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"Organisasi internasional memiliki berbagai klasifikasi, salah satunya dibedakan menurut sifat supranasional dan intergovernmental. Organisasi internasional yang bersifat supranasional dan intergovernmental memiliki perbedaan dalam beberapa hal, termasuk dalam pengambilan suara untuk pengambilan keputusan, organisasi internasional yang bersifat intergovernmental seperti halnya organisasi internasional pada umumnya, memerlukan suara bulat dalam pengambilan keputusan, sedangkan organisasi internasional yang bersifat supranasional menggunakan suara terbanyak dalam pengambilan keputusan, hasil dari pengambilan keputusan tersebut mengikat negara anggotanya. Uni Eropa sebagai organisasi internasional memiliki sejarah yang panjang sejak pembentukannya, selain itu Uni Eropa juga memiliki perbedaan dengan organisasi internasional lainnya, karena sejak awal Uni Eropa dibentuk sebagai organisasi supranasional. Hal tersebut selanjutnya mempengaruhi berbagai hal, salah satunya mengenai pengambilan keputusan dalam Uni Eropa. Skripsi ini berusaha memaparkan permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut dengan menggunakan bentuk penelitian yuridis-normatif, sehingga menghasilkan data deskriptif-analitis yang dapat menjawab permasalahan-permasalahan di atas. Pada kesimpulannya, pengambilan keputusan dalam Uni Eropa terkait dengan institusi-institusi yang berwenang serta pengambilan suara yang digunakan. Uni Eropa selain mengenal pengambilan suara secara bulat, juga mengenal pengambilan suara menggunakan suara terbanyak, dan sejak berlakunya Traktat Lisbon semakin banyak bidang-bidang yang diputuskan berdasarkan suara terbanyak, dalam mekanisme Uni Eropa dikenal sebagai qualified majority voting (QMV).

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International organizations are classified in numerous ways, depending on the purpose for which the classification is being made, for instance the distinction between intergovernmental and supranational organizations. Intergovernmental and supranational organizations have different characteristics, including in the decision making process. Intergovernmental organization enjoys the unanimous approval from all members to adopt a decision, which is different in supranational organization, majority voting is become the main system. European Union as an international organization has supranational characteristics for the very first time, which take an effect on several things and decision making process in particular.

This thesis explains how that matters perform in juridical-normative method. At the conclusion, the decision making process always related to the institution's power and the voting system. However, the European Union recognizes not only unanimity, but also qualified majority voting (QMV) as the voting system which is needed in many areas, especially after the Lisbon Treaty 2007 came into force."

"Berdasarkan Traktat Lisbon 2007, Uni Eropa adalah sebuah organisasi internasional yang memiliki personalitas hukum sehingga dapat melakukan hubungan hukum dengan subjek hukum internasional lain, misalnya menjadi anggota dalam organisasi internasional. Dalam hubungannya dengan negara anggota, Uni Eropa memiliki tiga jenis kewenangan, yaitu kewenangan eksklusif (pajak, kompetisi dalam pasar internal, kebijakan moneter, konservasi bagi sumber daya hayati kelautan, dan kebijakan iklan bersama), kewenangan bersama (pasar bersama, kebijakan sosial, kohesi ekonomi, sosial, dan teritorial, agrikultur dan perikanan, lingkungan, perlindungan konsumen, transportasi, jaringan trans-Eropa, energi, kebebasan, keamanan, dan keadilan, dan kesehatan publik), dan kewenangan untuk memberikan bantuan (perlindungan dan pengembangan kesehatan manusia, industri, kebudayaan, pariwisata, pendidikan, perlindungan masyarakat, dan kerja sama administratif). Dalam proses untuk menjadi anggota dari organisasi internasional, maka harus ada kesepakatan dari tiga organ legislatif Uni Eropa, yaitu Council, Commission, dan European Parliament. Council merupakan organ yang memberikan izin untuk memulai negosiasi, melakukan penandatanganan, dan juga untuk menyatakan keterikatan Uni Eropa terhadap pihak ketiga. Commission merupakan organ yang memiliki wewenang untuk membuat proposal untuk mengikatkan diri dengan pihak ketiga, dan European Parliament merupakan organ yang memberikan masukan terhadap proses pengikatan diri Uni Eropa terhadap pihak ketiga.

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Based on Lisbon Treaty 2007, European Union is an international organization that has legal personality which enable European Union to communicate and operate with other subject of international law, including to become a member of international organization. In relation with its member states, European Union has three competences, which are exlusive comptenece (customs union, competition rules of the internal market, monetary policy, conservation of marine biological resources, and common commercial policy), share competence (internal market, social policy economic, social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and fisheries, encivornemt, consumer protection, transport, trans-European networks, enegry, area of freedom, security and justice, and common safety concerns in public health matters), and competence to support (protection and improvement of human health, industry, culture, tourism, education, vocational training, youth and sport, civil protection, and administrative cooperation). To become a member of international organization, there should be an agreement from three legislative bodies of European Union, which are Council, Commission and European Parliament. Council is an organ which authorise the opening of negotiations, authorise the signing of agreements and conclude them. Commission is an organ that submit a recommendations to open a negotiations, and European Parliament is an organ that deliver its opinion regarding a binding process of European Union upon the third party."

"This volume of essays casts light on the shape and future direction of the EU in the wake of the Lisbon Treaty and highlights the incomplete nature of the reforms. Contributors analyse some of the most innovative and most controversial aspects of the Treaty, such as the role and nature of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the relationship between the EU and the European Court of Human Rights. In addition, they reflect on the ongoing economic and financial crisis in the Euro area, which has forced the EU Member States to re-open negotiations and update a number of aspects of the Lisbon 'settlement'. Together, the essays provide a variety of insights into some of the most crucial innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and in the context of the adoption of the new European Financial Stability Mechanism"-- Provided by publisher."To remain masters of their destiny, six European countries agreed to establish among themselves a European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. To remain masters of their creation, the national governments devised a rather unique institutional system whose fundamental features can only be amended by unanimity. In fact, to enter into force, any amendment made to the European founding treaties has always required ratification by all the Member States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. Remarkably, this demanding procedural requirement has not precluded a spectacular 'widening' of the membership of what is now known as the European Union (EU) as well as a considerable 'deepening' of the competences conferred on the EU by its Member States. Indeed, from an organisation originally consisting of six countries with a narrow focus on economic matters, the EU has grown beyond recognition. Its 27 Member States now pursue an extensive and diverse set of objectives amongst which one may mention the promotion of balanced and sustainable development of economic activities, the implementation of a common foreign and security policy and the tackling of cross-border crime. In order to effectively pursue these objectives, the EU has also gradually gained the power to legislate in the areas of monetary policy, social policy, environment, consumer protection, asylum and immigration, amongst other things"-- Provided by publisher.Contents Machine generated contents note: Introduction Diamond Ashiagbor, Nicola Countouris and Ioannis Lianos; 1. The institutional development of the EU post-Lisbon: a case of plus ça change...? Laurent Pech; 2. Competence after Lisbon: the elusive search for bright lines Takis Tridimas; 3. The Charter, the ECJ and national courts P. P. Craig; 4. Accession of the EU to the ECHR: who would be responsible in Strasbourg? Tobias Lock; 5. EU citizenship after Lisbon Niamh Nic Shuibhne; 6. The law and politics of migration and asylum: the Lisbon Treaty and the EU Sabina Anne Espinoza and Claude Moraes; 7. The European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy after Lisbon Panos Koutrakos; 8. The European Ombudsman and good administration post-Lisbon P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, European Ombudsman; 9. European contract law after Lisbon Lucinda Miller; 10. Competition law in the European Union after the Treaty of Lisbon Ioannis Lianos; 11. The unexpected revision of the Lisbon Treaty and the establishment of a European Stability Mechanism Jean-Victor Louis."

"The book contains 24 contributions from European law scholars and practitioners analysing the constitutional basis of the European Union and the normative orientation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) as well as the central economic and monetary provisions (TFEU) after the reform Treaty of Lisbon. Presenting the findings of a European research team, which is composed of authors from eight Member States, the publication underlines the aspiration of the editors to thoroughly analyse the constitutional law of the European Union currently in force."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang perluasan keanggotaan suatu organisasi internasional, secara khusus mengenai proses perluasan keanggotaan Turki di dalam Uni Eropa. Uni Eropa, seperti kebanyakan organisasi internasional lainnya, memberikan persyaratan perluasan keanggotaan bagi negara-negara yang ingin bergabung menjadi negara anggota. Untuk dapat diterima menjadi negara anggota di Uni Eropa, sebuah negara harus memenuhi persyaratan yang terkandung di dalam Traktat Maastricht 1992 dan Kriteria Copenhagen 1993. Turki telah mengajukan aplikasi perluasan keanggotaan kepada Uni Eropa sejak tahun 1987 dan telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk memenuhi persyaratan yang ada, namun hingga saat ini Turki masih harus puas dengan statusnya sebagai kandidat anggota di Uni Eropa. Berbagai hal dianggap menjadi kendala dalam proses bergabungnya Turki di Uni Eropa, misalnya adalah keadaan ekonomi Turki, hal tentang perlindungan hak minoritas, dan konflik Turki dengan Siprus yang telah menjadi anggota Uni Eropa pada tahun 2004. Namun demikian, Turki hingga saat ini masih terus melakukan upaya-upaya dalam harapan Uni Eropa dapat segera menerima Turki sebagai negara anggota di Uni Eropa.

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Every international organization has its own provision or requirement on its enlargement. The European Union, as any other international organizations, also requires the state that desires to join into it as a member state. In order to be accepted as a member state in the European Union, a state must fulfill all the requirements stipulated in Maastricht Treaty 1992 and Copenhagen Criteria 1993. Turkey had submitted its enlargement application in 1987 and it has done all its efforts since then to satisfy the requirements, but until now Turkey has to be content with its status as a candidate state. Several things are considered to be the constraints on the process of Turkey's application; the Turkey's economic condition, the protection of minority rights, and the conflict between Turkey and Cyprus, which had been an European Union's member state since 2004. However, Turkey still continues to make efforts to fulfill all the requirements in the hope of its acceptance in the European Union."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis bagaimanakedaulatan dari suatu negara atas wilayah yang berada di luar negeri, denganmengambil contoh negara Perancis dan Belanda sebagai anggota Uni Eropa yangmenguasai wilayah di luar negeri. Penulis mempergunakan metode penelitianyuridis normatif dengan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwameskipun kolonialisasi tidak lagi diakui oleh bangsa-bangsa di dunia, penguasaanoleh suatu negara terhadap wilayah yang terletak di luar negeri ternyata tidakbertentangan dengan hukum internasional. Hal ini ditegaskan dengandisepakatinya konsep non-self governing territories di dalam Piagam PBB sertadibentuknya Association of Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) oleh UniEropa di dalam Traktat Lisbon. Adanya kedaulatan dari Perancis dan Belanda ataswilayah-wilayah di luar negeri (OCTs) diakui oleh negara-negara anggota UniEropa sebagaimana diatur dengan ketentuan Article 198 Treaty on theFunctioning of European Union (TFEU).

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ABSTRACTThis research aimed to describe and to analyze the territorial sovereignty of a

State over its overseas territories, by taking examples from France and Kingdom

of Netherlands as Member States of European Union that possess overseas

territories. Author use juridical-normative research method with literature studies.

The research shows that although colonization is no longer recognized by all of

nations, possession of a State over a territory which located overseas of its main

territory is not contradictory to international law. It was acknowledged by the

United Nations which agree upon Non-Self Governing Territories as stated in the

UN Charter, and by European Union which establishing Association of Overseas

Countries and Territories as stated in Lisbon Treaty. The sovereignty of France

and the Kingdom of Netherlands upon their overseas territories was

acknowledged by Member States of European Union as regulated by Article 198

Treaty on the Functioning of European Union (TFEU)."

"Uni Eropa adalah organisasi internasional di wilayah Eropa yang bertujuan untuk mencapai integrasi Eropa. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, Uni Eropa membentuk sistem hukum regionalnya sendiri yang saat ini sudah menjadi komponen yang tidak terpisahkan dalam kehidupan politik dan bermasyarakat di Uni Eropa. Walaupun demikian, keberlakuan hukum internasional dalam sistem hukum regional Uni Eropa jarang sekali dibahas. Beberapa tahun belakang, hubungan antara hukum internasional dan hukum regional Uni Eropa baru banyak dibicarakan dalam kaitannya dengan otonomi hukum regional Uni Eropa. Dalam beberapa kondisi, Uni Eropa tidak terikat dengan perjanjian internasional atau norma-norma hukum internasional. Putusan-putusan Mahkamah Eropa baru-baru ini menekankan otonomi hukum regional Uni Eropa di atas hukum internasional. Putusan-putusan tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa hubungan antara hukum internasional dengan hukum regional Uni Eropa tidak lagi dilihat menurut teori monisme dan dualisme saja, tetapi dengan teori lain yang lebih kompleks.

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European Union is an international organization whose obejective is to develop a European integration. In order to achieve the idea of European integration, European Union created its own legal order which has already becomean established component of European Union's political life and society. Yet, the effect of international law within the Union's domestic order receives far less attention. Over the past decade, the relationship between European and international law has largely been commented through the prism of the autonomy.

In some instances, however, the European Union is not bound by a treaty or international norm. Recent decisions issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union having emphasized the integrity of the European Union legal system.It indicates the relationship between the EU and international law can no longer be understood on the basis of monism or dualism theory, but a much more complex theory."

"Karyawan terkadang menghadapi situasi dilematis dalam pelaksanaan tugas di tempatkerja, sehingga mendorong untuk terlibat dalam mengambil keputusan etis. Perilakupengambilan keputusan etis karyawan dapat diprediksi oleh intensinya. Penelitian initerdiri dari 2 studi yaitu studi penelitian korelasional (studi 1) dan studi penelitian terapan (studi 2). Studi 1 bertujuan mengeksplorasi faktor yang berperan terhadap intensi pengambilan keputusan etis dari perspektif Teori Perilaku Terencana. Selanjutnya, studi 2 bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas intervensi dalam meningkatkan intensi pengambilan keputusan etis. Survei dilakukan pada 250 orang Karyawan di Organisasi X dengan menggunakan metode analisis korelasi dan regresi linear berganda. Pada studi 1 digunakan alat ukur Skala Ajzen dan Fishbein, serta diperoleh hasil bahwa sikap terhadap pengambilan keputusan etis dapat memprediksi intensi untuk mengambil keputusan etis (r = .42, β = .42, p < .05, signifikan pada l.o.s 0,05), sedangkan norma subyektif dan kendali perilaku tidak dapat memprediksi intensi mengambil keputusan etis. Pada studi 2 diajukan intervensi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia yaitu dalam bentuk pelatihan, coaching dan mentoring. Intervensi yang telah dilakukan adalah pelatihan daring, sedangkan coaching dan mentoring secara tatap muka merupakan intervensi lanjutan yang direkomendasikan pada Organisasi X. Pelatihan daring bertujuan untuk memberi pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang pengambilan keputusan etis, yang diharapkan menjadi langkah awal untuk mengubah sikap karyawan menjadi semakin positif terhadap pengambilan keputusan etis. Pelatihan daring diikuti 27 orang karyawan yang memiliki skor terendah pada variabel sikap dan menerapkan metode pre test dan post test. Ditemukan bahwa pelatihan efektif menambah pengetahuan dan pemahaman peserta tentang pengambilan keputusan etis. Pembelajaran yang diperoleh peserta setelah pelatihan dilihat dari nilai rata-rata post test yang lebih tinggi dari nilai rata-rata pre test, yang dievaluasi melalui uji paired sample t-test dan uji wilcoxon sign rank test.

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Employees sometimes face dilemma situations in carrying out their duties in the

workplace, thus encouraging them to be involved in making ethical decisions. Employees' ethical decision-making behavior can be predicted by their intention. This research consists of 2 studies, namely correlational research studies (study 1) and applied research studies (study 2). Study 1 aims to explore the factors that contribute to ethical decisionmaking intention from the perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Furthermore, Study 2 aims to look at the effectiveness of the intervention in increasing ethical decisionmaking intention. The survey was conducted on 250 employees in Organization X using the method of correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. In Study 1, the Ajzen and Fishbein Scale measuring instruments were used, and the results obtained that attitudes towards ethical decision making can predict the intention to make ethical decisions (r = .42, β = .42, p < .05, significant at 0.05), while subjective norms and

perceived behavioral control can not predict ethical decision-making intention. In study 2, human resource management interventions were proposed, namely training, coaching and mentoring. The intervention that has been carried out is online training, while faceto-face coaching and mentoring are further interventions recommended for Organization X. The online training aims to provide knowledge and understanding of ethical decision making, which is expected to be the first step to change employees’ attitude to become more positive towards ethical decision making. The online training was attended by 27 employees who had the lowest score on the attitude variable and it applied the pre-test and post-test methods. It was found that the training was effective in increasing the participants' knowledge and understanding of ethical decision making. The learning gained by the participants after the training was seen from the post-test average value which was higher than the pre-test average value, which was evaluated through the paired sample t-test and the Wilcoxon sign rank test."

"ABSTRAKKehamilan remaja sering digambarkan secara negatif di media. Melihat dari beberapa film Hollywood tentang kehamilan remaja, ibu remaja cenderung terlihat tidak dewasa dan tidak mengerti ketika membuat keputusan dan berurusan dengan bayinya. Hal ini disebabkan pengaruh orang tuanya dan lingkungan mereka. Film Juno 2007 merupakan film yang menampilkan perlawanan terhadap stereotip ibu remaja di masyarakat. Dalam film, Juno, remaja yang hamil di usia 16 tahun, memilih untuk menjaga bayinya dan menempatkannya untuk diadopsi. Menggunakan analisis tekstual agensi seorang perempuan mdash;ibu remaja mdash;melalui film, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Juno mewakili kedewasaan di luar usianya ketika dia sedang dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Melalui ideologi pro-kehidupan dan pro-pilihan yang ditampilkan dalam beberapa karakter dalam film, Juno menunjukkan agensinya yang mengarahkan dirinya pada keputusan akhir.

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ABSTRACTTeenage pregnancy is often portrayed negatively in the media. Looking from some Hollywood movies about teen pregnancy, teenage mothers tend to be seen as immature and clueless in dealing and making decision of the baby since they often make decision based on their parents and surroundings. Juno 2007 somehow counters the stereotypes of teenage mothers in the society and media nowadays through the character of Juno, a 16 year-old pregnant teenager, who chooses to keep her baby and place it for an adoption. Using a textual analysis of female agency of teenage mother in the film, this research shows that Juno represents maturity beyond her age when she is in the process of making decision. Through the ideologies of pro-life and pro-choice which are represented in some characters in the film, Juno shows her agency that makes her come to the final decision."

"Indonesia memiliki kewenangan tertinggi untuk mengatur tatanan negara, termasuk terhadap hak atas kehidupan, kebebasan, dan keselamatan individu sesuai dengan Pasal 28G Ayat 1 UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Penegakan hak ini relevan dengan perkembangan teknologi yang kian masif hingga mencapai Revolusi Industri 5.0, yang mana hampir seluruh aktivitas digital menggunakan data pribadi sehingga membuat data pribadi menjadi rentan untuk disalahgunakan. Salah satu produk dari revolusi industri yang juga menyinggung data pribadi adalah automated decision making atau pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan pemrosesan secara otomatis. Oleh sebab itu, terhadap aktivitas tersebut, data pribadi dilindungi oleh General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) maupun Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi (“UU PDP”). Perumusan dari penulisan ini akan membahas pertanyaan terkait perbandingan pengaturan pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan pemrosesan secara otomatis serta hak pengajuan keberatannya antara Hukum Uni Eropa hingga hal yang dapat Indonesia pelajari dari pengaturan perlindungan data pribadi terhadap pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan pemrosesan secara otomatis. Penulisan dari penelitian ini dikaji dengan penelitian hukum doktrinal, yang mana disusun berdasarkan analisis yuridis normatif. Dari penelitian ini, dapat dipahami bahwasanya meskipun kedua undang-undang tersebut melindungi data pribadi dari automated decision making dengan hak pengajuan keberatan, namun ketiadaan mengenai penjelasan maupun mekanisme hak pengajuan keberatan dan penilaian dampak perlindungan data pribadi yang mengurangi tingkat proteksi dari pengaturan data pribadi di Indonesia. Berbeda halnya dengan pengaturan penilaian kredit, Uni Eropa mengaturnya dengan Guidelines’ European Bank Authority namun tidak mengaturnya secara khusus, sedangkan Indonesia sendiri mengaturnya dengan Peraturan OJK 42/POJK.03/2017 tentang Kewajiban Penyusunan dan Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Perkreditan atau Pembiayaan Bank bagi Bank Umum. Maka dengan penulisan ini, penulis berharap pemerintah dapat menyusun pengaturan hak pengajuan keberatan atas automated decision making lebih lengkap dan diselaraskan dengan peraturan terkait, yang mana dalam penulisan ini adalah peraturan tentang penilaian kredit.

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Indonesia has the highest authority to regulate the state order, including the rights to life, freedom, and safety of individuals by Article 28G Paragraph 1 of the NRI Constitution of 1945. The enforcement of this right is relevant to the increasingly massive technological developments to reach the Industrial Revolution 5.0, where almost all digital activities use personal data, making personal data vulnerable to misuse. One of the products of the industrial revolution that also alludes to personal data is  automated decision making or decision making based on automated processing. Therefore, for such activities, personal data is protected by the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection ("PDP Law"). The formulation of this paper will discuss questions related to the comparison of decision-making arrangements based on automated processing and the right to object between EU Law to what Indonesia can learn from personal data protection arrangements against decision-making based on automated processing. The writing of this study is reviewed with doctrinal legal research, which is compiled based on normative juridical analysis. From this research, it can be understood that although the two laws protect personal data from automated decision making with the right to object, there is no explanation or mechanism for the right to object and assess the impact of personal data protection that reduces the level of protection of personal data regulation in Indonesia. Unlike the credit scoring arrangement, the European Union regulates it with the European Bank Authority Guidelines but does not regulate it specifically, while Indonesia itself regulates it with OJK Regulation 42/POJK.03/2017 concerning the Obligation to Formulate and Implement Bank Credit or Financing Policies for Commercial Banks. So with this writing, the author hopes that the government can compile a regulation on the right to file objections to automated decision making more completely and be aligned."