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"Tesis ini memodifikasi penelitian Fraser, Zhang, dan Derashid (2006) yang berjudul ?Capital Structure and Political Patronage: the Case of Malaysia.? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah adanya politik patronase di dalam struktur dewan perusahaan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan untuk berhutang lebih. Penelitian ini mendeteksi adanya politik patronase di dalam perusahaan dengan adanya hubungan mantan menteri, mantan staf ahli kementerian, purnawirawan (baik TNI maupun Polri), relasi pejabat, dan/atau relasi bisnis di dalam struktur dewan perusahaan. Secara mengejutkan, adanya politik patronase pada Dewan Komisaris perusahaan akan mengurangi leverage perusahaan walaupun pada Dewan Direksi akan semakin meningkatkan leverage. Struktur kepemilikan, praktik tata kelola perusahaan, ukuran perusahaan, aset tetap, tingkat profitabilitas, dan kesempatan investasi memiliki pengaruh signifikan pula terhadap keputusan struktur modal perusahaan yang memiliki informasi patron. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa majority shareholders atau komisaris sebagai political executive akan meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan untuk berhutang lebih.

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This thesis is modifying research done by Fraser, Zhang, and Derashid (2006) named ?Capital Structure and Political Patronage: the Case of Malaysia.? This research aims to find out whether the presence of political patronage in the board could enhance the firm?s ability to carry more debt in its capital structure. The political patronage is detected by the presence of ties between the former ministers, the former ministry expert staff, the former high-rank military/police officers, the family of officials, and/or the business relation in the board. Surprisingly, the presence of political patronage on the board of commissioners may reduce debt despite the presence of it on the board of directors may increase the debt. Ownership structure, good corporate governance, firm size, fixed asset, profitability, and investment opportunities had significant impacts to decisionmaking process related with the capital structure of companies that had those patrons. In addition, the result also shows that majority shareholders or commissioners as a political executive will enhance the firm?s ability to carry more debt in its capital structure."

"Tidak semua duta besar yang diangkat oleh suatu negara merupakan seorang diplomat karier. Di Indonesia, pengangkatan duta besar dari kalangan diplomat non-karier kerap hadir dari masa ke masa. Meskipun agenda reformasi telah menghadirkan kriteria duta besar dengan landasan hukum yang jelas, di era Presiden Joko Widodo, tetap terdapat peningkatan persentase duta besar Republik Indonesia yang merupakan diplomat non-karier daripada pemerintahan sebelumnya. Selain itu, Presiden Joko Widodo mengangkat orang-orang yang pengalamannya tidak relevan dengan diplomasi secara umum maupun diplomasi ekonomi secara khusus sebagai fokus yang ia tekankan. Fenomena-fenomena tersebut memunculkan pertanyaan tentang pola pengangkatan duta besar Republik Indonesia di era Presiden Joko Widodo. Penelitian kuantitatif ini memanfaatkan teori patronase untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan data 170 pengangkatan duta besar di era Presiden Joko Widodo dari tahun 2014 hingga 2024. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa patronase dalam bentuk duta besar Republik Indonesia dengan latar belakang bisnis lebih mungkin ditempatkan di negara yang derajat hubungannya lebih tinggi dengan Indonesia dan lebih strategis secara ekonomi bagi Indonesia. Penelitian juga menemukan bahwa duta besar Republik Indonesia dari TNI dan Polri lebih mungkin ditempatkan di negara yang lebih tidak damai. Pola pengangkatan ini tampak paralel dengan visi diplomasi ekonomi, tetapi tidak dapat dikatakan menguntungkan kepentingan nasional semata mengingat pertimbangan politik domestik Presiden Joko Widodo dalam mengangkat pebisnis. Alhasil, sesuai dengan pemahaman bahwa Presiden merupakan aktor sentral dalam kebijakan luar negeri, pola pengangkatan ini juga mencerminkan sentralitas peran Presiden yang determinan sekaligus keterbatasan peran birokratik Kementerian Luar Negeri (Kemlu) Republik Indonesia dalam pengangkatan duta besar. Kemlu menjadi tempat bagi Presiden Joko Widodo untuk menyisipkan kepentingan politiknya. Dengan demikian, selama masa pemerintahannya, Presiden Joko Widodo melakukan patronase melalui pengangkatan duta besar Republik Indonesia.

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Not all ambassadors appointed by a state are career diplomats. In Indonesia, ambassadorial appointments from non-career diplomats often exist from time to time. While the reformasi agenda has given a clear legal basis of ambassadorial criteria, in the era of President Joko Widodo, there is still an increase from the previous government in the percentage of ambassadors who are non-career diplomats. Moreover, President Joko Widodo appointed ambassadors with no relevant experience in diplomacy in general and economic diplomacy in particular as the focus that he emphasized. These phenomena raise the question of the pattern of ambassadorial appointment in the era of President Joko Widodo. This quantitative research utilizes the patronage theory to answer that question. This study uses the data of 170 ambassadorial appointments in the era of President Joko Widodo from 2014 to 2024. The result of this study showed that patronage in the form of ambassadors with a business background are more likely to receive appointments to countries with higher degree of relations with Indonesia as well as countries economically more strategic for Indonesia. This study also found that ambassadors from TNI and Polri are more likely to be appointed to less peaceful countries. While this pattern appears parallel to the economic diplomacy vision, it cannot be said that it is solely for the benefit of Indonesia’s national interest, bearing the President’s domestic politics considerations in appointing businessmen. Therefore, in accordance with the understanding that the President is a central actor in foreign policy, this pattern also reflects the centrality of the President’s determinant role and the limited bureaucratic role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) of the Republic of Indonesia. MoFA becomes an arena for President Joko Widodo to insert his political interests. Thus, during his reign, President Joko Widodo carried out patronage through the appointment of ambassadors of Indonesia."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai pengaruh koneksi politik terhadap kinerja perusahaandengan berdasarkan pada teori resource dependence. Kinerja perusahaan padapenelitian ini diukur menggunakan dua pengukuran yaitu return on sales (ROS) danreturn on assets (ROA). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan meneliti seluruh perusahaanyang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada periode 2004-2013. Hasil dari penelitianini menunjukkan bahwa dengan dibangunnya koneksi politik, terdapat pengaruhpositif terhadap kinerja perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Hasil daripenelitian ini mendukung teori resource dependence.;

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discussed about the affect of political connection on firms' performancebased on resource dependence theory. Firm performance on this research using tworatios that is return on sales (ROS) and return on assets (ROA). The researchobserved listed companies on Indonesia Stock Exchange on 2004-2013. The evidenceshows that political connection had significant and positive impact on listedcompanies' performance. In addition, this research supports the resource dependencetheory., This thesis discussed about the affect of political connection on firms' performancebased on resource dependence theory. Firm performance on this research using tworatios that is return on sales (ROS) and return on assets (ROA). The researchobserved listed companies on Indonesia Stock Exchange on 2004-2013. The evidenceshows that political connection had significant and positive impact on listedcompanies' performance. In addition, this research supports the resource dependencetheory.]"

"The fall of Suharto’s authoritarian regime and the subsequent dissolution of vertical political patronage led to an upsurge of mass mobilization based on religion and/or ethnicity. In Jakarta, newly emerged vigilante groups that initially sought to represent small-scale neighborhood communities rapidly grew in size by receiving endorsements from local political authorities as well as by gaining extensive popular support. Despite their persistent association with violence and illicitness in popular discourse, some of those vigilante groups quickly increased their membership to hundreds of thousands. Highlighting the activities of the Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR), one of the biggest of these groups, this paper explains the causes, processes, and consequences of its expansion. The nature of the Betawi ethnic identity that has been constructed over decades, as well as an alternative mode of populist discourse that became prevalent in Jakarta during the last couple of decades, were the key background conditions through which such groups expanded in both size and geographic reach. These conditions also led to a loosely disciplined and highly autonomous organizational structure. An explanation of this process calls for a radical revision of the conventional model of ethnic mobilization that takes for granted disciplined organization and hierarchical control. In contemporary Jakarta, successful mass mobilization is not the sheer result of people’s response to populist calls. Attention must be paid to the logic of the mobilized in order to explain why vigilante organizations have been able to gain popular support despite their notorious reputation. This paper investigates the perspectives of the mobilized by focusing on neighborhood-level activities of the FBR. In so doing, it exemplifies how some residents perceive the FBR as a provider of potential socioeconomic resources for the enhancement of their life environment."

"ABSTRACTFisheries based livelihoods in the Berau Delta are diverse. The everyday life of small-scale fishers shows that gear diversification, changing fishing gear over a lifetime and practical knowledge to access good fishing grounds in the rich coastal waters are the main livelihood strategies developed by fishers. Fishing practices in the coastal frontier of Berau are influenced by the Bugis habitus of patronage networks between the punggawa and the dependent fishers. An essential element in decision making of fishers is their embeddedness in political-economic patronage networks as the result of the values, interests and knowledge contestations. Livelihood trajectories of different fishers from various classes confirm that as social actors, whether rich or poor, they have the agency to search for better livelihoods."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memverifikasi efek dari berbagai metode pembiayaan utang pada nilai perusahaan. Metode yang paling umum digunakan oleh perusahaan di Indonesia untuk pembiayaan utang adalah dengan (Pinjaman Bank), menerbitkan Public Debt (Obligasi dan Sukuk), dan Private Debt (Surat Berharga Komersial, Surat Utang Jangka Menengah, Wesel Bayar, Utang Hipotik, dan Utang Sewa Guna Usaha/leasing). Dari perspektif akuntansi, tidak ada perbedaan antara Public Debt (Obligasi/Sukuk) dan Loan (Pinjaman Bank). Namun, dari perspektif ekonomi/bisnis, surat utang perusahaan dan pinjaman bank berbeda dalam hal karakteristik mereka. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan asumsi bahwa atribut dari jenis utang yang dipilih memiliki dampak terhadap nilai perusahaan. Hasilnya akan menunjukkan karakteristik yang berbeda akan mempengaruhi nilai perusahaan.

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This study aims to verify the effects of various debt financing methods on firm value. The most common method used by companies in Indonesia for debt financing is by Loans, issuing Public Debt (Bonds and Islamic Bonds), and Private Debt (Commercial Securities, Medium-Term Notes, Notes Payable, Mortgage Debt, and Lease). From an accounting perspective, there is no difference between Public Debt (Bonds and Islamic Bonds) and Loans. However, from an economic/business perspective, corporate debt and bank loans differ in their characteristics. This research was conducted with the assumption that the attributes of the type of debt chosen had an impact on the value of the company. The results will show different characteristics that will affect the value of the company."

"ABSTRAKSeiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah mal yang berada di kota Jakarta berdampak pada terjadinya persaingan ketat diantara para pengelola mal dalam hal menarik pengunjung mal, sekaligus menarik perilaku patronasi yang diidamkan oleh parapenyewa ruang ritel di mal tersebut. Sebagai contoh perilaku patronasi tersebutadalah meluangkan waktu untuk berlama ? lama untuk berada di mal, berbelanjadalam frekuensi dan jumlah yang besar, berbelanja baik yang direncanakanataupun tidak direncanakan. Mal yang dibangun kini tidak hanya terpusat padakawasan - kawasan pusat perkantoran ataupun perdagangan. Namun sudah mulaimendekati pada lokasi hunian sebagai kelengkapan dari pengembang hunian yangditawarkan demi memberi akses berbelanja yang mudah bagi para penghunikawasan hunian disekitarnya. Dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi nyata tersebut,maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi adanya perbedaan yangmempengaruhi patronasi mal pada mal yang berlokasi di kawasan residensialdengan kawasan perkantoran.

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ABSTRACTAs the number of malls in Jakarta increases, it indirectly impacts a fierce competition between mall managements to attract mall visitors, while also toattract patronage behavior desired by the mall retail tenants. For example,patronage behavior means to spend more time at the mall, planned or unplannedshopping in a large amount and frequency. Now days, mall are built not only atthe central business district, but also near residential district as a part of packageoffered from the residential developers to give residence an easier shoppingaccess. By considering these real conditions, this research aims to identifydifferences that affects patronized mall towards to mall located at residentialdistrict with business district and by seeing the difference between mall locations"

"Tesis ini membahas pengaruh political connections terhadap cost of equity dengan menggunakan analisis regresi data panel model pooled least square. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 141 data observasi periode 2005, 2008 dan 2011. Cost of equity diukur dengan menggunakan pendekatan CAPM dengan modifikasi beta Dimson. Sedangkan political connections menggunakan variabel dummy yaitu nilai 1 jika perusahaan teridentifikasi memiliki political connections dan nilai 0 jika teridentifikasi tidak memiliki political connections. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa political connections terbukti memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap cost of equity yang berarti bahwa perusahaan harus menanggung cost of equity yang lebih tinggi atas political connections yang dimilikinya.

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This thesis discusses influence of political connections on the cost of equity using panel data regression analysis with pooled least square model. 141 samples were used as observation data period 2005, 2008 and 2011. Cost of equity measured using the CAPM approach with Dimson beta modification. While political connections using a dummy variable, given 1 if company have political connections identified, and 0 if it does not have political connections identified. The results show that political connections have proven significant positive effect on the cost of equity, which means that the company must bear higher cost of equity for the company`s political connections."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menguji pengaruh koneksi politik terhadap agresivitas pajak perusahaan. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara koneksi politik dengan agresivitas pajak yang diukur dengan menggunakan proksi Book Tax Difference. Sedangkan koneksi politik tidak terbukti signifikan berpengaruh terhadap agresivitas pajak yang diukur dengan menggunakan proksi diskresi perbedaan permanen.

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ABSTRACTThis Research examines the influence of political connections on tax aggresiveness of a company. The sample used for this research are the company listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2013. This research shows that there is a positive relationship between a firm's political connections and tax aggresiveness, and proven to affect significantly measured with the Book Tax Difference proxy However, the political connections are not proven significantly to affect the tax aggresiveness measured with the discretionary permanent differences proxy., This Research examines the influence of political connections on taxaggresiveness of a company. The sample used for this research are the companylisted in Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2013. This research shows that there is apositive relationship between a firm's political connections and tax aggresiveness,and proven to affect significantly measured with the Book Tax Difference proxyHowever, the political connections are not proven significantly to affect the taxaggresiveness measured with the discretionary permanent differences proxy.]"