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"Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi durasi perdagangan Indonesia, dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat berhentinya perdagangan. Kami menemukan sebagian besar arus perdagangan Indonesia berumur pendek, durasi rata-rata hanyalah 2 tahun untuk semua spell, baik impor atau ekspor. Namun, beberapa arus perdagangan bertahan lebih lama, yaitu barang impor penting (misalnya gandum), atau barang ekspor di mana Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif yang kuat (misalnya minyak kelapa sawit dan karet). Selain itu, perdagangan sering kali terputus ('berhenti dan mulai kembali'). Faktor-faktor yang berdampak terhadap tingkat berhentinya perdagangan impor (dan ekspor) adalah: jarak, negara mitra, nilai perdagangan awal, ukuran pasar, ukuran pemasok (hanya untuk impor), pertumbuhan rasio kredit, nilai tukar, dan jenis produk yang diperdagangkan.

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This study explores the duration of Indonesian trade and identifies the factors that affect its hazard rate. We found that most of Indonesian trade flows are short-lived; the median duration is merely 2 years for all spells, independent of whether one considers imports or exports. However, some trade flows last longer. These consist of imported goods, on which Indonesia depends greatly (e.g. wheat), or export goods in which Indonesia has a strong comparative advantage (e.g. palm oil or rubber). Moreover, there is evidence of trade being frequently interrupted (‘stopped and re-started’). Factors that have impacts on hazard rate of stopping import (and export) are: distance, partner countries, initial trade value, market size, supplier size (only for import), growth of credit ratio, exchange rate and product type."

"Disertasi ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model perilaku tentang durasi migrasi internal di Indonesia, menerapkannya dalam model empiris dan mengestimasi berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi lama seseorang bermigrasi. Estimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis survival, yakni dengan pendekatan Recurrent Event Survival Analysis. Variabel durasi dan karakteristik migran diperoleh dengan mengolah data Sakerti tahun 1993-2007. Disimpulkan bahwa dalam mengambil keputusannya, migran selalu membandingkan daerah asal dan tujuan agar memperoleh kesempatan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan si migran maupun keluarganya. Faktor karakteristik dan tingkat pendidikan migran terbukti mempengaruhi durasi. Durasi juga cenderung lebih lama setelah otonomi daerah. Keterikatan migran terhadap daerah dan keluarganya masih cukup tinggi, terutama bagi migran yang ber asal dari daerah pedesaan.

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The dissertation attempts to develop a behavioral model on internal migration duration in Indonesia, to implement it to the empirical model and to estimate factors influenced the migrant?s decision to return. The estimation was conducted by using survival analysis, i.e. Recurrent Event Survival Analysis. The duration and the characteristic variables are developed from the Sakerti data within period of 1993-2007.

The main conclusion indicates that the return decision was mainly influenced by the opportunity to increase migrants welfares. The migrant?s characteristic and education level proved to affect the duration. The duration also tends to be longer after the implementation of regional autonomy. The migrant?s engagement to their family and comunity was remain strong, and even stronger if the status of the home region was rural area."

"Setiap negara seringkali menghadapi defisit neraca perdagangan. Beberapa studi empiris menyatakan bahwa pendapatan dan nilai tukar merupakan faktor penentu utama neraca perdagangan. Penulis berpendapat bahwa komposisi ekspor dan impor juga merupakan variabel penjelas utama karena beberapa barang bersifat inelastis dan/atau memiliki nilai tambah yang tinggi, yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung mempengaruhi elastisitas pendapatan dan harga serta neraca perdagangan. Dengan demikian, apabila ekspor dan/atau impor yang signifikan terdiri dari produk-produk yang inelastis, maka dampak positif dan negatifnya diperkirakan akan berdampak pada neraca perdagangan. Beberapa prosedur seleksi digunakan untuk mengetahui komposisi komoditas ekspor-impor mana yang mempengaruhi perdagangan bilateral antara Indonesia dan negara mitra. Proses tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 14 komoditas ekspor dan 23 komoditas impor yang terus menerus mempengaruhi neraca perdagangan bilateral Indonesia. Terdapat 11 negara mitra yang menunjukkan kemitraan perdagangan yang konsisten dalam kurun waktu 1999 hingga 2021. Dengan menggunakan data perdagangan bilateral dan model panel, penulis menemukan bahwa ekspor minyak/lemak hewani dan nabati serta kertas & kertas karton berhubungan secara signifikan dan positif terhadap neraca perdagangan barang Indonesia. Sementara itu, bahan bakar mineral mempunyai hubungan negatif namun signifikan terhadap neraca perdagangan barang Indonesia. Rasio neraca perdagangan bilateral Indonesia juga merespons perubahan pendapatan relatif dan nilai tukar.

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Every country often faces a trade balance deficit. Several empirical studies state that income and exchange rates are the main determining factors of the trade balance. The author believes that the composition of exports and imports is also a key explanatory variable because some goods are inelastic and/or with high added value, which directly and indirectly affects income and price elasticity and the trade balance. Thus, if significant exports and/or imports consist of inelastic products, then the positive and negative impacts are expected to have an impact on the trade balance. Some selection procedures are used to find out which export-import commodity composition influence the bilateral trade between Indonesia and partner countries. The process showed that there are 14 export commodities and 23 import commodities continuously affect Indonesia bilateral trade balance. There are 11 countries partner are shown consistent trade partnership within 1999 to 2021. Using bilateral trade data and panel models, the author finds that exports of animal and vegetable oils/fats and paper & paperboards are significantly and positively related to Indonesia's goods trade balance. Meanwhile, mineral fuels have a negative but significant relationship to Indonesia's goods trade balance. Indonesia's bilateral trade balance ratio also responds to changes in relative income and exchange rates."

"ABSTRAKThis research examines the validity of the export competitiveness determination pattern using supply side industrial variables as proposed by Petri 1988 for the Indonesian manufacturing sector case for the 14 years beginning 2001 and ended 2014. Using the RCA index as a proxy for competitiveness, the statistical validity of the intensities of unskilled labor, physical capital, scale, and technology were tested as determinants, alongside which the export competitiveness of two significant neighbors, Singapore and Malaysia was included. After strict selection, pooled, robust least squares was used, yielding results that showed unskilled labor intensity, scale intensity, and the Malaysian export competitiveness as positive determinants, while technological intensity and the Singaporean export competitiveness are negative determinants of Indonesia rsquo s export competitiveness.

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ABSTRACTPenelitian ini menelaah validitas pola penentuan daya saing ekspor menggunakan variabel industrial yang digunakan oleh Petri 1988 , untuk kasus sector manufaktur Indonesia dalam jangka waktu 14 tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2014. Dengan menggunakan indeks RCA sebagai variabel proxy untuk daya saing, validitas secara statistika daripada variabel intensitas tenaga kerja tidak terampil, modal fisik, skala usaha, dan teknologi diuji; juga diuji adalah faktor daya saing negara tetangga Singapura dan Malaysia. Setelah pengujian intensif, penggunaan pooled least squares dengan metoda robust regression digunakan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa intensitas tenaga kerja tidak terampil, intensitas skala usaha, dan daya saing Malaysia merupakan determinan positif, sedangkan intensitas teknologi dan daya saing Singapura merupakan determinan negative dari daya saing ekspor Indonesia."

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Seiring dengan meningkatnya populasi umat Islam di Indonesia, semakin besar peluang untuk mengembangkan kewirausahaan sosial Islami. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi niat berwirausaha sosial Islami pada masyarakat muslim Indonesia, dengan melihat bagaimana empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, dan perceived social support mempengaruhi niat berwirausaha sosial berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip Islam. Peneliti mengolah data dengan metode Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) pada SmartPLS 4.0, di mana pengambilan datanya menggunakan teknik self-administrated questionnaire kepada responden dengan kriteria WNI beragama Islam, dan berusia 17 - 64 tahun. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa moral obligation, self-efficacy, dan perceived social support berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap niat berwirausaha sosial Islami pada masyarakat muslim Indonesia, sehingga hasil tersebut dapat dijadikan referensi bagi para pembuat kebijakan atau akademisi untuk meningkatkan aktivitas kewirausahaan Islam dan mempromosikan niat kewirausahaan Islam di masyarakat.   

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Along with the increasing Muslim population in Indonesia, the greater the opportunity to develop Islamic social entrepreneurship. This research was conducted to find out the factors that influence Islamic social entrepreneurship intentions in Indonesian Muslim communities, by looking at how empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, and perceived social support affect social entrepreneurial intentions based on Islamic principles. The researcher processed the data using the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) method in Smart PLS 4.0 where the data was collected using a self-administrated questionnaire technique to respondents with criteria of Indonesian citizen, Muslim, and aged 17 - 64 years. The results showed that moral obligation, self-efficacy, and perceived social support had a significantly positive effect towards the intention of social Islamic entrepreneurial intentions in Indonesian Muslim communities so that these results can be used as a reference for policy makers or academics to increasing Islamic entrepreneurial activity and promote Islamic entrepreneurial intentions in society."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran keluhan subjektif kelelahan mata serta hubungannya dengan faktor karakteristik pekerja, durasi kerja, alat kerja, dan tingkat pencahayaan pada pengguna komputer di PT. Surveyor Indonesia tahun 2012. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 98 pengguna komputer di PT. Surveyor Indonesia.Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner dan melakukan pengukuran tingkat pencahayaan lokal di meja kerja. Analisis univariat dilakukan menggunakan nilai proporsi untuk menjelaskan gambaran keluhan subjektif kelelahan mata dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kelelahan mata, sedangkan analisis bivariat dilakukan dengan uji chi-square (X2) dengan tingkat kemaknaan 5%.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 82 responden atau 83,7% mengalami keluhan subjektif kelelahan mata. Dari 6 variabel independen yaitu usia, gangguan penglihatan, durasi kerja, tampilan monitor, penggunaan anti-glare, dan tingkat pencahayaan hanya variabel gangguan penglihatan yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan keluhan subjektif kelelahan mata.

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This study was conducted to know the description of the subjective complaints of eyestrain and its relationship with worker‟s characteristics, working duration, working tools, and the lighting levels among computer users at PT. Surveyor Indonesia in 2012. This study was a quantitative study with a cross sectional study design. The sample was 98 computer users at PT. Surveyor Indonesia.

Data was collected by distribute the questionnaires and measure the local lightning on the desk. Univariate analysis performed using the proportion to clarify the prevalence of subjective complaints of eyestrain and factors related to eyestrain, while the bivariate analysis performed by chi-square test (X2) with a significance level of 5%.

Result showed that 82 respondents or 83.7% had subjective complaints of eyestrain. From the six independent variables which are age, visual impairment, working duration, display monitors, the use of anti-glare, and lighting levels, only visual impairment that significantly associated with subjective complaints of eyestrain."

"The study examined the determinants of singlehood of never-married men and women aged 40-65 years with education as the main variable, using data from National Social-Economic Survey in 2007 and 2017. With the logit regression model, the result indicates that education is negatively significant in affecting the singlehood. Higher educated people are more likely to get married due to their good social attribute and consider as socially ready to form a family. Although there is declining marriage in these 10 years, the marriage norms still remain universal.

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Studi ini menguji faktor penentu melajang pria dan wanita yang belum menikah yang berusia 40-65 tahun dengan pendidikan sebagai variabel utama, menggunakan data dari Survei Sosial-Ekonomi Nasional pada tahun 2007 dan 2017. Dengan model regresi logit, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan secara negatif signifikan dalam mempengaruhi kehidupan melajang. Orang yang berpendidikan lebih tinggi memiliki kemungkinan yang lebih tinggi untuk menikah karena atribut sosial mereka yang baik dan dianggap "siap secara sosial" untuk membentuk keluarga. Meskipun ada penurunan pernikahan dalam 10 tahun ini, norma-norma pernikahan masih tetap universal."

"Perdagangan intra-industri merupakan fenomena yang mendapat banyak perhatian dari banyak peneliti, baik secara teoritis maupun secara empiris. Awalnya fenomena ini banyak terjadi di negara maju, yang kemudian menyebar ke negara-negara berkembang pada tahun-tahun terakhir. Namun, hanya sedikit studi yang telah dilakukan pada negara-negara berkembang secara umum dan belum ada penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap perdagangan intra-industri di Indonesia secara mendalam. Studi ini mengkaji pola dan faktor-faktor determinan perdagangan intra-industri di Indonesia, dengan menggunakan indeks Grubel- Lloyd. Kemudian, perdagangan intra-industri dipisahkan menjadi perdagangan intra-industri horisontal dan perdagangan intra-industri vertikal. Model ekonometrik digunakan untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor penentu total perdagangan intra-industri, perdagangan intra-industri horisontal dan perdagangan intra-industri vertikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks intra-industri di Indonesia cenderung meningkat pada periode 1991-200 . Secara umum, perdagangan intra- industri vertikal jauh lebih tinggi daripada perdagangan intra-industri horizontal dalam banyak kasus. Empat faktor penentu diidentifikasi untuk total perdagangan intra-industri yaitu, angka rata-rata PDB, selisih antara PDB, jarak geografis dan variabel dummy untuk AFTA, dan faktor-faktor penentu ini sama dengan factor- faktor untuk perdagangan intra-industri horisontal. Untuk perdagangan intra- industri vertikal, hanya ada tiga faktor penentu yang ditemukan signifikan yaitu, angka rata-rata PDB, selisih antara PDB, dan jarak geografis. Temuan ini sebagian besar sejalan dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya.

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Intra-industry trade is a phenomenon which has received much attention from researchers, both theoretically an empirically. Initially a phenomenon in developed countries, it has expanded to developing countries in recent year. However, only a few studies have conducted on developing countries in general and none has been done on Indonesia’s intra-industry trade. This study investigates the patterns and determinants of Indonesia’s intra-industry trade, measuring it by Grubel-Lloyd index. Then, intra-industry trade is disentangled into horizontal IIT and vertical IIT. Econometric models are used to explain the determinants of total IIT, horizontal IIT or vertical IIT.

The results show that Indonesia’s intra-industry index has tended to increase from 1991 to 2000. In general, vertical intra-industry trade is much higher than horizontal intra-industry trade in most cases. Four determinants were identified for total IIT, the average of the GDP, the difference of GDP, geographical distance and dummy variable for AFTA, and the same determinants were formed for horizontal IIT. For vertical IIT, however, only three determinants were found significant, the average of the GDP, the difference of GDP, and geographical distance. These findings are mostly in line with the results of previous studies on intra-industry trade. "

"[ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor yangmempengaruhi struktur modal di Indonesia dengan mengunakan book leveragedan market leverage sebagai variabel dependen. Dengan menggunakan analisisregresi berganda, penelitian memakai perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar diBursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2010-2014. Sampel akhir terdiri dari 112perusahaan manufaktur. Hipotesis tentang keputusan leverage dirumuskanberdasarkan teori struktur modal, terutama teori trade-off, teori pecking order danteori agency. Regresi dijalankan dengan mempertimbangkan delapan variabelpenjelas yang meliputi ukuran perusahaan, profitabilitas, peluang pertumbuhan,aset tangible, pajak, risiko perusahaan, kondisi pasar saham, dan variabelmakroekonomi. Hasil empiris menyajikan hubungan yang signifikan antara aset,umur perusahaan, profitabilitas, rasio market to book, aset tangible, macroeconomic grow, PDB dan variabel book leverage. Di sisi lain, faktor yangsignifikan pada market leverage adalah umur perusahaan, profitabilitas, rasiomarket to book, pertumbuhan aset, capital expenditure, effective tax rate, macroindustry growth dan PDB.ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to explore the factors that affect the capital structure inIndonesia by taking book leverage and market leverage as the dependentvariables. Using multiple regression analysis, listed manufacturing companies inIndonesian Stock Exchange was examined for the period of 2010-2014. The finalsample consist of 112 manufacturing companies. Hypotheses about leveragedecisions are formulated based on capital structure theories, mainly trade-offtheory, pecking order theory and agency theory. Regression considers eightexplanatory variables that include firm size, profitability, growth opportunity,tangibility, taxes, firm risk, stock market conditions, and macroeconomicvariables. The empirical result presents the significant relationship between asset,age, profitability, market to book ratio, tangible asset, macro industry growth,GDP and book leverage variables. On the other hand, factors that havesignificant effect on market leverage are age, profitability, market to book ratio,asset growth, capital expenditure, effective tax rate, macro industry growth andGDP., The aim of this study is to explore the factors that affect the capital structure inIndonesia by taking book leverage and market leverage as the dependentvariables. Using multiple regression analysis, listed manufacturing companies inIndonesian Stock Exchange was examined for the period of 2010-2014. The finalsample consist of 112 manufacturing companies. Hypotheses about leveragedecisions are formulated based on capital structure theories, mainly trade-offtheory, pecking order theory and agency theory. Regression considers eightexplanatory variables that include firm size, profitability, growth opportunity,tangibility, taxes, firm risk, stock market conditions, and macroeconomicvariables. The empirical result presents the significant relationship between asset,age, profitability, market to book ratio, tangible asset, macro industry growth,GDP and book leverage variables. On the other hand, factors that havesignificant effect on market leverage are age, profitability, market to book ratio,asset growth, capital expenditure, effective tax rate, macro industry growth andGDP.]"

"Uang elektronik berbasis server dapat meningkatkan pengalaman bagi pelanggan yang mencari sistem pembayaran yang efisien dalam perihal kelancaran, kenyamanan, dan aksesibilitas multi-channel. Dalam jangka panjang, transaksi elektronik dapat menciptakan sistem pembayaran yang efisien, aman, dan andal sehingga dapat memperluas akses finansial kepada unbanked population di Indonesia. Indonesia berkomitmen untuk mendorong perubahan sistem pembayaran melaui gerakan nasional non-tunai GNNT. Namun, mekanisme jangka panjang untuk meningkatkan adopsi uang elektronik berbasis server dianggap belum memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penentu adopsi uang elektronik berbasis server. Sebuah model penelitian yang menggabungkan unified theory of acceptance and use of technology UTAUT2, diffusion of innovations theory DOI, dan perceived risk digunakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 211 tanggapan dari survey yang dilakukan di Indonesia, sedangkan data dianalisis menggunakan structural equation modeling, khususnya metode partial least square SmartPLS 3.0. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, compatibility, dan perceived risk memiliki efek langsung yang signifikan terhadap adopsi uang elektronik berbasis server, sementara effort expectancy dan innovativeness memiliki efek tidak langsung.

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Server based electronic money has the ability to improve the experience for customers who look for a streamlined payment experience in terms of speed, convenience, and multi channel accessibility. In the long term, electronic transactions would create and maintain an efficient, secure, and reliable payment system that broadens the access to previously unbanked populations and presumably increase financial inclusion. Indonesia is currently committed to reinforcing changes to existing payment systems through the national non cash movement. However, a long term mechanism to increase the adoption of server based electronic money is yet to be seen.

This study aims to identify the main determinants of server based electronic money adoption. In doing so, a research model combining two theories, the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology UTAUT2 and diffusion of innovations theory DOI, was used along with perceived risk. The research was tested using 211 responses from a survey conducted in Indonesia while data was analyzed using structural equation modeling, specifically partial least square method Smart PLS 3.0.

The findings of this research show performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, compatibility, and perceived risk have significant direct effects toward the adoption of server based electronic money, while effort expectancy and innovativeness have indirect effects."