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"Konversi biomassa lignoselulosa membutuhkan proses perlakuan pendahuluan yang bertujuanuntuk memisahkan lignin dari selulosa. Beberapa metode telah banyak diketahui untuk proses perlakuanpendahuluan biomassa lignoselulosa, diantaranya perlakuan pendahuluan secara fisika, fisika-kimia,kimia dan biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan kultur campur jamurpelapuk putih Phanerochaete crysosporium (Pc), Pleurotus ostreatus (Po), dan Trametes versicolor(Tv) terhadap penurunan kadar lignin bagas dengan kehilangan minimal α-selulosa. Inokulum yangdigunakan sebesar 5% (w/v) dengan variasi kultur Po dan Tv (1:1), Po dan Pc (1:1), Pc dan Tv (1:1)dan Po, Pc dan Tv (1:1:1). Kultur campur jamur diinokulasikan ke dalam bagas dan diinkubasi masing-masing selama 1, 2, 3, dan 4 minggu. Analisa kimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui kehilangan berat, kadarlignin serta selulosa bagas sebelum dan setelah perlakuan pendahuluan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa penurunan optimal kadar lignin bagas dengan kehilangan minimal α-selulosa terjadi pada waktuinkubasi dua minggu untuk setiap variasi kultur campur. Dari empat variasi kultur campur pada waktuinkubasi dua minggu menunjukkan bahwa kehilangan rata-rata lignin bagas tertinggi (325,26±1,57%)dengan kehilangan minimal α-selulosa (17,27±3,76%) terjadi pada kultur campur Pc dan Tv."

"Kulit merupakan bagian terluar dari tubuh manusia yang mempengaruhi penampilan seseorang. Penggunaan skincare secara rutin dan tepat merupakan salah satu cara untuk menjaga kesehatan kulit. Sekarang ini, produk kecantikan berbahan alami mulai diminati konsumen karena aman digunakan. Salah satu bahan alami yang berpotensi adalah jamur pangan (edible mushroom). Telah banyak penelitian yang menunjukkan kemampuan antimikroba terhadap bakteri pemicu jerawat, Cutibacterium acnes, dan antioksidan dalam mengatasi radikal    bebas penyebab penuaan dini. Aktivitas antimikroba jamur pangan terhadap C. acnes diuji menggunakan metode disc diffusion dan broth macrodilution. Selain itu, jamur pangan dilakukan uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl2picrylhydrazil). Sebanyak 4 dari 23 jamur yang diuji pada penelitian ini menunjukkan kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan C, acnes. Jamur Hypsizygus marmoreus (kode: Buna - KS) menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba terbaik terhadap C. acnes dengan LC50 sebesar 292,5 mg/mL. Jamur pangan pada penelitian ini seluruhnya menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang beragam dimana 11 dari 23 jamur pangan (200 mg/mL) memberikan inhibisi sebesar > 50%. Dengan metode DPPH untuk uji aktivitas antioksidan, nilai IC50 terbaik dihasilkan oleh jamur Calocybe indica (kode: JS(KJ) - KS) sebesar 1,6 × 103 ppm. Selanjutnya, analisis metabolomik dengan metode GC-MS (Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrophotometry) dilakukan untuk jamur tertentu dengan aktivitas antimikroba terhadap C. acnes dan aktivitas antioksidan terbaik. Senyawa asam tartarat dan asam laktat ditemukan dari hasil analisis GC-MS. Kedua senyawa kelompok asam organik tersebut diketahui mempengaruhi kemampuan antimikroba jamur terhadap C. acnes. Senyawa metabolit silanol dan asam butirat yang diketahui mempengaruhi aktivitas antioksidan agen biologis tertentu juga ditemukan dari esktrak jamur tertentu yang dianalisis. Oleh karena itu, senyawa metabolit potensial tertentu berhubungan dengan kemampuan jamur sebagai agen antimikroba terhadap C. acnes dan agen antioksidan.

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Skin is the outermost part of human body that affects a person’s look. Regular and proper use of skincare is an among way to maintain skin’s health. Nowadays, natural-based material skincare began to interest the society due to its safety. An among potensial natural material for skincare is edible mushroom. There had been numerous research prove edible mushroom’s antimicrobial ability against acne-causing bacteria, Cutibacterium acnes, and antioxidant ability in overcoming free radicals that cause premature aging. Antimicrobial against C. acnes activity was tested using the disc diffusion and the broth macrodilution method. Moreover, edible mushrooms were tested for antioxidant activity by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) method. There were 4 of 23 edible mushrooms terted in this study showed growth inhibition of C. acnes. Hypsizygus marmoreus (code: Buna - KS) gave the best antimicrobial activity against C. acnes with LC50 was 292,5 mg/mL. All of edible mushroomns used in this study showed various antioxidant activity that 11 of 23 mushrooms (200 mg/mL) gave more than 50% inhibition. Using DPPH method for antioxidant activity test, the best IC50 was given by Calocybe indica (kode: JS(KJ)-KS) reached 1,6 × 103 ppm. Moreover, metabolomic analysis using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrophotometry) method was tested to certain mushrooms with great antimicrobial and antioxidant activites. Tartaric acid and lactic acid were identified from the results of GC-MS analysis. These organic acid compounds have been reported to affect the mushroom’s antimicrobial ability against C. acnes. Metabolite compounds of silanol and butyric acid that are known to affect the antioxidant activity of certain biological agents was also found from the extracts of certain mushroom analyzed. Therefore, certain potential metabolite compounds related to the ability of mushroom as antimicrobial agent against C. acnes and antioxidant agent."

"Waste management is still a serious problem in Indonesia in the era of 4.0 as an example mushroomed cafe millennial culture coffee jaman now "PesenKopi" whose systems take away that now produces thousands of plastic cup plus yet the magnitude of public awareness of waste management both in the household and in the neighborhoods where they are, we humans have such enormous impact on the growth of the amount of garbage in the world and have an effect on the health of the earth."

"After the issuance of the Constitutional Court Decision No.33 / PUU-Xlll / 2015 as the cancellation of the ban on dynastic politics, a number of candidates from the incumbent's relatives advanced in the direct Pilkada and mushroomed up to the 2020 regional elections. The occurrence of kinship politics is not only seen in terms of regulation, but the rise of kinship politics is also due to problems in political parties in carrying out the political recruitment function. This study seeks to analyze the findings of the online media reported in Kompas and Tempo. This study uses qualitative methods and uses Nvivo 12 Plus in processing data. In this study, it is explained that the factors for the formation of dynastic politics from online media coverage of Kompas dominantly explains the recruitment of political parties which are less democratic, while Tempo online media dominantly explains that the supporting factors for the formation of kinship politics are party recruitment, family support, and weak legal rules. In addition, the impact of kinship politics from the analysis of Kompas online media reports is the creation of corrupt behaviour and damaging the bureaucratic order. Meanwhile, the impact of kinship politics from the analysis of Tempo online media is the decline in the quality of democracy and damage to the structure of the party. This type of research used in this research is qualitative research. The analysis used in this paper is descriptive analysis. Analysis was performed using the Nvivo 12 plus software."

"ABSTRAKVolvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer 1951 merupakan salah satu jamur yangtumbuh pada limbah pertanian mengandung lignoselulosa. Penelitian bertujuanmengetahui karakteristik biokimia media tanam dalam memproduksi jamurmerang. Sampel dianalisis kandungan lignoselulosa, karbon dan nitrogen (rasioC/N), gula pereduksi, pH dan total populasi mikroorganisme. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan penurunan kadar lignoselulosa, suhu, rasio C/N and totalmikroorganisme, namun terjadi kenaikan pH dan gula pereduksi. Penurunan kadarlignin 12,94% pada media daun pisang, 10,35% pada media jerami padi dan9,50% pada media kapas. Kadar holoselulosa mengalami penurunan 19,96%menggunakan jerami padi; 11,85% menggunakan kapas; dan 4,73% menggunakandaun pisang. Jamur merang pada media kapas menghasilkan produksi tertinggidalam total berat basah, diameter dan jumlah tubuh buah. Efisiensi biologitertinggi diperoleh dari diproduksi menggunakan kapas, 17,79%; daun pisang8,56%; dan jerami padi 7,93%. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak adanyaperbedaan signifikan dari budidaya menggunakan kapas, jerami padi, dan daunpisang (p<0,05). Kadar gula pereduksi mengalami kenaikan 38,66%menggunakan kapas; 36,57% menggunakan daun pisang; dan 20,17%menggunakan jerami padi. Budidaya jamur merang mengakibatkan pH mediatanam menjadi basa dengan akhir pH 8,97 pada jerami padi; pH 8,55 pada kapas;dan 7,95 pada daun pisang.

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ABSTRACTVolvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer 1951 is one of the most cultivated mushroomgrew on lignocellulosic media. The purpose of study was analyze biochemicalcharacteristic growth on media for production of paddy straw mushroom. Thesamples were analyzed on lignocellulosic, carbon and nitrogen (C/N ratio),reducing sugar content, pH and total population on microorganism. The resultsrevealed decrease on lignocellulosic content, temperature, C/N ratio and totalmicroorganism, however increased in pH and reduced sugar content. Lignincontent decreased 12.94% using banana leaves; 10.35% using paddy straws; and9.50% using cotton wastes. Holocellulose content decreased 19.96% on paddystraws; 11.85% on cotton wastes; and 4.73% on banana leaves. Cotton waste hasthe highest production based on the fresh weight, diameter and number of fruitingbodies. The highest biological efficiency, 17.69% produced from cultivation oncotton waste; 8,56% on banana leaves; and 7.93% on paddy straws. Reducingsugar content increased 20.71% on paddy straws; 36.57% on banana leaves; and38.66% on cotton wastes. Statistical analysis shows no signifficant different fromcultivation on cotton wastes, paddy straws and banana leaves (p<0,05).Cultivation of paddy straw mushroom caused pH into alkali with final pH 8.97 onpaddy straw; 8.55 on cotton wastes; and 7.95 on banana leaves."

"This book is the result of 14 years of collecting Entolomataceae in the native forests of Tasmania, Australia. Although initially involving only the Tasmanian residents Genevieve Gates and David Ratkowsky, who made twice- or thrice-weekly forays into the forests throughout the year, the project was subsequently joined by agaric specialist Machiel Noordeloos from the Netherlands, and by fungi photographer Michael Pilkington from the United Kingdom. The international character of the project is further evidenced by the earlier contributions of American mycologist Tim Baroni to the Tasmanian Rhodocybe species. The resulting 90 Entoloma species and 10 Clitopilus species are well documented with standardized descriptions, line drawings of fruit bodies and diagnostic microscopic characters, and, when available, with colour photographs. "