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"The main dynamics behind regional changes certainly do vary from country. Some, such as the advent of social media and the internet in general, are decidedly common ones. Others are more localised in character.In Malaysia, the breakdown of information control by central authorities, along with the urbanisation of the population, lies behind many of the changes.In short, the articles in this volume tell different sides of this longer process of changes, as mirrored in the 2013 general election."

"ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to analyse the legal framework in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, and its conformity to international instnunents regarding general elections, particularly on settlement of election offences for the conduct of democratic general elections. To achieve the purpose of this study, there will be aneed to examine (i) The extent the legal framework in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines incorporated international standards on election to protect election process fiom election offences; (ii) The extent the election offences are settled through the process and through the process of election petition.It is highly important to conduct a more comprehensive research, either 'globally or regionally, to identify some problems related to settlementof election offences, either through the criminal process or through the election petition process. By means of this research, the differences and similarities ofthe legal framework as well as their strengths and weaknesses can be fotmd and some recommendations could be proposed to strengthen the system of election offence settlement.This study is a comparative study. The methodology applied in this thesis is related to the objective, namely, to analyse the legal framework of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines in solving election offences problems. This thesis analyses the extent to which the legal framework incorporates several intemational standards concerning elections.The primary data of this thesis are documents in the form of laws, legislation and court decisions. It is supported by other literature, such as reports, academic journals, magazines, newspapers, and books. Additionally, interviews were also conducted with several resource persons having expertise in this field. The data are analysed using a qualitative approach.The study results demonstrate that in order to prevent unwanted political influence on the election process , every country needs a legal iamework that protect general elections from all kinds of election offences, provide the right of all aggrieved parties to challenge the elections result before an independent and competent judicial body and set out the scope of available review, establish provisions conceming the effect of irregularities on the outcome of elections and provide effective and fair redress mechanism.The existing legal framework of the respective countries generally cover elements of international human right standars of election, however different on some issues, especially the coverage of election offences, the model of regulation, the effect of cellection offences on the election result, the ground of ellection petitions and the settlement procedure (in criminal process and in election petition). Some aspects of the legal framework of settlement of election offences, particulary in Indonesia, need to be improved to ensure more democratic general elections. It is extremely important for democratic country to protec its political process and protec political rights of every citizen and partics from election offerences. Without an effective and fair system, it will be very difficult tho achieve the protections as provided in International standads. The international standards provide a minimum benchmark to which all countries should aspire."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang tinjauan kelembagaan Bawaslu dengan kewenangan quasi judicial atau semi peradilan dalam menyelesaikan masalah hukum pemilu pelanggaran administratif dan sengketa proses pemilu pada pelaksanaan pemilu tahun 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan wawancara dalam pengumpulan data, kemudian data-data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan hukum kualitatif. Secara konstitusional, pembentukan Bawaslu sebagai satu kesatuan fungsi penyelenggaraan pemilu di Indonesia menginduk kepada Pasal 22 E ayat (5) UUD 1945 serta dikuatkan berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 11/PUU-VIII/2010. Pada Pasal 22 E ayat (5) UUD 1945 tersebut menegaskan bahwa penyelenggara pemilu bersifat mandiri. Dalam prakteknya, Bawaslu telah memenuhi karakteristik sebagai lembaga Negara yang mandiri atau independen berdasarkan dasar pembentukannya. Sebagai lembaga Negara yang mandiri, Bawaslu secara ketatanegaraan dimungkinkan untuk memiliki kewenangan dalam  menjalankan fungsi quasi judicial. Diketahui bahwa dalam perkembangan lembaga negara pasca amandemen UUD 1945, selain Bawaslu terdapat lembaga negara independen lainnya yang memiliki kewenangan dengan fungsi quasi judicial. Lembaga tersebut misalnya Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) dan Komisi Informasi Publik (KIP). Sebagai lembaga Negara lapisan kedua, pembentukan Bawaslu, KPPU dan KIP berada diluar sistem peradilan di Indonesia. Namun pada dasarnya lembaga-lembaga Negara independen ini melakukan fungsi campuran dengan sifatnya yang penunjang terhadap lembaga Negara utama untuk menjalankan fungsi regulatif dan administratif termasuk fungsi quasi judicial dalam melaksanakan tugas dan kewenangannya. Dalam menjalankan fungsi kekuasaan quasi judicial yang dilakukan oleh Bawaslu secara umum telah memenuhi karakter kekuasaan quasi judicial yang dirumuskan oleh Jimly Asshiddqie.

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This thesis discusses the institutional review of Bawaslu with quasi-judicial or semi-judicial authority in solving electoral legal problems in administrative violations and electoral process disputes in the 2019 elections. This research is a normative legal research using library studies and interviews in data collection, then data- the data obtained were analyzed using a qualitative legal approach. Constitutionally, the formation of Bawaslu as a unified function of the administration of elections in Indonesia is based on Article 22 E paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution and is strengthened based on the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 11 / PUU-VIII / 2010. Article 22 E paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution confirms that the election organizer is independent. In practice, Bawaslu has fulfilled its characteristics as an independent or independent State institution based on the basis of its formation. As an independent state institution, Bawaslu in an administrative manner is possible to have the authority to carry out the quasi judicial function. It is known that in the development of state institutions after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution, in addition to Bawaslu there are other independent state institutions that have authority with quasi-judicial functions. Such institutions include the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) and the Public Information Commission (KIP). As the second layer state institution, the formation of Bawaslu, KPPU and KIP is outside the justice system in Indonesia. However, basically these independent state institutions perform a mixed function with their supporting nature to the main State institutions to carry out regulatory and administrative functions including quasi judicial functions in carrying out their duties and authorities. In carrying out the functions of quasi judicial power carried out by Bawaslu in general it has fulfilled the character of quasi judicial power formulated by Jimly Asshiddqie."

"Berisiknya dengungan para buzzer politik dapat menurunkan kualitas ruang publik dan demokrasi apabila berlangsung berkepanjangan. Fabrikasi percakapan, perang tagar serta disinformasi yang diproduksi oleh para pendengung politik dapat menimbulkan distorsi di ruang publik, mengaburkan batas antara aspirasi publik yang otentik dengan aspirasi rekaan. Kehadiran UU ITE dan Peraturan KPU belum mengatur tentang buzzer politik. Pengaturan dalam UU ITE Pasal 45A ayat (1), dianggap belum mampu menjerat tindakan buzzer politik yang bekerja dalam media sosial. Pendekatan yang dilakukan yaitu dengan menggunakan metode analisis normatif baik dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan analitis. Pelibatan buzzer politik di media sosial guna mendongkrak suara pada pemilihan umum sungguh tidak tepat. Yang terjadi adalah realitas semu, karena dukungan yang diciptakan adalah dukungan yang dimobilisir dan memanipulasi kesadaran publik. Perlu didorong pencerdasan publik, sehingga akan terbentuk koneksi publik yang saling mengontrol. Peran dari elemen-elemen seperti organisasi masyarakat, kelompok intelektual, dan masyarakat luas yang harus saling terhubung agar membangun jaringan pesan yang kuat untuk melawan buzzer politik. Diharapkan juga ada pengaturan secara legal buzzer politik tersebut bekerja untuk siapa, di bawah agency apa, apakah dia terdaftar di agency itu, didanai oleh siapa dia. Hal ini juga tentunya dengan syarat mereka bergerak dengan akuntabel dan transparan.

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The noise of political buzzers can degrade the quality of public space and democracy if it lasts a long time. The fabrication of conversations, hashtag wars and disinformation produced by political buzzers can create distortions in public spaces, blurring the line between authentic public aspirations and engineering aspirations. The presence of ITE Law and KPU Regulations has not regulated the political buzzer. The regulation in ITE Law Article 45A paragraph (1), is considered not able to ensnare the actions of political buzzers who work in social media. The approach is done by using normative analysis methods both with statutory approaches and analytical approaches. The involvement of political buzzers on social media to boost the vote in the general election is not appropriate. What happens is pseudo reality, because the support created is the support that mobilized and manipulated the public consciousness. It needs to be encouraged by the public, so that there will be a public connection that controls each other. The role of elements such as community organizations, intellectual groups, and the wider community must be interconnected in order to build a strong message network to counter political buzzers. It is also expected that there is a legal arrangement of the political buzzer working for whom, under what agency, whether he is registered with that agency, funded by who he is. It is also of course on the condition that they move accountable and transparent."