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"Salah satu contoh penelitian yang dilakukan di dunia medis adalah membandingkan mean suatu variabel pada dua treatment yang berbeda. Jika penelitian seperti itu dilakukan beberapa kali, baik oleh peneliti yang berbeda, waktu yang berbeda, tempat yang berbeda, maupun menggunakan sampel yang berbeda, maka ada kemungkinan akan didapatkan kesimpulan yang berbeda pula. Bisa saja ada penelitian yang menghasilkan kesimpulan adanya perbedaan mean, ada pula penelitian yang menghasilkan kesimpulan tidak adanya perbedaan mean. Karenanya perlu dicari inferensi gabungan untuk beda mean. Metode yang digunakan adalah meta-analisis untuk beda mean. Tugas akhir ini membahas meta-analisis guna mencari inferensi gabungan untuk beda mean.

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One kind of research which often done in medical field is to compare variable mean between two different treatments. If this kind of research is done for several times, observed by different researchers, time, place, and/or using different samples, then statistical inferences for ‘mean differences’ in each research are not necessarily the same. This research may lead us to the two types of conclusion: the difference in the mean and no differences mean. Therefore, it is necessary to find a joint statistical inference for mean differences. The method used was a meta-analysis of mean differences. This final project discussed the meta-analysis for mean differences."

"The subject of the book is advanced statistical analyses for quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis), and selected practical issues relating to research synthesis. Specifically the book describes multivariate analyses for several indices commonly used in meta-analysis (e.g., correlations, effect sizes, proportions and/or odds ratios), will outline how to do power analysis for meta-analysis (again for each of the different kinds of study outcome indices), and examines issues around research quality and research design and their roles in synthesis. For each of the statistical topics we will examine the different possible statistical models (i.e., fixed, random, and mixed models) that could be adopted by a researcher. "

"Modern meta-analyses do more than combine the effect sizes of a series of similar studies. Meta-analyses are currently increasingly applied for any analysis beyond the primary analysis of studies, and for the analysis of big data. This 26-chapter book was written for nonmathematical professionals of medical and health care, in the first place, but, in addition, for anyone involved in any field involving scientific research. The authors have published over twenty innovative meta-analyses from the turn of the century till now. This edition will review the current state of the art, and will use for that purpose the methodological aspects of the authors' own publications, in addition to other relevant methodological issues from the literature.Are there alternative works in the field? Yes, there are, particularly in the field of psychology. Psychologists have invented meta-analyses in 1970, and have continuously updated methodologies. Although very interesting, their work, just like the whole discipline of psychology, is rather explorative in nature, and so is their focus to meta-analysis. Then, there is the field of epidemiologists. Many of them are from the school of angry young men, who publish shocking news all the time, and JAMA and other publishers are happy to publish it. The reality is, of course, that things are usually not as bad as they seem. Finally, some textbooks, written by professional statisticians, tend to use software programs with miserable menu programs and requiring lots of syntax to be learnt. This is prohibitive to clinical and other health professionals."

"Pendahuluan. Adenoma pituitari atau pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET)meliputi 10% hingga 15% dari seluruh tumor intrakranial. Sekitar 30%-40% pasienadenoma pituitari membutuhkan tatalaksana pembedahan. Dari pasien yangdilakukan operasi tersebut sekitar 25%-40% memiliki luaran yang kurang baikseperti menginvasi secara lokal, resisten terhadap terapi konvensional, memilikitingkat rekurensi yang tinggi serta dapat mengalami metastasis. Tujuan penelitianini untuk mengetahui apakah faktor-faktor klinikopatologi tertentu yaitu ukuranadenoma, tipe/ subtipe adenoma, sifat invasif, sifat proliferatif (Ki-67, mitosis, danp53), dan grade adenoma mempengaruhi luaran yang agresif pada adenomapituitari pasca operasi.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi meta analisis dengan menggunakan sumberdata elektronik maupun pencarian manual. Studi-studi yang disertakan adalah studiobservasional. Pemilihan studi didasarkan pada strategi penelusuran literatur sesuaipanduan PRISMA dan kriteria eligibilitas yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.Variabel bebas yang dinilai antara lain ukuran adenoma, tipe/ subtipe, sifat invasif,sifat proliferatif, ki-67, tingkat mitosis, p53, dan grade. Luaran yang dinilai adalahagresivitas pasca operasi yang terdiri atas rekurensi atau progresi. Penilaian kualitasdan risiko bias pada tiap studi terpilih mengunakan perangkat Newcastle OttawaScale. Analisis data dilakukan baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Semuatahapan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan oleh setidaknya 2 peneliti.Hasil. Dari 736 studi awal yang terjaring terdapat 10 studi terpilih. Jumlah subjekpenelitian 2727 orang dengan 632 orang kasus. Durasi pemantauan berkisar antara3 hingga 11 tahun. Seluruh studi memiliki kualitas sedang hingga baik. Metaanalisis dilakukan pada masing-masing variabel bebas terhadap agresivitasadenoma pituitari pasca operasi dengan hasil ukuran adenoma ≥10mm dengan<10mm OR 1,79 (CI 1,29-2,48), tipe kortikotrof dengan non kortikotrof OR 1,91(CI 1,41-2,58), sifat invasif dengan non invasif OR 3,67 (CI 1,95-6,90), sifatproliferatif dengan non proliferatif OR 4,78 (CI 3,61-6,32), Ki-67 ≥ 3% dengan <3% OR 4,13 (CI 2,94-5,81), tingkat mitosis > 2 dengan ≤2 OR 3,91 (CI 2,74-5,57),p53 positif dengan negatif OR 1,92 (CI 1,28-2,90), dan grade 2b dengan non 2bOR 4,56 (CI 3,0-6,91).Simpulan. Faktor-faktor klinikopatologi tertentu yaitu ukuran adenoma, tipe/subtipe adenoma, sifat invasif, sifat proliferatif (Ki-67, mitosis, dan p53), dan gradeadenoma mempengaruhi luaran yang agresif pada adenoma pituitari pasca operasi.

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Introduction. Pituitary adenoma/ pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET)

comprise of 10% up to 15% of intracranial tumor. About 30%-40% of pituitary

adenoma patients need surgery. For those who have undergone surgery about 25%-

40% will have bad outcomes like locally invasive, resistant to conventional

treatment, high rate of recurrence, and malignant tendency. The aim of this study

was to determine whether certain clinicopathologic factors consisting of size, type/

subtype, invasiveness, proliferative (ki-67, mitotic rate, and p53), and grade

influenced the aggressive outcome of post-operative pituitary adenoma.

Methods. This meta-analysis study used electronic and manual data source.

Included studies were observational studies. Study selection was based to literature

searching strategy according to PRISMA guideline and predetermined eligibility

criteria. Independent variables reviewed were size, type/ subtype, invasiveness,

proliferative, ki-67, mitotic rate, p53, and grade. Outcome reviewed were postoperative

aggressiveness comprised of recurrence or progressive. Quality and risk

of bias assessment to each study included were based on Newcastle Ottawa Scale.

Data analysis was carried out both qualitatively and quantitatively. All stages in this

study were carried out by at least 2 reviewers.

Results. Of the 736 initial studies, 10 were selected. The number of research

subjects were 2727 people with 632 cases. The duration of monitoring ranged from

3 to 11 years. All studies had moderate to good quality. Meta-analysis were carried

out on each independent variable on the aggressiveness of post-operative pituitary

adenoma with the results were size ≥10mm vs <10mm OR 1,79 (CI 1,29-2,48),

corticotroph vs non-corticotroph OR 1,91 (CI 1,41-2,58), invasive vs non-invasive

OR 3,67 (CI 1,95-6,90), proliferative vs non proliferative OR 4,78(CI 3,61-6,32),

Ki-67 ≥ 3% vs < 3% OR 4,13 (CI 2,94-5,81), mitotic rate > 2 vs ≤2 OR 3,91 (CI

2,74-5,57), p53 positive vs negative OR 1,92 (CI1,28-2,90), and grade 2b vs non

2b OR 4,56 (CI 3,0-6,91).

Conclusions. Certain clinicopathologic factors consisting of size, type/ subtype,

invasiveness, proliferative (ki-67, mitotic rate, and p53), and grade influenced the

aggressive outcome of post-operative pituitary adenoma."

"Pendahuluan: Bukti terkini menunjukkan bahwa antioksidan dalam diet dapat bermanfaat dalam mengurangi kerusakan sperma, terutama pada pria dengan tingkat fragmentasi DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara suplementasi antioksidan dan Indeks Fragmentasi DNA (DNA Fragmentation Index/DFI) pada pria infertil.Metode: Sebuah tinjauan sistematis dilakukan menggunakan basis data online termasuk Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCO, dan Cochrane sesuai pedoman PRISMA. Kami hanya menginklusi uji coba terkontrol secara acak (Randomized Controlled Trials/RCTs) yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Populasi target adalah pria infertil tanpa komorbiditas, dengan intervensi berupa suplementasi antioksidan selama minimal 3 bulan.Hasil: Pencarian awal basis data menghasilkan 447 makalah, di mana 11 makalah disertakan setelah penyaringan abstrak, dan 8 makalah dipertimbangkan untuk analisis kuantitatif. Hampir semua penelitian menunjukkan risiko bias yang rendah berdasarkan penilaian Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB). Meta-analisis dari 8 uji coba terkontrol secara acak (RCTs) menunjukkan pengurangan DFI yang tidak signifikan sebesar -1,28% (-3,88, 1,31; p=0,33). Namun, antioksidan tertentu seperti N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), asam dokosaheksaenoat (Docosahexaenoic Acid/DHA), dan astaxanthin terbukti efektif dalam mengurangi DFI. Sebaliknya, seng, asam folat, laktolykopen, kombinasi vitamin C dan E, serta vitamin D3 tidak menunjukkan efektivitas dalam mengurangi DFI.Kesimpulan: Beberapa antioksidan (NAC, DHA, dan astaxanthin) terbukti efektif dalam mengurangi indeks fragmentasi DNA, sementara seng, asam folat, laktolykopen, kombinasi vitamin C dan E, serta vitamin D3 tidak efektif. Diperlukan lebih banyak uji coba terkontrol secara acak dengan jumlah subjek yang lebih besar untuk menentukan efektivitas antioksidan.

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Introduction: Current evidence suggests that dietary antioxidants may be beneficial in reducing sperm damage, particularly in men with high levels of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA fragmentation). This study aimed to investigate the association between antioxidant supplementation and DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) in infertile males.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted using online databases including Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Cochrane according to PRISMA guideline. We only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the study that were written in English. The target population was infertile males without comorbidities, and the intervention was antioxidant supplementation for a minimum of 3 months.

Results: The initial database search yielded 447 papers, of which 11 were included after abstract screening, and 8 were considered for quantitative analysis. Almost all studies showed a low risk of bias according to Cochrane Risk of Biasa (RoB) assessments. The meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed a non-significant reduction in DFI by -1.28% (-3.88, 1.31; p=0.33). However, specific antioxidants such as N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and astaxanthin were found to be efficacious in reducing DFI. In contrast, zinc, folic acid, lactolycopene, combination of Vitamin C and E, and vitamin D3 did not show efficacy in reducing DFI.

Conclusion: In conclusion, some antioxidants (NAC, DHA, and astaxanthin) are shown to be efficacious in reducing DNA fragmentation index, while zinc, folic acid, lactolycopene, combination vitamin C and vitamin E, and vitamin D3 are not. More RCTs with larger subjects are needed to determine the effectiveness of antioxidants."

"Pendahuluan: Bukti terkini menunjukkan bahwa antioksidan dalam diet dapat bermanfaat dalam mengurangi kerusakan sperma, terutama pada pria dengan tingkat fragmentasi DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara suplementasi antioksidan dan Indeks Fragmentasi DNA (DNA Fragmentation Index/DFI) pada pria infertil.Metode: Sebuah tinjauan sistematis dilakukan menggunakan basis data online termasuk Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCO, dan Cochrane sesuai pedoman PRISMA. Kami hanya menginklusi uji coba terkontrol secara acak (Randomized Controlled Trials/RCTs) yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Populasi target adalah pria infertil tanpa komorbiditas, dengan intervensi berupa suplementasi antioksidan selama minimal 3 bulan.Hasil: Pencarian awal basis data menghasilkan 447 makalah, di mana 11 makalah disertakan setelah penyaringan abstrak, dan 8 makalah dipertimbangkan untuk analisis kuantitatif. Hampir semua penelitian menunjukkan risiko bias yang rendah berdasarkan penilaian Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB). Meta-analisis dari 8 uji coba terkontrol secara acak (RCTs) menunjukkan pengurangan DFI yang tidak signifikan sebesar -1,28% (-3,88, 1,31; p=0,33). Namun, antioksidan tertentu seperti N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), asam dokosaheksaenoat (Docosahexaenoic Acid/DHA), dan astaxanthin terbukti efektif dalam mengurangi DFI. Sebaliknya, seng, asam folat, laktolykopen, kombinasi vitamin C dan E, serta vitamin D3 tidak menunjukkan efektivitas dalam mengurangi DFI.Kesimpulan: Beberapa antioksidan (NAC, DHA, dan astaxanthin) terbukti efektif dalam mengurangi indeks fragmentasi DNA, sementara seng, asam folat, laktolykopen, kombinasi vitamin C dan E, serta vitamin D3 tidak efektif. Diperlukan lebih banyak uji coba terkontrol secara acak dengan jumlah subjek yang lebih besar untuk menentukan efektivitas antioksidan.

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Introduction: Current evidence suggests that dietary antioxidants may be beneficial in reducing sperm damage, particularly in men with high levels of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA fragmentation). This study aimed to investigate the association between antioxidant supplementation and DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) in infertile males.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted using online databases including Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Cochrane according to PRISMA guideline. We only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the study that were written in English. The target population was infertile males without comorbidities, and the intervention was antioxidant supplementation for a minimum of 3 months.

Results: The initial database search yielded 447 papers, of which 11 were included after abstract screening, and 8 were considered for quantitative analysis. Almost all studies showed a low risk of bias according to Cochrane Risk of Biasa (RoB) assessments. The meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed a non-significant reduction in DFI by -1.28% (-3.88, 1.31; p=0.33). However, specific antioxidants such as N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and astaxanthin were found to be efficacious in reducing DFI. In contrast, zinc, folic acid, lactolycopene, combination of Vitamin C and E, and vitamin D3 did not show efficacy in reducing DFI.

Conclusion: In conclusion, some antioxidants (NAC, DHA, and astaxanthin) are shown to be efficacious in reducing DNA fragmentation index, while zinc, folic acid, lactolycopene, combination vitamin C and vitamin E, and vitamin D3 are not. More RCTs with larger subjects are needed to determine the effectiveness of antioxidants."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak dari transaksi pembayaran non tunai yaitu melalui kliring, RTGS, kartu ATM/debet, kartu kredit dan uang elektronik serta variabel makro ekonomi yaitu GDP dan tingkat suku bunga terhadap permintaan akan uang kartal dan uang beredar M1 dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek di Indonesia pada periode April 2007-Desember 2014. Model yang digunakan yaitu Engle-Granger Cointegration untuk jangka panjang serta Error Correction Model (ECM) untuk jangka pendek.Hasilnya ditemukan bahwa dalam jangka panjang, permintaan akan uang kartal dipengaruhi oleh uang kartal yang beredar periode sebelumnya (lag 1), GDP, transaksi kartu ATM/debet dan kartu kredit sementara dalam jangka pendek tidak terdapat koreksi menuju keseimbangan jangka panjang dikarenakan nilai variabel Error Correction Term (ECT) yang lebih besar dari satu. Untuk permintaan terhadap jumlah uang beredar M1 dalam jangka panjang dipengaruhi oleh jumlah uang beredar M1 periode sebelumnya (lag 1), GDP, tingkat suku bunga dan transaksi kartu ATM/debet sedangkan untuk jangka pendek lewat variabel Error Correction Term (ECT) tidak terdapat koreksi menuju keseimbangan jangka panjang.

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This study aims to analyse at the impact of non-cash payment transactions is through the clearing, RTGS, ATM/ debit card, credit card and electronic money as well as macro-economic variables, namely GDP and interest rates on the demand for currency and money supply M1 in the long term and short term in Indonesia in the period April 2007 to December 2014. The model used is the Engle-Granger Cointegration for the long term and Error Correction Model (ECM) for a short term.

The results found that in the long term, demand will be affected by currency banknotes in circulation privious period (lag 1), GDP, transaction ATM/ debit card and credit cards while in the short term there is no correction towards longterm equilibrium because the value of the variable Error Correction Term (ECT) is greater than one. To request the money supply M1 in the long term are influenced by the money supply M1 previous period (lag 1), GDP, interest rate and ATM/ debit card transactions while for short term through variable Error Correction Term (ECT) there is no correction towards long-term equilibrium."