Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Tesis ini membahas perkembangan ilmu militer modern Cina sejak akhir masa pemerintahan Dinasti Qing ( 1895 ) hingga pendirian Akademi Militer Whampoa pada tahun 1924. Ketidakmampuan pemerintah Qing dalam menangani berbagai permasalahan yang berasal dari dalam maupun luar Cina menyebabkan pemerintah meminta bantuan kepada negara Barat untuk membentuk maupun melatih kesatuan militer modern; sekaligus mendirikan akademi militer modern. Dimulai sejak Pemberontakan Taiping ( 1850-1864 ) berlangsung, perkembangan ilmu militer modern Cina terus berkembang hingga pendirian Akademi Militer Whampoa pada tahun 1924 di Whampoa oleh Partai Nasionalis Cina beraliansi dengan Komintern-Partai Komunis Cina. Akademi Militer Whampoa adalah akademi militer modern pertama yang didirikan setelah Republik Cina berdiri pada tahun 1912. Perwira Whampoa kelak berperan baik dalam militer maupun pemerintahan Republik Cina ataupun Republik Rakyat Cina.

---

This thesis discusses the development of the science of modern China's military since the end of the reign of the Qing dynasty (1895) until the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924. Qing Government's incompetence in dealing with various problems that come from within and outside the Chinese caused the government requested the assistance of Western countries to establish and train a modern military force; at the same time established a modern military academy. Starting from the Taiping rebellion (1850-1864), the development of modern Chinese military science continued to develop until the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924 by the Chinese Nationalist Party alliance with the Comintern-the Communist Party of China. Whampoa Military Academy was the first modern military academy that was established after the Republic of China was founded in 1912. Whampoa officers would play a role in both the military and the government of the Republic of China or the People's Republic of China."

"Dalam Hubungan Internasional kekuatan militer memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk tatanan kekuatan global. Negara-negara, terutama kekuatan utama dunia, saling bersaing untuk mengembangkan kemampuan militer yang dapat meungguli kekuatan yang dimiliki oleh negara lawan. Persaingan ini menghasilkan konsep revolution in military affairs yaitu revolusi teknologi, doktrin dan organisasi militer yang dapat membawa perubahan besar terhadap cara bagaimana negara berperang. Cina sebagai kekuatan besar di dunia menjadi salah satu negara yang mengembangkan RMA bagi angkatan bersenjatanya, dengan menempuh jalan perkembangan RMA yang asimetris. Tulisan ini akan membahas kajian literatur mengenai perkembangan RMA Cina menggunakan metode taksonomi dengan membagi ke dalam tiga tema besar: ancaman eksternal, kekuatan ekonomi pertahanan dan penguasaan teknologi militer. Dari kajian literatur yang dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa Cina mengembangkan kemampuan RMA yang asimetris sebagai respon dari kehadiran ancaman eksternal, yaitu kekuatan militer Amerika Serikat. Kelemahan negara tersebut dalam segi ekonomi pertahanan dan penguasaan teknologi mengharuskan Cina untuk menempuh pengembangan kemampuan yang asimetris. Cina mengembangkan kemampuan peperangan informasi IW dan anti-access/area denial A2/AD sebagai antitesis dari kemampuan utama militer AS yaitu kemempuan network centric warfare, dan kemampuan proyeksi kekuatan. Kesimpulan yang didapat adalah RMA Cina yang asimetris berhasil mengancam kemampuan beroperasinya militer AS di kawasan Asia Timur dan Pasifik Barat, sehingga meningkatkan biaya bagi intervensi militer AS dalam konflik bersenjata yang melibatkan Cina. Dalam konteks peperangan lokal yang terbatas, kemampuan tersebut berpotensi efektif dalam menjamin keamanan Cina dari intervensi militer AS.

---

In International Relations, military power plays an important role in shaping the international order. States, especially the great powers of the world, continuously compete to develop military capability that can challenge those of their adversaries. This competition resulted in the concept of revolution in military affairs (RMA), a military technological, doctrinal and organizational revolution that brings about a major change in the way the states wage war. China as a world major power is one of the countries that are currently developing RMA for its armed forces, by taking an asymmetric development path for its RMA. This paper will discuss literature review on the development of Chinese RMA using taxonomic methods by dividing into three major themes: external threats, defense economy capability and the mastery of military technology. From the literature review conducted, it was found that China developed an asymmetric RMA capability in response to the presence of external threats, namely the presence US military power in East Asia and Western Pacific region. The country's weakness in terms of defense economy capability and technological mastery requires China to pursue the development of asymmetric capabilities. China developed information warfare (IW) and anti-access / denial areas (A2 / AD) capabilities as the antithesis to US military's main capabilities which are network centric warfare, and long distance power projection. This paper concludes that China's asymmetric RMA capability successfully threaten US military's operational capabilities in East Asia and Western Pacific region, by raising the costs for US military intervention in armed conflict involving China. In the context of a limited local war, these capabilities are potentially effective in ensuring China's security from US military intervention."

"Berkebalikan dengan kemunduran peran militer dalam kehidupan sosial dan politik praktis di Indonesia pasca runtuhnya otoritarianisme Orde Baru, anak-anak muda tetap antusias untuk berkarir sebagai tentara. Beberapa studi berpendapat bahwa fenomena tersebut disebabkan adanya pembebasan biaya pendidikan yang ditawarkan oleh militer, jaminan karir pasti dengan gaji dan tunjangan-tunjangan yang sesuai. Studi-studi lainnya menyebutkan bahwa hal itu ditentukan oleh adanya peluang meningkatkan status sosial, implementasi semangat patriotisme, tingginya nasionalisme, keinginan untuk mewujudkan perdamaian, dan misi kemanusiaan. Pada dasarnya penulis setuju dengan studi-studi tersebut. Namun, studi-studi tersebut masih terbatas dalam membahas aspek immaterial yang masih relevan dalam mendasari keputusan anak-anak muda Indonesia untuk berkarir sebagai tentara dewasa ini. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fenomena tersebut juga disebabkan oleh penerimaan atas citra militer Indonesia berkaitan dengan budaya organisasi khas yang dimiliki dan profesionalitas yang secara progresif terus ditunjukkan. Citra militer terkonstruksi dan terus diinternalisasi melalui agen-agen sosialisasi, seperti keluarga, lingkungan tempat tinggal, sekolah, kelompok teman sebaya, media massa, media sosial, hingga film. Hasilnya, terdapat penerimaan positif masyarakat atas citra militer yang ditunjukkan, yang pada gilirannya berpengaruh dalam pembentukan persepsi anak muda untuk berkarir sebagai tentara. Penulis menggunakan data yang diperoleh melalui studi pustaka, studi dokumen, dan wawancara bersama sejumlah taruna aktif Akademi Militer dan siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas.

---

In contrast to the decline in the military's role in practical social and political life in Indonesia after the collapse of the Orde Baru authoritarianism, young people remain enthusiastic about a career as a soldier. Several studies argue that this phenomenon is due to the exemption of education fees offered by the military and guaranteed career guarantees with appropriate salaries and benefits. Other studies say that it determines the opportunity to increase social status, implement the spirit of patriotism, high nationalism, desire to realize peace, and humanitarian missions. Basically, the authors agree with these studies. However, these studies are still limited in discussing the immaterial aspects that are still relevant in underpinning the decisions of young Indonesians to have careers as soldiers today. This research findings show that this phenomenon is also caused by the acceptance of the Indonesian military image, related to its distinctive organizational culture and organizations that progressively show professionalism. The military image is constructed and continues to internalize through socialization agents, such as family, neighborhood, schools, peer groups, mass media, social media, and films. As a result, there is a positive public acceptance of the military image shown, which influences the formation of young people's perceptions of a career as a soldier. The author uses data obtained through literature studies, document studies, and interviews with several active cadets of the Military Academy and senior high school students."

"Modernisasi militer China adalah bagian dari kekuatan militer yang terus dikembangkan oleh militer China. Kekuatan militer China ditujukan untuk menjaga kedaulatan negara, menjaga kepentingan nasional, menjaga sumber-sumber energi dan berfungsi sebagai kekuatan regional. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, China memerlukan strategi militer guna menghadapi kekhawatiran akan persepsi ancaman Cina dengan melakukan diplomasi bahwa China merupakan kekuatan damai, militer China juga aktif dalam peran internasionalnya.Tesis ini mencoba membahasa strategi militer China dalam terhadap kekuatan hegemoni besar AS dan aliansinya. Dengan memakai pendekatan realis, penulis berusaha memahami strategi pertahanan dan militer China dalam menjaga kepentingan nasionalnya.Metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis adalah deskriptif analistis melalui penelitian kepustakaan. Kekuatan militer AS yang dominan menebabkan strategi yang digunakan oleh China tidak konfrontatif tetapi bersikap low profile. China juga mengembangkan strategi peaceful rising dalam mengcounter persepsi Ancaman China. Dengan terus menaikan anggaran militernya pertahunnya dan melakukan modernisasi militer China, China dapat menjadi kekuatan regional mengimbangi dominasi pertahanan AS dan aliansinya.

---

The modernisation of the China military was part of the strength of the military that continued to be developed by the China military. The strength of the China military was aimed to maintain the sovereignty of the country, maintain the national interests, maintain sources of energy and function as the regional strength. To achieve this aim, China needed the military strategy in order to faces the concern would the perception of the Chinese threat by carrying out diplomacy that China was the strength of peace, the China military was also active in his international role.This thesis tried to explain the China military strategy in towards the strength of big US hegemony and his alliance. By using the realist's approach, the writer tried to understand the defence strategy and the China military in maintaining his national interests.The research method that was used by the writer was descriptive analistis through the bibliography research. The strength of the US military that was dominant so the strategy that was used by China not confrontational but have an attitude low profile. China also developed the strategy peaceful rising countering the perception of the China Threat. By continue rising the budget of his military every year and carried out the modernisation of the China military, China could become the regional strength matched the domination of the US defence and his alliance."

"[ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas pendidikan perwira Angkatan Darat pada tahun 1945? 1950 melalui Akademi Militer yang bertempat di Yogyakarta. Situasi dan kondisi Indonesia yang belum stabil karena baru merdeka menyebabkan pendidikan di Akademi Militer Yogya tidak dapat berjalan seperti pada umumnya. Adanya upaya Belanda kembali menguasai Indonesia melalui Agresi Militer Belanda I dan II mengharuskan para tarunanya untuk ikut bertempur mempertahankan kemerdekaan. Perbedaan latar belakang beberapa golongan di tubuh tentara Indonesia masa itu juga mempengaruhi pendidikan di Akademi Militer. Keadaan yang demikian menjadikan taruna Akademi Militer Yogya menjadi taruna pejuang yang lebih dulu berjuang sebelum menjadi perwira. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dan menggunakan kaidah penulisan ilmiah.

---

ABSTRACT

;This thesis disscuses about Indonesian army officers educated in 1945?1950 by Military Academy in Yogyakarta. Education of Yogya Military Academy could not operate conventionally due to situation and condition in Indonesia which, at that time, was unstable because it had just reached the its freedom. Netherland attempted to occupy Indonesia through First and Second Military Aggression and all of this academy cadets must took part on the battle for defending Indonesian independence. The diversity background among groups in military institution had influenced Yogya Military Academy?s education too. Those situations turned Yogya Military Academy?s cadets into crusader cadets which experienced the battle first before they became officers. This thesis uses the history research method and scientific writing rules.

, This thesis disscuses about Indonesian army officers educated in 1945—1950 by Military Academy in Yogyakarta. Education of Yogya Military Academy could not operate conventionally due to situation and condition in Indonesia which, at that time, was unstable because it had just reached the its freedom. Netherland attempted to occupy Indonesia through First and Second Military Aggression and all of this academy cadets must took part on the battle for defending Indonesian independence. The diversity background among groups in military institution had influenced Yogya Military Academy‘s education too. Those situations turned Yogya Military Academy‘s cadets into crusader cadets which experienced the battle first before they became officers. This thesis uses the history research method and scientific writing rules.

]"

"Ben shu shou ru xian qin huo qin han, san guo, tang, song, ming ge chao ju you dai biao xing de bing shu, ji ben shang fan ying le zhong guo bing shu jing cui de gai mao. nei rong bao gua : " sun zi " , " wu zi " , " si ma fa " , " wei liao zi " , " liu tao " , " huang shi gong san lue " , " jiang yuan " , " tang tai zong li wei gong wen dui " , " bai zhan qi fa " , " tou bi fu tan " gong shi bu bing shu, ."

"Setelah kekalahan Jepang Perang Dunia II, pembangunan Jepang dibidang militer dihentikan dan dipaksa oleh Amerika Serikat untuk fokus hanya pada pertahanan diri. Namun awal abad ke-21, perubahan situasi keamanan dan politik di wilayah seperti China dan Korea Utara telah mendorong Jepang untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan kemampuan armada militernya. Dalam meningkatkan kapabilitas militer, Jepang melihat Indonesia sebagai negara militer terbesar di Asia Tenggara kemudian mengadakan kerjasama dalam bidang militer. Di bidang pertahanan, Jepang telah menjadi salah satu mitra Indonesia dalam pembangunan kapabilitas pertahanan dan peningkatan profesionalitas prajurit TNI. Indonesia dan Jepang juga mengembangkan kerjasama pendidikan, antara lain pertukaran perwira untuk mengikuti pendidikan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan (diklat), pertukaran kunjungan pejabat tinggi pertahanan dan militer Jepang dan Indonesia. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai hubungan Jepang dan Indonesia dalam bidang militer. Jepang dalam ekspansi militernya melihat perkembangan Cina dan Korea Utara khususnya ketegangan di wilayah Laut Cina Selatan. Jepang juga melihat potensi yang dimiliki oleh negara-negara Asia Tenggara khususnya Indonesia yang diyakini oleh pihak Jepang sebagai salah satu negara yang akan berperan besar menjaga keamanan wilayah Asia Tenggara yang juga penting bagi banyak negara maju dari seluruh dunia.

---

After Japan's defeat of World War II, the Japanese development of military field stopped and forced by the United States to focus solely on selfdefense. But the early 21st century, conversion of the security and political situation in China and North Korea have been encouraging Japan to improve its military and fleet capacity and capability. By enhancing military capability, Japan saw Indonesia as the largest army in Southeast Asia and entered into military cooperation of Japan-Indonesia later. Japan Self-Defense forces (JSDF) has been developing a global partnership for development of Indonesian defense capabilities and professionalization of Indonesian national armed forces, furthermore, conducting other field cooperations such as military personnel exchange, education and training, military-to-military cooperation and exercises, disaster response, and exchange of visits between high-ranking military officers. This research discusses the military relationship of Japan and Indonesia in the military field. Japan's military expansion saw the development of China and North Korea especially the tension in South China Sea Region. Japan also saw the potential possessed by Southeast Asian countries particularly Indonesia, which is believed by the Japanese as one of the Southeast Asian countries that played a major role that was able to maintaining Southeast Asia security."