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"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas pengaruh penambahan aditif pemodifikasi gesekan serbuk MoS2 ukuran 1 5 m dengan jumlah mulai 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 dan 2 berat dan ukuran 90 nm sebesar 0 05 0 1 0 5 pada minyak lumas dasar mineral HVI 60 terhadap karakteristik gesekan dan perlindungan keausannya Aditif ukuran 90 nm dan minyak lumas dasar dicampur dan diaduk menggunakan magnetik stirrer selama enam puluh menit pada suhu 50oC setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic homogenizer selama satu jam sedangkan aditif ukuran 1 5 m pada suhu 75oC tanpa menggunakan ultrasonic homogenizer Campuran yang dihasilkan diuji karakteristik gesekan dan perlindungan keausannya menggunakan mesin uji four ball dan mesin uji SRV Analisis dilakukan pada material bola uji menggunakan optical emission spectroscopy OES goresan permukaan bola uji menggunakan scanning electron microscope SEM dan minyak lumas sisa pengujian dengan alat uji rotating disk electrode RDE Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan aditif meningkatkan perlindungan keausan dengan dosis optimal sebesar 0 1 berat dengan rincian ukuran 1 5 m perbaikannya sebesar 23 dan ukuran 90 nm sebesar 11 Pengamatan permukaan goresan menunjukkan mekanisme keausan terjadi secara adesif dan abrasif Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini bisa digunakan sebagai dasar dalam pembuatan minyak lumas untuk aplikasi tertentu dengan mutu yang lebih baik

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality , This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ]"

"Penentuan rute pengiriman dan penjadwalan yang efektif dan efisien serta sistem transportasi yang tepat mempunyai peranan penting dalam optimasi biaya distribusi suatu perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan sistem distribusi pelumas yang tepat dari depot ke pelanggan dengan menggunakan algoritma tabu search pada permasalahan vehicle routing problem (VRP) yang dikenal sebagai konsep umum untuk menentukan dan mendapatkan rute terbaik bagi kendaraan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan suatu model sistem distribusi yang dapat diterapkan dalam aplikasi pengiriman pelumas kepada pelanggan berupa rute distribusi yang efektif dan efisien, sistem penjadwalan yang tepat, jarak tempuh pengiriman yang singkat dan menentukan jumlah minimal kendaraan yang dibutuhkan untuk pengiriman produk ke pelanggan.

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Determination of routes and scheduling delivery of effective and efficient and appropriate transport system plays an important role in optimizing distribution costs of a company. This study aims to determine the proper lubricant distribution system from the depot to the customer by using taboo search algorithm on the problem of vehicle routing problem (VRP), known as a general concept to define and get the best route for the vehicle.

The results of this study is to obtain a distribution system model that can be applied in the application of lubricants to customers in the form of delivery routes are effective and efficient distribution systems, proper scheduling, short delivery mileage and determine the minimum number of vehicles required for delivering products to customers."

"Fenomena crackle merupakan fenomena yang masih jarang diteliti. Tujuan dari pengujian ini adalah mengetahui fenomena cackle. Dasar teori yang menjadi acuan pengujian ini adalah Leidenfrost Effect. Leidenfrost Effect adalah suatu fenomena yang muncul ketika cairan dijatuhkan ke atas plat di mana temperatur dari plat tersebut berada di atas titik didih cairan. Pengujian ini dilakukan dengan cara meneteskan satu tetesan tunggal ke suatu plat yang memiliki temperatur tinggi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi fenomena ini antara lain temperatur plat dan tegangan permukaan dari cairan tersebut. Bahan yang digunakan sebagai bahan pengujian adalah minyak pelumas yang telah dikontaminasi air sedangkan temperatur maksimum yang digunakan pada pengujian sebesar maksimum 400°C. Pelumas yang dikontaminasi air ini dapat kita asumsikan pelumas bekas yang telah lama dipakai. Fenomena - Crackle - muncul ketika minyak pelumas menyentuh permukaan dan - melompat - dengan massa lebih ringan daripada saat tumbukan pertama. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan akibat adanya kontaminasi ini, jika pelumas diteteskan pada suatu permukaan yang panas dengan temperatur di atas titik didih cairannya, akan timbul fenomena crackle.

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Crackle phenomena testing is an infrequently research to do .The purpose of this testing is to understand the crackle phenomena. The basic theory that this testing use is the Leidenfrost Effect. Leidenfrost Effect is a phenomenon that occur when a liquid being dropped on a plate when the temperature of the plate is above the boiling temperature of the liquid. The testing is done by dropped a single droplet on a very high temperature plate. Factors that influence this phenomenon are the temperature of the plate and the surface tense of the liquid. The substance that being used as a material testing is water contaminated oil lubricant meanwhile the maximum temperature for the plate is 400°C. We can this water contaminated oil lubricant as a used oil lubricant which has a long usage time. The phenomenon of "Crackle" occurs when the fuel strike a surface and then 'bounce' with the weight of mass smaller than the initial collision. The result of this testing shown that because of this contaminating, the lubricants that we drop on a very hot plate above its boiling temperature, would be emerge the crackle phenomena."

"Minyak transformator merupakan salah satu bahan isolasi yang paling baik digunakan untuk menjaga sistem isolasi pada semua transformator daya. Seiring dengan tingginya pengoperasian pada transformator dapat mengakibatkan temperatur dari minyak transformator meningkat. Kejadian tersebut dapat mengakibatkan deteriorasi pada minyak transformator seperti terjadinya gangguan thermal decomposition yang mengakibatkan menurunnya kekuatan isolasi dari minyak. Oleh karena itu kondisi minyak transformator perlu diperiksa secara berkala untuk mencegah terjadinya kegagalan pengoperasian. Analisis dilakukan berdasarkan kandungan gas yang terurai pada minyak transformator dengan membandingkan beberapa metode analisis, yaitu metode TDCG,Roger’s Ratio, Doernenburg Ratio dan Duval Triangle. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan dengan standar internasional yang berlaku untuk mendapatkan hasil analisis yang valid. Hasil analisis yang didapatkan adalah transformator dengan kondisi baik tidak memerlukan analisis lebih mendalam pada masing-masing parameternya, sedangkan pada transformator dengan kondisi buruk dapat dilakukan analisis lebih mendalam untuk mendiagnosa gangguan yang mungkin terjadi. Gangguan yang terjadi pada Transformator 2 berdasarkan metode TDCG adalah berada di kondisi 4, berdasarkan metode Roger’s Ratio dan Duval Triangle mengalami thermal fault dengan t>700° Celcius dan metode mengalami kondisi thermal decomposition

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Transformer oil is one of the best insulating materials used to maintain an insulating system on all power transformers. Along with the high operation of the transformer can cause the temperature of the transformer oil to increase. This incident can result deterioration of transformer oil such as thermal decomposition which will cause a decrease especially for the insulating strength of the oil. Therefore, the condition of transformer oil needs to be checked periodically to prevent operating failures. The analysis was carried out based on the dissolved gas content in the transformer oil by comparing several analytical methods, namely the TDCG method, Roger’s Ratio, Doernenburg Ratio and Duval Triangle method. The analysis is carried out by comparing with applicable international standards to obtain valid analysis results. The results of the analysis obtained are transformers with good conditions do not require more in-depth analysis of each parameter, while transformers with bad conditions can be analyzed more deeply to diagnose possible disturbances. The disturbance that occurs in Transformer 2 based on the TDCG method is in condition 4, based on the Roger's Ratio  and the Duval Triangle experiencing a thermal fault with t>700° Celsius and the Doernenburg Ratio experiencing thermal decomposition conditions."

"[ABSTRAKEkuitas merek merupakan serangkaian aset dan kewajiban merek yang terkaitdengan sebuah merek, nama dan simbolnya, yang menambah atau menguranginilai yang diberikan sebuah produk atau jasa kepada perusahaan atau pelangganperusahaan tersebut. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh elemen-elemenutama ekuitas merek, yaitu persepsi kualitas, kesadaran merek, asosiasi merek,dan loyalitas merek, dalam membangun ekuitas merek Shell Helix HX3. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya loyalitas merek yang memiliki pengaruhpositif yang signifikan terhadap ekuitas merek Shell Helix HX3. Dengandemikian, sebaiknya Shell Indonesia terus meningkatkan aktivitas komunikasipemasaran terpadu secara terencana dan berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkanloyalitas merek dan selanjutnya ekuitas merek Shell Helix HX3.

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ABSTRACTBrand equity is a set of assets (and liabilities) linked to a brand's name andsymbol that adds to (or subtracts from) the value provided by a product or serviceto a firm and/or that firm's customers. This study discusses the influence of themain elements of brand equity, including perceived quality, brand awareness,brand association, and brand loyalty, in building brand equity of Shell Helix HX3.The results showed that the only element that has a significant positive effect onbrand equity of Shell Helix HX3 was brand loyalty. Thus, Shell Indonesia shouldcontinue to improve the integrated marketing communications activities in aplanned and sustainable manner to increase brand loyalty and subsequentlybrand equity of Shell Helix HX3, Brand equity is a set of assets (and liabilities) linked to a brand's name andsymbol that adds to (or subtracts from) the value provided by a product or serviceto a firm and/or that firm's customers. This study discusses the influence of themain elements of brand equity, including perceived quality, brand awareness,brand association, and brand loyalty, in building brand equity of Shell Helix HX3.The results showed that the only element that has a significant positive effect onbrand equity of Shell Helix HX3 was brand loyalty. Thus, Shell Indonesia shouldcontinue to improve the integrated marketing communications activities in aplanned and sustainable manner to increase brand loyalty and subsequentlybrand equity of Shell Helix HX3]"

"Minyak pelumas bekas merupakan salah satu limbah yang dikategorikan sebagai limbah B3. Dalam limbah tersebut terdapat kandungan logam berat yaitu timbal. Keberadaan timbal ini dikarenakan pada saat mesin bekerja yang menyebabkan mesin mengalami keausan dan logam timbal terlepas ke pelumas. Untuk menghilangkan timbal dari minyak pelumas bekas dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan lempung alami bleaching earth sebagai adsorben. Pada penelitian ini lempung tersebut diaktivasi menggunakan asam sulfat H2SO4 dengan variasi konsentrasi yaitu 1 M, 1,5 M dan 2 M. Dengan menggunakan asam sulfat tersebut didapatkan hasil persentase mineral montmorillonite meningkat hingga mencapai 68 dan luas permukaan membesar hingga pencapai 62,9 m2/g. Aktivasi tersebut juga terlihat dapat meningkatkan daya adsorbensi dan mempersingkat waktu kontak. Dari hasil percobaan yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa kondisi adsorpsi optimum terjadi pada aktivasi dengan konsentrasi 1,5 M dan dengan waktu kontak adsorpsi 30 menit. Dengan kondisi tersebut, kemudian dilakukan variasi kosentrasi adsorben dengan variasi konsenstrasi 20 g/L, 40 g/L, 60 g/L, 80 g/L dan 100 g/L. Dengan variasi tersebut maka didapatkan konsentrasi optimum yaitu 20 g/L.

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Used lubricating oil is one of waste categorized as hazardous and toxic waste. It contains heavy metal, and one of them is lead. The existence of lead is due to when the engine is working so that the engine is wearing and lead metal is released to the lubricant. Removing lead from used lubricating oil can be done by using natural clay bleaching earth as adsorbent.

In this study, the clay was activated by using sulfuric acid H2SO4 with 1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M concentration variation. By using sulfuric acid, the percentage of montmorillonite mineral increased up to 68 and the surface area expanded up to 62,9 m2 g. Activation is also seen to increase the adsorbensi power and shorten the contact time.

From the experimental results, it is found that optimum adsorption conditions occured at activation with concentration of 1.5 M and with 30 minutes adsorption time. Under these conditions, concentration variation of adsorbent with concentration of 20 g L, 40 g L, 60 g L, 80 g L and 100 g L were observed. With this variation, the result shows optimum concentration of 20 g L."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi pelumasan terhadap mampu bentuk lembaran kuningan perforasi heksagonal dan membandingkan kekuatan mekanis dan sifat mampu bentuk kuningan perforasi dengan tanpa perforasi. Dimana sifat mampu bentuk dipengaruhi oleh nilai LDR proses deep drawing dan nilai kedalaman stretching dan distribusi regangan proses stretching."