ stock prices generate significantly positive abnormal return. "

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pergerakan pemuda di Brunei Darussalam, sejak kemunculan Barisan Pemuda (BARIP) pada tahun 1946 sampai pemberontakan yang dilakukan oleh Partai Rakyat Brunei (PRB) pada tahun 1962. Penjajahan yang dilakukan oleh Inggris di Brunei menyebabkan munculnya rasa nasionalisme dari para pemuda Brunei. Para pemuda Brunei mulai mendirikan organisasi pergerakan dari Barisan Pemuda (BARIP) pada tahun 1946, Brunei Film Production Company (BRUFIPCO) pada taun 1952 dan Partai Rakyat Brunei (PRB) pada tahun 1956. Ketiga organisasi tersebut memiliki tujuan yang sama yaitu memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Brunei Darrusalam. Akan tetapi tujuan mereka mendapat pertentangan dari pihak Inggris. Pergerakan yang dilakukan oleh pemuda Brunei melalui cara diplomasi hingga pemberontakan. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pergerakan itu sangat berpengaruh bagi kondisi pemerintahan Brunei. Mulai dari penolakan sultan Brunei untuk bergabungnya Brunei ke Federasi Malaysia hingga pelarangan PRB karena dianggap partai berbahaya oleh sultan.

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This thesis discusses the youth movement in Brunei Darussalam, since the emergence of the Youth Front (BARIP) in 1946 until the insurgency conducted by the Brunei People's Party (PRB) in 1962. Colonization by the British in Brunei sense of nationalism led to appearance of the youth of Brunei. The youth movement Brunei began to established an organization of the Youth Front (BARIP) in 1946, Brunei Film Production Company (BRUFIPCO) on the epidemic of 1952 and Brunei People's Party (PRB) in 1956. All three organizations have a common goal of independence for Brunei Darussalam. But the goals they get opposition from the British. Performed by the youth movement of Brunei through diplomatic means to revolt. The impact of the movement was very influential for the condition of the government of Brunei. Starting from the rejection of the sultan of Brunei to Brunei to joining the Federation of Malaysia to ban the party PRB because it was considered dangerous by the sultan."