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"ABSTRACTIndonesia merupakan negeri yang kaya akan sumber daya alam SDA baik diatas maupun dibawah permukaan tanah dan lautan. Kekayaan bawah tanah Indonesia yang mencakup mineral dan energi telah lama dimanfaatkan menjadi salah satu sumber penerimaan negara. Di sisi lain, di tengah melimpahnya energi dan sumber daya mineral ESDM Indonesia, masalah kesejahteraan seperti kemiskinan dan ketimpangan masih. Kekayaan ESDM di Indonesia mungkin menjadi penyebab berbagai masalah ekonomi. Skripsi ini ingin membuktikan bahwa kutukan sumber daya alam telah menjadi pembuktian atas dampak negatif kekayaan ESDM terhadap ketimpangan dan kemiskinan sebuah negara. Pembuktian dilakukan dengan menguji pengaruh kekayaan ESDM terhadap ketimpangan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan data produk domestik regional bruto PDRB, koefeisien Gini, dan indikator kemiskinan hingga level kabupaten. Dengan menggunakan periode analisis 2009-2011, melalui uji ekonometrika penulis menemukan bahwa kekayaan SDA justru memperburuk kondisi kemiskinan dan ketimpangan. Pengaruh ini muncul melalui saluran ketenagakerjaan dimana ketimpangan memburuk disebabkan oleh struktur ketenagakerjaan yang tidak merata, sedangkan kemiskinan terdampak membaik. Usaha pemerintah menanggulangi munculnya dampak ekonomi atas eksploitasi ESDM melalui DBHSDA Dana Bagi Hasil Sumber Daya Alam terbukti efektif dalam mengatasi permasalahan kemiskinan dan ketimpangan melalui uji ekonometrika. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kekayaan ESDM merupakan sebuah kutukan bagi kesejahteraan rakyat, khususnya indikator ketimpangan dan kemiskinan.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is a country which has abundant natural resources both above and below the surface of land and sea. Indonesia 39 s treasures, which includes minerals and energy, has long been used as a source of state revenue. On the other hand, welfare issues such as poverty and inequality still exist. The Curse has proven the negative impact of natural resource wealth on the economic growth of a country. This study would like to examine the existence of the effect of natural resource wealth on inequality in Indonesia by using Gross Regional Domestic Product data, Gini coefficient, and poverty indicators in district level. By using the 2009 2011 analysis period, researcher found that the wealth of natural resources exacerbates the problems of poverty and inequality. This influence is also found in the employment channel where inequality deteriorates due to unequal employment structures. Government efforts to tackle the economic impacts of natural resource exploitation through DBHSDA Dana Bagi Hasil Sumber Daya Alam have proved effective in addressing poverty and inequality problems through econometric tests. This finding shows that the wealth of natural resources is still a curse for the economy, especially indicators of inequality and poverty. "

"Tesis ini membahas kebijakan clean and clear yang merupakan instrumen dalam menata izin usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara yang sudah diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota. Dalam rangka menata izin usaha pertambangan pemerintah melaksanakan kegiatan Rekonsiliasi Nasional Data Izin Usaha Pertambangan yang terdiri dari inventarisasi, verifikasi dan klasifikasi. Output dari inventarisasi adalah tersedianya data KP/SIPD/SIPR yang sudah disesuaikan legalitas usaha pertambangannya menjadi IUP atau IPR. Sedangkan output dari verifikasi adalah klasifikasi IUP yang mendapat status Clean and Clean (dinyatakan tidak bermasalah atau tumpang tindih). Upaya Pemerintah dalam mengevaluasi IUP melalui kebijakan clean and clear harus diapresiasi dan didukung oleh semua pihak. Mengingat implikasi sertifikasi Clean and Clear berpengaruh terhadap kegiatan usaha pertambangan lainnya maka legalitas kebijakan Clean and Clear mutlak diperlukan. Keberadaan dasar hukum bagi tindakan pemerintah berguna untuk mencegah terjadinya penyalahgunaan wewenang. Oleh sebab itu kebijakan Clean and Clear perlu untuk dievaluasi dan diberi format hukum sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.

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This thesis describes about the clean and clear policy that is an instrument in managing the mining and coal license that has been issued by Provincial Government, District/City. In order to manage the mineral mining lisence the government commits National Reconciliation Data Mining License consists of inventarization, verification and classification.The inventarization's output is the availability of KP/SIPD/SIPR data that legality mining license has been adjusted into IUP or IPR. Meanwhile the verification's output is IUP classification that has been granted clean and clear status (declared has no problem or overlapping). The government's effort to evaluate IUP through clean and clear policy must be appreciated and supported from all of the parties. Considering the implication of clean and clear certification has an influence to the other mining activity, the legality of clean and clear policy is absolutely needed. Therefore clean and clear policies need to be evaluated and given a legal format in accordance with the provisions of the legislation."

"[ABSTRAKPertambangan mineral dan batuan merupakan salah satu sektor strategis dalam perekonomian dunia. Nilai guna yang tinggi serta diharuskannya suatu perusahaan tambang untuk menetap dalan jangka waktu yang lama di dalam wilayah suatu negara menjadikan sektor ini menjadi sangat strategis baik secara ekonomi maupun politik. Sektor pertambangan mineral dan batuan seperti layaknya pertambangan migas, umumnya masih dikuasai oleh MNCs dan perusahaan pertambangan dari negara maju, sementara sumber daya mineral dan batuan mayoritas berada pada negara berkembang yang miskin teknologi. Hal ini menciptakan suatu kondisi dimana negara berkembang sering merasa dirugikan dengan kondisi dimana mereka hanya dapat memproduksi barang tambang mentah dan diharuskan membeli kembali hasil olahan dari barang tambang mentah yang berasal dari negara mereka. Hal ini pula yang membuat banyak negara berkembang mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bercorak resource nationalism guna mengejar kepentingan ekonomi maupun kepentingan politik.Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil komoditas tambang mineral dan batuan yang cukup besar. Sedikitnya dua puluh komoditas tambang mineral dan batuan diproduksi oleh Indonesia. Namun sebagaimana negara berkembang lain, sektor pertambangan mineral dan Batuan Indonesia masih didominasi oleh MNCs dan perusahaan pertambangan Asing. Hal yang mengejutkan kemudian dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dimana pada periode tahun 2009 hingga tahun 2014, pemerintah Indonesia mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bercorak resource nationalism. Pergeseran kebijakan ini menjadi suatu hal yang menarik dimana sebelumnya kebijakan di sektor tersebut cenderung bercorak liberalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab dilakukannya pergeseran kebijakan di sektor pertambangan mineral dan batuan Indonesia menuju penerapan prinsip-prinsip resource nationalism pada periode tersebut.

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ABSTARCTMineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period;Mineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period, Mineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period]"

"Pertambangan mineral dan batubara merupakan salah satu kegiatan usaha yang menguras sumber daya alam yang begitu masif dan memiliki dampak kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan yang tinggi. Sebagai upaya untuk mendorong akan kegiatan usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara dapat dikendalikan agar terselenggaranya fungsi pelestarian lingkungan hidup maka dikenalkanlah kebijakan hukum instrumen ekonomi lingkungan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Namun demikian, instrumen ekonomi lingkungan hidup dalam undang-undang tersebut belumlah dianggap ideal bagi kegiatan usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara yang berkelanjutan, sehingga dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU CK) diaturlah berbagai instrumen ekonomi lingkungan di sektor pertambangan mineral dan batubara, yaitu pengenaan royalti 0% (nol persen) bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan yang mengembangan dan memanfaatkan batubara, seperti untuk Dimethyl Ether (DME) dan Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). Selain itu, diatur pula mengenai pengenaan pertambangan batubara sebagai barang kena pajak penghasilan (PPN) 10% (sepuluh persen). Penelitian ini melakukan kajian terdapat pelaksanaan kebijakan instrumen ekonomi lingkungan setelah ditetapkan UU CK dengan studi kasus di PT Bukit Asam Tbk. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk menguji efektifitas kebijakan instrumen ekonomi lingkungan. Metode penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif dengan analisis data deksriptif-analitis. Hasil penelitian ini pengenaan royalti 0% (nol persen) bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan yang mengembangan dan memanfaatkan batubara dan pengenaan pertambangan batubara sebagai barang kena pajak penghasilan (PPN) 10% (sepuluh persen) belum efektif, serta PT Bukit Asam hanya menerapkan sebagian instrumen ekonomi lingkungan model perencanaan pembangunan dan kegiatan ekonomi, pendanaan lingkungan, dan insentif/disinsentif.

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Mineral and coal mining is one of the business activities that drains natural resources so massively and has a high impact on environmental damage and pollution. In an effort to encourage mining and coal business activities to be controlled so that the function of environmental conservation can be implemented, a policy on environmental economic law instruments was introduced in Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. However, the environmental economic instruments in the law are not yet considered ideal for sustainable mineral and coal mining business activities, so Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (UU CK) regulates various environmental economic instruments in the mineral and coal mining, namely the imposition of a 0% (zero percent) royalty for mining business actors who develop and utilize coal, such as for Dimethyl Ether (DME) and Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). In addition, it also regulates the imposition of coal mining as income taxable goods (VAT) 10% (ten percent). This study examines the implementation of the environmental economic instrument policy after the CK Law was enacted with a case study at PT Bukit Asam Tbk. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the environmental economic policy instrument. This research method is a qualitative method with descriptive-analytical analysis of the data. The results of this study are the imposition of 0% (zero percent) royalties for mining business actors who develop and utilize coal and the imposition of coal mining as income taxable goods (VAT) 10% (ten percent) has not been effective, and PT Bukit Asam only applies some economic instruments. environmental development planning model and economic activity, environment, and incentives/disincentives."

"Konteks reformasi regulasi secara tepat menjadi penting untuk menunjang agendareformasi birokrasi di Indonesia. Eksistensi regulasi di Indonesia saat ini tidak terlepasdari isu tumpang tindih yang tidak menjamin kepastian hukum terutama di sektorpertambangan, mineral, dan batu bara. Adapun hal ini dapat dibenahi melalui strategireformasi regulasi sebagai upaya dalam mencapai tujuan nasional. Maka dari itu, skripsiini bertujuan untuk menganalisis regulatory reform pada sektor pertambangan, mineraldan batubara di Indonesia menggunakan konsep Modern Mining Code yangdikembangkan oleh Nguyen, Boruff & Tonts (2019). Penelitian ini menggunakanparadigma post-positivist dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan melaluiwawancara mendalam dan studi kepustakaan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwaregulatory reform pada sektor pertambangan, mineral, dan batubara telah memberikanbeberapa manfaat mengenai kepastian investasi, hukum, dan simplifikasi permasalahanyang ada sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya terdapat 5 indikator yangtidak sesuai dengan regulatory reform perspektif modern mining code yaitu Foreignexchange access, Elimination of political pressure, Arbitration of impacts on localpeoples, Address indigenous issues, dan Stipulate rights of regulatory authority,sedangkan 24 indikator sisanya dari 10 dimensi yang ada pada teori Modern Mining codesudah sesuai dan terakomodir pada upaya regulatory reform sektor mineral dan batubara.

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The proper context of regulatory reform is important to support the bureaucratic reform

agenda in Indonesia. The existence of regulations in Indonesia today is inseparable from

overlapping issues that do not guarantee legal certainty, especially in the mining, mineral,

and coal sectors. This can be addressed through a regulatory reform strategy as an effort

to achieve national goals. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyze regulatory reform in the

mining, mineral, and coal sector in Indonesia using the Modern Mining Code concept

developed by Nguyen, Boruff & Tonts (2019). This study uses a post-positivist paradigm

with data collection techniques carried out through in-depth interviews and literature

study. Research findings indicate that regulatory reform in the mining, mineral, and coal

sectors has provided several benefits regarding investment certainty, law, and

simplification of previous problems. The research results show that there are only 5

indicators that are not by regulatory reform from the perspective of modern mining code,

namely Foreign exchange access, Elimination of political pressure, Arbitration of impacts

on local peoples, Address indigenous issues, and Stipulate rights of regulatory authority,

while the remaining 24 indicators are from The 10 dimensions in the Modern Mining

code theory are appropriate and accommodated in the regulatory reform efforts of the

mineral and coal sector."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas bagaimana pengaturan pelaksanaan investasi usahajasa pertambangan batubara menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009Tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara (UU Minerba). Selain itu,membahas mengenai akibat hukum dari kewajiban pemegang IUP atau IUPKuntuk menggunakan perusahaan jasa pertambangan lokal dan/atau nasional. Sertaakibat hukum dari kewajiban pemegang IUP atau IUPK untuk melaksanakansendiri kegiatan penambangan dan pengolahan pemurnian. Metode yangdipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis-normatif. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan usaha jasa pertambangan batubaradilaksanakan berdasarkan pasal 124 UU Minerba yaitu dengan mewajibkanpemegang IUP atau IUPK mengutamakan menggunakan perusahaan jasapertambangan lokal dan/atau nasional, serta mewajibkan pemegang IUP danIUPK melaksanakan kegiatan penambangan, pengolahan dan pemurnian sendiri.Akibat hukum dari ketentuan kewajiban pemegang IUP atau IUPKmengutamakan menggunakan perusahaan jasa lokal dan/nasional menyebabkanperbedaan perlakuan terhadap perusahaan jasa pertambangan lokal danperusahaan jasa pertambangan asing, dan hal ini melanggar prinsip nationaltreatment yang diakui dalam perjanjian perdagangan internasional. Adapunakibat hukum kewajiban pemegang IUP atau IUPK melaksanakan kegiatanpenambangan, pengolahan dan pemurnian sendiri menyebabkan pemegang IUPatau IUPK wajib mengakhiri atau tidak memperpanjang perjanjian kerjasamadengna perusahaan jasa pertambangan, dan hal ini berpotensi menimbulkangugatan hukum. Hasil penelitian ini secara umum menyarankan agar kegiatanusaha jasa pertambangan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan jasa pertambangandidukung dengan regulasi yang lebih jelas tentang pengaturan perusahaan jasapertambangan asing.

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AbstractThis thesis discusses how the implementation of Law No. 4 of 2009 on Mineraland Coal Mining (Mining Law) in regards to coal mining services business.Furthemore will discuss the legal consequences the obligation of holders of IUPor IUPK to use the services of local and/or national mining services companiesand the obligations of IUP or IUPK holders to carry out its own mining andrefining process. The method used in this study is juridical-normative approach.The results showed that coal mining services based on article 124 of Mining law,namely by requiring the IUP or IUPK holders to use of local/national miningservice companies and carry out its own mining and refining process. In regardsto the legal effects of obligation for IUP or IUPK holders to prioritize usage oflocal/national mining services companies, causing different treatment to foreigncompanies and local/national companies, and this violates the principles ofnational treatment which is recognized within international trade agreements. Inadditon, the legal effect of IUP or IUPK holders to conduct their own mining andrefining process shall terminate or not renew a cooperation agreement withmining service company, and this could potentially lead to legal action. Theresult of this research suggest in general that mining service business activitieswhich are supported by mining regulation clearer about setting foreign miningservice."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai perizinan dan pelaksanaan kegiatan pertambangan batu kapur di kawasan hutan oleh PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan menurut jenisnya adalah penelitian yuridis normatif, menurut tujuannya adalah penelitian problem solution, menurut penerapannya adalah penelitian berfokus masalah, dan menurut ilmu penerapannya adalah penelitian monodisipliner. Simpulan dari penelitian ini ialah kebijakan kegiatan pertambangan pada kawasan hutan Indonesia saat ini telah diatur oleh masing-masing sektor, yaitu pertambangan dan kehutanan, serta berdasarkan kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam pemberian perizinan pertambangan legalitasnya sudah ada kepastian hukum yaitu Pasal 1 ayat (7) Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Tentang Pemerintah Daerah terkait desentralisasi dan Pasal 37 Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara terkait peran pemerintah daerah yang memberikan Izin Usaha Pertambangan. Akan tetapi PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. pada prakteknya masih menghadapi beberapa kendala perizinan pertambangan terutama dalam perizinan dan pelaksanaan kegiatan pertambangan batu kapur di kawasan hutan Kabupaten Tuban, antara lain mengenai kompensasi lahan dan perbedaan prinsip di dalam penafsiran Bupati Kabupaten Tuban dalam pemberian izin. Hasil penelitian menyarankan kedepannya diharapkan penerapan pola perizinan sebagai pola pengusahaan pertambangan, seharusnya di tunjang oleh administrasi pemerintahan dan pelayanan publik yang baik dan lebih memberikan kepastian hukum. Dan diharapkan Pemerintah dapat menjalankan fungsi pemerintahan dengan baik dengan cara mengatur seluruh kegiatan pertambangan di Indonesia untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan negara sesuai dengan amanat Pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang-undang Dasar 1945, sehingga kekayaan alam di Indonesia dapat dirasakan manfaatnya oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia.

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This mini thesis discusses about the licensing and implementation of limestone mining in forest areas by PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. This type of research is used by species normative research, according to the research purpose is problem solution, according to its application is the focus of research problems, and according to science is the application of research monodisipliner. The conclusion of this study is, mining policy in Indonesia's forest area has been regulated by each sector which is mining sector and forestry sector, and by the authority of the local government in granting mining licenses legally existing rule of law which is Article 1 paragraph (7) of Law Number 32 Year 2004 about Regional Government especially about Decentralization and Article 37 of Law Number 4 of 2009 about Mineral and Coal mining related role of local government that provides Mining Permit. However PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. in practice still faces some obstacles, especially in the mining permitting and licensing activities limestone mining in the forest area of Tuban, which is the principle of compensation for land and differences in the interpretation of the Tuban district Mayor in giving permission. The results suggest the future is expected adoption pattern as patterns mining business licenses, should be supported by public administration and better public services and more legal certainty. And the government is expected to run well the government functions by regulating all mining activities in Indonesia for the welfare state in accordance with the mandate of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, so the benefit from natural resources in Indonesia can be felt by the people of Indonesia."