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"Kejadian diabetes di dunia pada tahun 2008 adalah 347 juta orang, dan pada tahun 2030 diperkirakan prevalensinya naik sebesar 69% pada negara berkembang. Ditemukan bahwa pengkonsumsian antioksidan contohnya kulit buah manggis dapat melawan stress oksidatif penderita diabetes. Selain itu, mengkonsumsi makanan kaya serat contohnya ampas kelapa sangat dibutuhkan untuk mencegah komplikasi diabetes lainnya. Tujuan penelitian adalah membuat formula, uji hedonik, dan analisis kandungan zat gizi cookies tepung ampas kelapa dan tepung kulit buah manggis. Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi pembuatan tepung, optimasi formula cookies dengan piranti lunak Design Expert ® , uji hedonik, dan analisis kandungan gizi cookies. Terdapat perbedaan kesukaan responden penderita DM yang signifikan (p value < 0.05) pada respon warna, rasam dan tekstur cookies. Optimasi formula yang didapatkan adalah komposisi tepung terigu : tepung ampas kelapa : tepung kulit buah manggis sebesar 21.286 : 14.128 : 4.586 gram dengan nilai desirability 79.7%. Kandungan gizi cookies kadar air 4.08%, kadar abu 1.79%, lemak total 31.87%, protein 4.35%, karbohidrat total 57.91%, serat kasar 5.04%, gula total 18.93%, Jumlah energi cookies adalah 536 kkal/100gram dan cookies mengandung aktivitas antioksidan 2903.78 mg AAE/g. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dilakukan Uji Indeks Glikemik cookies dan pengembangan dalam berbagai produk lainnya.

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The occurence of diabetes in the year 2008 in the world is 347 million people, and in 2030 the prevalence is estimated to rise by 69% in developing countries. It was found that the consumption of antioxidant such as mangosteen skin could lessen the oxydative stress that the diabetics suffer from. Consuming foods rich in fiber such as coconut’s waste is really essential to prevent another diabetes complication. The purpose of this research is to determine the formula, to test the hedonic, and also to analize the amount of nutrition within this type of cookies. Research which has been done included flour making, optimizing cookie’s formula with Design Expert ® software, hedonic test, and analizing the cookie’s amount of nutrition.

There are specific different on respondent’s preferness who suffer DM in significant value (p value < 0.05) on the respond of color, flavor and the texture of the cookies. The optimizing of this formula is achieved by the compotition of flour, coconut’s waste flour, and also mangosteen skin flour in amount of 21.286 : 14.128 : 4.586 with the desirability of 79.7%. The nutrition amount of cookies are 4.08% of water, 1.79% of ash, 31.87% of total fat, 4.35% of protein, 57.91% of total carbohydrate, 5.04% of crude fiber, and 18.93% of total sugar. The energy amount is 536 kcal of energy and the cookies contain 2903.78 mg AAE/g of total antioxidant activity. For further research, Glicemic Indeks Test and development in any other products are expected to be concluded."

"Penderita diabetes melitus terus meningkat di Indonesia. Diabetes melitus dapat menyebabkan komplikasi dan kerusakan berbagai organ tubuh lainnya. Dalam rangka mengontrol kadar gula darah pada penderita DM diperlukan diet khusus. Penderita diabetes melitus dianjurkan untuk mengonsumsi makanan selingan diantara waktu makan. Salah satu makanan selingan yang populer di masyarakat adalah cookies. Namun, cookies yang beredar di masyarakat mayoritas menggunakan bahan dasar seperti tepung terigu, telur, susu, mentega, dan gula sederhana yang kurang dianjurkan bagi penderita diabetes melitus. Di samping itu, bahan pangan seperti sorgum dan kacang merah yang memiliki indeks glikemik yang rendah sehingga dapat dijadikan alternatif bahan pangan untuk pembuatan cookies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan produk cookies yang dapat dijadikan makanan selingan bagi penderita diabetes melitus menggunakan bahan dasar tepung sorgum dan kacang merah serta penambahan rempah yang memiliki efek antidiabetik yakni jintan hitam. Adapun formulasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibedakan oleh perbandingan jumlah tepung sorgum dan kacang merah yang digunakan, yaitu R1 1:3; R2 2:2; dan R3 3:1, selain itu terdapat R4 sebagai formulasi kontrol dengan formulasi yang dibuat seperti cookies konvensional yang umum beredar di masyarakat. Uji hedonik dilakukan di Laboratorium Gizi FKM UI pada bulan April 2024. Uji tersebut dilakukan kepada 30 orang panelis tidak terlatih yakni karyawan FKM UI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan cookies yang paling disukai oleh panelis adalah cookies R2 dengan rata-rata nilai kesukaan tertinggi dibandingkan formulasi lainnya yaitu sebesar 3.80. Kandungan gizi setiap satu takaran saji cookies R2, yaitu energi sebesar 191,4 kkal, 24,6 g karbohidrat, 5,6 g protein, 7,8 g lemak, dan 2,7 g jintan hitam. Biaya produksi satu takaran saji cookies formulasi R2 adalah sebesar Rp3.705.

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Patients with diabetes mellitus have increased in Indonesia. Diabetes mellitus can cause complications and damage to various organs. In order to control blood sugar levels in people with DM, a special diet is needed. Patients with diabetes mellitus are encouraged to consume snacks between meals. One of the popular snack in the community is cookies. However, cookies circulating in the community mostly use basic ingredients such as wheat flour, eggs, milk, butter, and simple sugar which are not recommended for people with diabetes mellitus. In addition, food ingredients such as sorghum and red beans have a low glycemic index so that they can be used as alternative food ingredients for making cookies. This study aims to develop a cookies product that can be used as a snack for people with diabetes mellitus using the basic ingredients of sorghum flour and red beans and the addition of spices that have antidiabetic effects, namely black cumin. The formulations used in this study are distinguished by the ratio of the amount of sorghum flour and red beans used, namely R1 1:3; R2 2:2; and R3 3:1, besides that there is R4 as a control formulation with formulations made like conventional cookies commonly circulated in the community. The hedonic test was conducted at the Nutrition Laboratory of FKM UI in April 2024. The test was conducted on 30 untrained panelists, FKM UI employees. The results of the study showed that R2 cookies is most selected by panelist with the highest average score of 3,80. The nutritional content of each serving size of R2 cookies, energy of 191,4 kcal, 24,6 g carbohydrate, 5,6 g protein, 7,8 g fat, and 2,7 g black cumin. The production cost of one serving size of cookies formulation R2 is Rp3,705."

"Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Indonesia terbukti sebagai negara keenam dengan prevalensi DM tipe 2 terbesar di dunia. Sebagai penyakit multifaktorial, salah satu faktor yang disebutkan berpengaruh dalam kejadian DM tipe 2 adalah aktivitas fisik, yang didefinisikan sebagai pergerakan badan yang diproduksi kontraksi otot rangka yang meningkatkan konsumsi energi di atas level basal. Adapun penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan aktivitas fisik antara karyawan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia penderita DM tipe 2 dan tanpa DM tipe 2. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan rekam data aktivitas fisik selama 2 hari kerja dan 1 hari libur melalui kuesioner Bouchard dan anamnesis. Hasil pengolahan data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan bermakna tingkat aktivitas fisik pada subjek DM tipe 2 dan tanpa DM tipe 2 (p = 0,988). Melalui penelitian ini didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa aktivitas fisik tidak menjadi variabel tunggal dalam menyebabkan DM tipe 2.

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease whose prevalence is increasing every year. Indonesia is considered as the 6th country of highest prevalence of DM type 2. As a multifactorial disease, one of factors that believed to be involved in causing DM type 2 is physical activity, which defined as bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle which increases energy expenditure above basal level. This research aims to know whether there is different physical activity level between DM type 2 and non DM type 2 employees of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. Collecting data is performed by recording of the physical activity in 2 weekdays and 1 weekend through Bouchard questionnaire and anamnesis. The result of data analysis using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that there was no significant difference of physical activity level of the subjects (p = 0,988). According to this research, physical activity level is not the only contributing factor of DM type 2."

"Tujuan Mengetahui korelasi antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar MDA dan CRP plasma pada penderita DM tipe 2Tempat Poliklinik Metabolik dan Endokrin Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indanesia/RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, JakartaMetodologiPenelitian potong lintang pads 52 orang pasien DM tipe 2. Data yang diambil meliputi data demogra5, lama menderita DM tipe 2, komplikasi DM yang ada, asupan energi, lemak, dan vitamin E dengan metode food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) semikuantitatif, data laboratorium kadar vitamin E, MDA, dan CRP plasma. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson.HasilSubyek terdiri dari 14 orang laki-laki dan 38 orang perempuan, dengan rerata usia 49,75 ± 5,99 tahun. Rerata lama menderita DM tipe 2 adalah 64,12 ± 60,96 bulan, 53,8% berpendidikan sedang dan tinggi, 50% berada di bawah garis kemisldnan, 79,1% telah mengalami komplikasi DM tipe 2. Rerata IMT 25,89 ± 4,89 kglm2 dan 65,4% termasuk kriteria BB lebih, rerata asupan energi 1125 ± 315,13 kkal, 61,5% mengkonsumsi lemak yang berlebih, 98,1% mempunyai asupan vitamin E yang kurang. Nilai rerata kadar vitamin E plasma 25,86 ± 5,56 p.mol/L dan 98,1% subyek mempunyai kadar vitamin E normal. Rerata kadar MDA plasma 0,38 ± 0,12 unol1L dan 94,2% subyek memiliki kadar MDA normal. Rerata kadar CRP plasma 3,88 ± 3,13 mgfL dan 46,2% subyek mempunyai kadar CRP yang tinggi. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna (p >0,05) antara asupan lemak dengan kadar vitamin E plasma, dan antara asupan vitamin E dengan kadar vitamin E dan MDA plasma, serta korelasi negatif lemah dengan CRP plasma. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna antara kadar HbArc dengan kadar vitamin E, MDA, dan CRP plasma. Didapatkan korelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna (p >0,05) antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma, demikian pule dengan kadar CRP plasmaKesimpulanAntara kadar vitamin E dengan kadar MDA plasma terdapat korelasi positif derajat lemah yang tidak bermakna (p >0,05), demikian pula antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar CRP plasma."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Hiperglikemia kronik pada pasien Diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1) dihubungkan dengan kerusakan jangka panjang, gangguan fungsi dan kerusakan berbagai organ tubuh lain seperti mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh kapiler. Salah satu gangguan fungsi organ yang sering diabaikan sebagai akibat hiperglikemia adalah faal paru. Uji fungsi paru dapat membedakan kelainan paru obstruktif, restriktif atau campuran antara obstruktif dn restriktif. Uji fungsi paru dengan spirometri tidak dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada anak dibawah usia 7 atau 8 tahun karena memerlukan koordinasi yang cukup sulit. Penelitian tentang dampak DMT1 terhadap paru di Indonesia belum ada sampai saat ini.Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran uji fungsi paru pada pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun.Metode : Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Endokrinologi dan Respirologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), serta Laboratorium Prodia Salemba pada bulan Januari 2015. Wawancara orangtua dilakukan dan data kadar HbA1c dalam rentang satu tahun terakhir diambil dari rekam medis subjek atau berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan sebelumnya. Uji fungsi paru dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dan diambil salah satu hasil yang terbaik. Kemudian subjek menjalani pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar HbA1c dengan metode cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) di Laboratorium Prodia.Hasil : Tiga puluh lima subjek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian, terdiri dari 68,6% perempuan. Rerata usia 14 ± 2,7 tahun dan median durasi DM adalah 4 tahun (1,3-10,2 tahun). Rerata parameter FEV1 adalah 86,8 ± 14%, FVC 82,7 ± 12% dan V25 83,1 ± 26,2%. Median FEV1/FVC adalah 92,4 % (77,6-100) dan V50 91,5 % (41,1-204). Fungsi paru normal didapatkan pada 19 subjek (54,3%) dan fungsi paru terganggu sebanyak 16 subjek (45,7%), terdiri dari 10 subjek (28,6%) gangguan restriktif, 2 subjek (5,7%) gangguan obstruktif dan 4 subjek (11,4%) gangguan campuran. Rerata HbA1c dalam 1 tahun terakhir pada subjek dengan gangguan restriktif adalah 10,3%. Simpulan : Nilai parameter uji fungsi paru pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun masih dalam batas normal. Gangguan fungsi paru didapatkan pada 16 subjek (45,7%) dengan gangguan restriksi terbanyak yaitu 10 subjek (28,6%).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia.Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old.Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory.Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%.Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.;Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder., Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.]"

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Vitamin D dianggap berperan dalam patogenesis diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1), memperbaiki kontrol metabolik dan menurunkan risiko terjadinya komplikasi mikrovaskuler.Tujuan: Mengetahui profil kadar vitamin D remaja DMT1 dan hubungan kadar vitamin D dengan retinopati dan nefropati diabetik.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang pada remaja DMT1 usia 11-21 tahun dengan lama sakit minimal satu tahun. Semua subjek dilakukan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisis lengkap, kadar 25(OH)D, HbA1c, rasio albumin/kreatinin urin, dan fotografi fundus.Hasil: Terdapat 49 subjek, 34 (69,4%) perempuan dan 15 (30,6%) lelaki dengan median lama sakit lima tahun (1-16 tahun). Sebanyak 96% subjek menggunakan insulin basal bolus. Median HbA1c adalah 9,5% (6,3% - 18%). Tidak ada subjek dengan kadar 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL, 6 subjek (12,2%) dengan kadar 25(OH)D 21-19 ng/mL dan 87,8% memiliki kadar 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL. Rerata kadar 25(OH)D adalah 12,6 ng/mL (SD ±5,4 ng/mL). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar vitamin D adalah lama pajanan matahari (RP 13,3; 95%IK = 1,8-96, p= 0,019). Jenis pakaian, penggunaan sunblock, IMT, lama sakit, konsumsi susu tidak berhubungan dengan kadar vitamin D. Prevalens retinopati pada penelitian ini adalah 8,2%, mikroalbuminuria 28,5%, dan nefropati 16,3%. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar vitamin D dengan retinopati, mikroalbuminuria, dan nefropati diabetik.Kesimpulan: Tidak ada remaja DMT1 dengan kadar vitamin D yang cukup dan tidak ada hubungan antara kadar vitamin D dengan retinopati, mikroalbuminuria, dan nefropati diabetik.;Background: Many studies showed that vitamin D involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), metabolic control and decreased the risk of microvascular complication.

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ABSTRACT

Objective: To find out the vitamin D profile in adolescence with T1DM and its association with retinopathy and nephropathy diabetic.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study performed during April to May 2015 involving T1DM adolescence aged 11-21 years old with duration of illness ≥ 1 year. We used questionnaire to know factors associated with vitamin D level. We performed physical examinations, tests for level of 25(OH)D serum, HbA1c, urine albumin/creatinine ratio and fundal photographic.

Results: There were 49 subjects, 34 female (69.4%) and 15 male (30.6%) with median duration of illness was five years (1-16 years). Most of the subjects (96%) were on basal bolus regimen. Median of HbA1c level was 9.5% (range 6.3%-18%). None of the subject had 25(OH)D level ≥ 30 ng/mL, 12.2% with 25(OH)D level of 21-19 ng/mL and 87,8% was ≤ 20 ng/mL. Mean of 25(OH)D level was 12.6 ng/mL (SD ±5.4 ng/mL). Duration of sun exposure was associated with 25(OH)D level (prevalent ratio of 13.3; 95%CI = 1.8-96, p= 0.019); While type of clothing, sunblock, body mass index, milk and juice intake were not associated with 25(OH)D level. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 4 subjects (8.2%), microalbuminuria in 14 subjects (28.5%), and nephropathy in 8 subjects (16.3%). All the subjects who suffered from microvascular complication had 25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL. None of the subjects with 25 (OH)D > 20 ng/mL suffered had microvascular complication. There was no significant association between vitamin D level with diabetic retinopathy, microalbuminuria, or diabetic nephropathy.

Conclusion: None of the adolescent with type 1 DM had sufficient vitamin D level, and 87.8% had vitamin D deficiency. There was no association between vitamin D level with diabetic retinopathy, microalbuminuria, or diabetic nephropathy."

"Diabetes melitus adalah penyakit yang menyebabkan morbiditas dan mor-talitas di dunia. Hubungan antara diabetes melitus dengan obesitas telahdiketahui, tetapi peran distribusi pada daerah abdominal belum sepenuh-nya dijelaskan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pember-ian edukasi kesehatan terhadap perubahan lingkar pinggang pada pasiendiabetes melitus tipe 2. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental de-ngan satu kelompok desain pretest-posttest di Surabaya pada bulan Juni_ Juli 2013, dan melibatkan 31 subjek yang diberi program edukasi ke-sehatan selama 1 bulan yang dibagi dalam 4 pertemuan. Data dari pretestdan posttest dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dengan metode wilcoxon signedrank test pada data yang tidak normal (p > 0,05). Hasil penelitian menun-jukkan peningkatan pengetahuan dan perilaku pasien serta mengurangibesar lingkar pinggang pasien secara signifikan (p < 0,05). Lingkar ping-gang mulai menunjukan perbedaan signifikan pada minggu ketiga edukasi(Z = 12,93; P = 0,003) dibandingkan pretest. Penurunan lingkar pinggangantara posttest dan pretest sebesar 0,94 cm (minggu ke-4) dan 1,68 (4bulan kemudian). Oleh karena itu, edukasi kesehatan memiliki manfaatdalam meningkatkan self-monitoring diabetes melitus yang dapat mengu-rangi lingkar pinggang yang berguna untuk mengurangi risiko komplikasi.Diabetes mellitus is a disease that causes morbidity and mortality in theworld. Association of diabetes mellitus with obesity are well known, but therole of distribution in the abdominal area has not been fully elucidated. Theaim of this study was to determine the relationship of giving education tochange waist circumference in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study is anexperimental with one group pretest-posttest design in Surabaya, fromJune July 2013, and involving 31 subjects whom were given health edu-cation program for 1 month which are divided in 4 meetings in SurabayaUniversity. Data from the pretest and posttest were collected and analyzedwith the Wilcoxon signed rank test method on the data that isn?t normal (p> 0.05). The results showed an increase in knowledge and behavior ofpatients and reduced significantly the size of the waist circumference (p<0.05). Waist circumference began to show a significant difference in thethird week of education (Z = 12.93, P = 0.003) compared to the pretest.The decrease in waist circumferences between the pretest and posttestwere 0.94 cm (week 4) and 1.68 (4 months later). Therefore, health edu-cation has benefits in increasing self-monitoring of diabetes mellitus thatcan reduce waist circumference are useful for reducing the risk of compli-cations."

"ABSTRAKPrevalensi Diabetes Mellitus di Provinsi DKI Jakarta mengalami peningkatan danKepulauan Seribu menempati peringkat ke 3 tertinggi setelah Jakarta Selatan danJakarta Timur dengan proporsi 2,7% dengan jumlah kasus yang meningkat daritahun 2012 - 2015 di Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor pengetahuan, riwayat diabetes mellituskeluarga, pola kebiasaan makan, aktivitas fisik dan perilaku merokok dengankejadian diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dan faktor mana yang paling dominan yangberhubungan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Penelitian dilaksanakan padabulan Februari 2016. Desain penelitian menggunakan case control dengan jumlahsampel penelitian sebanyak 80 kasus dan 80 kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa riwayat diabetes mellitus keluarga, faktor pengetahuan tentang diabetesmellitus, pola kebiasaan makan berisiko dan pola kebiasaan makan seratberhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Hasil multivariatmenunjukkan bahwa penduduk dengan riwayat diabetes keluarga berisiko 6,2 kalilebih besar menderita diabetes mellitus dibandingkan dengan penduduk yang tidakmemiliki riwayat diabetes mellitus keluarga setelah dikontrol variabel pengetahuan,pola kebiasaan makan berisiko dan pola kebiasaan makan serat, aktifitas fisik, danperilaku merokok (95% CI: 2,810 ? 13,553). Dari penelitian ini disarankan untukmelakukan upaya preventif dan promotif yaitu dengan upaya perubahan perilakuuntuk menjadi lebih sehat dengan meningkatkan asupan serat, mengurangikebiasaan makan berisiko, dan meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang DM.

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ABSTRACTPrevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Jakarta increased and prevalence in ThousandIslands District Administration was ranked the third highest after South Jakarta andEast Jakarta with a proportion of 2.7%. The number of cases increased from year2012 to 2015 in the SubDistrict of Kepulauan Seribu Utara. This study aims todetermine the relationship between knowledge, family history of diabetes mellitus,the pattern of eating habits, physical activity and smoking behavior with diabetesmellitus type 2 and the most dominant factors that associated with the occurrenceof diabetes mellitus type 2. The research was conducted in February 2016. Thestudy design using the case control study with a sample size of 80 cases and 80controls. Results showed that a family history of diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitusknowledge, the pattern of risky eating habits and patterns of fiber eating habitssignificantly associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. Multivariate results showedthat the population with a family history of diabetes 6.2 times greater risk ofsuffering from diabetes mellitus compared with people who do not have a familyhistory of diabetes mellitus after controlled variable of knowledge, the pattern ofrisky eating habits and patterns of fiber eating habits (95% CI: 2.810 ? 13.553).From this research, it is advisable to carry out preventive and promotive efforts toattempt behavioral changes become healthier by increasing fiber intake, reducingthe risk of eating habits, and increase knowledge about diabetes."

"ABSTRAKFaktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan dengan Penerapan GayaHidup Sehat Diabetes Pada Penderita DM tipe 2 di KotaPematangsiantar Tahun 2017Penyakit Diabetes Mellitus DM menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan yangbesar di dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Prevalensi DM tipe 2 mengalamipeningkatan di Kota Pematangsiantar akibat dari perubahan gaya hidup. Tujuanpenelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan denganpenerapan gaya hidup sehat penderita DM tipe 2. Desain penelitian yangdigunakan adalah Cross Sectional, jumlah sampel 124 responden diambil denganmenggunakan Cluster Sampling. Analisis data menggunakan Uji Chi Square danregresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antarapersepsi hambatan, efikasi diri, pengetahuan, dukungan keluarga, dan jeniskelamin dengan penerapan gaya hidup sehat DM Faktor-faktor yang palingdominan berhubungan dengan penerapan gaya hidup sehat adalah efikasi diri OR=8,378 dan dukungan keluarga OR=2,626 . Responden yang memilikiefikasi diri yang tinggi akan berpeluang 8 kali lebih besar melakukan penerapangaya hidup sehat, dan responden yang mendapat dukungan keluarga yang tinggiberpeluang 3 kali lebih besar melakukan penerapan gaya hidup sehat.Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini agar dilakukan upaya peningkatan efikasi diridengan pemberian edukasi pada penderita DM dengan melibatkan peran sertakeluarga penderita.Kata kunci : Diabetes melitus, Penerapan gaya hidup sehat, Persepsi Individu,Efikasi Diri, Pengetahuan, Dukungan Keluarga.

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ABSTRACTFactors Related to Application of Healthy Lifestyle of Type 2Diabetes Mellitus in Pematangsiantar 2017Diabetes Mellitus DM has become one of the major health problems inIndonesia as well as in many other countries. The prevalence of Type 2 DiabetesMellitus T2DM has increased in Pematangsiantar as result of lyfestyle change.This research aimed to analyze the factors related to application of healthylyfestyle of T2DM patient. This research rsquo s design used was Cross Sectional, thesample of 124 respondents was taken by Cluster Sampling. Data analysis usingChi Square Test and multiple logistic regression. The results show there is arelationship between perception of barriers, self efficacy, knowledge, familysupport, and gender with the application of healthy lifestyle. The most dominantfactors related to the application of healthy lifestyle are self efficacy OR 8,378 and family support OR 2,626 . Respondents who have high self efficacywill have 8 times greater chance of implementing a healthy lifestyle, andrespondents who have high family support have 3 times greater chance ofimplementing a healthy lifestyle. The recommendation of this research is to makeefforts to increase self efficacy by giving education to T2DM patient by involvingpatient 39 s family participation.Key Word T2DM application of healthy lifestyle Individual perceptions knowledge cues to action"

"ABSTRAKDiabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan suatu penyakit menahun yang merupakan problem kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, terutama di kota-kota besar, yang meningkat menyertai adanya perubahan pola hidup masyarakat. Di Jakarta, penelitian epidemiologis pada penduduk yang dilakukan pada tahun 1982 mendapatkan prevalensi DM penduduk usia > 15 tahun sebesar 1,7 %, dan pada penelitian tahun 1993 meningkat menjadi 5,7 %. Jika tidak dikelola dengan baik, DM dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi kronik, baik komplikasi mikrovaskular yang dapat mengenai mata dan ginjal, maupun komplikasi makrovaskular yang terutama mengenai pembuluh darah jantung, otak, dan pembuluh darah tungkai bawah. Keadaan hiperglikemia kronik disangka merupakan dasar terjadinya komplikasi kronik, antara lain melalui proses glikasi berbagai macam protein. Terbentuknya produk akhir glikosilasi lanjut (advanced glycation end product) yang ireversibel akan berpengaruh terhadap fungsi protein terkait.Komplikasi kronik DM terjadi balk pada pasien DM yang tidak tergantung insulin (DMTTI non insulin dependent DM = NIDDM = DM tipe 2) maupun DM yang tergantung insulin (DMTI = insulin dependent DM = IDDM = DM tipe 1), walaupun ada perbedaan dalam kekerapan jenis komplikasi yang terjadi. Komplikasi makrovaskular lebih sering ditemukan pada DM tipe 2, sebaliknya pada DM tipe 1, komplikasi mikrovaskular yang terjadi pada ginjal dan mata tampak lebih menonjol.Di antara komplikasi menahun makrovaskular DM, "kaki diabetes" merupakan komplikasi yang paling mengesalkan, baik bagi pasien maupun bagi dokter yang mengelolanya. Kasus ulkus/gangren diabetes merupakan kasus DM yang terbanyak dirawat. Diperkirakan sebanyak sepertiga dari seluruh pasien DM akan mengalami masalah pada kakinya. Hari perawatan yang lama dan biaya pengobatan yang mahal merupakan salah satu persoalan yang harus mendapat perhatian sebaik-baiknya. Belum lagi dihitung tenaga yang hilang akibat kecacatan, dan ketidakhadiran di tempat kerja, serta biaya yang diperlukan untuk pengelolaan kecacatan tersebut. Apalagi kalau dilihat nasib pasien pasca amputasi, 30 - 50 % pasien yang telah diamputasi akan memerlukan tindakan amputasi untuk kaki sisi lainnya dalam kurun waktu 1 - 3 tahun setelah amputasi. Suatu nasib yang sungguh sangat suram."