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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan mengoptimalkan model distribusi LPG 3 kg dari SPBE ke Agen. Area distribusi yang dijadikan contoh adalah Jakarta yang memiliki delapan (8) buah SPBE dan sembilan puluh delapan (98) Agen yang tersebar di seluruh daerah Jakarta. Dalam pembuatan model distribusi ini dilakukan tiga buah perubahan rute dan kondisi yang bisa terjadi kedepannya dalam proses distribusi LPG 3 kg ini. Metode yang digunakan adalah vehicle routing problem (VRP) yang diselesaikan dengan linear programming. Hasil yang didapat dari ketiga alternatif tersebut menunjukkan adanya penurunan dalam hal jarak tempuh dan biaya operasional yang dikeluarkan.

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This study aims to create and optimize the distribution model LPG 3 kg of SPBE to Agent. The distribution area used as an example is Jakarta, which has eight (8) SPBE and ninety-eight (98) Retailer scattered throughout the area of Jakarta. In making this distribution model made three changes to the route and conditions that may occur in the future in the process of this LPG 3 kg distribution. The method used is the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that solved by linear programming. The results of the three alternatives showed a decrease in mileage and operational costs incurred."

"[ABSTRAKLPG merupakan salah satu bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk memasakoleh rumah tangga di Indonesia. Pemerintah menetapkan harga jual eceran LPGadalah sebesar Rp 4.250/kg atau Rp 12.750/tabung di penyalur, sementara hargajual di tingkat sub penyalur ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah Daerah melalui penetapanHET (harga eceran tertinggi), yang mungkin berbeda dari satu daerah ke daerahlain, dan untuk pengecer belum diatur. Tujuan kajian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkangambaran harga eceran LPG yang wajar ditinjau dari biaya distribusi LPG daripenyalur ? sub penyalur - pengecer. Metodologi yang digunakan yaitupenghitungan biaya distribusi LPG (biaya investasi, transportasi, dan logistik)kemudian melakukan analisa keeekonomian. Untuk mencari harga jual yangwajar, ditetapkan IRR terlebih dahulu, kemudian dilakukan trial hinggadidapatkan harga jual sesuai IRR yang ditetapkan yang besarnya 16,5%. Darianalisa keekonomian, untuk penyalur, sub penyalur yang tidak mengantarkanLPG 3 kg, dan pengecer telah ekonomis, sementara untuk sub penyalur yangmengantarkan LPG 3 kg belum ekonomis. dari penghitungan harga jual, hargajual yang wajar di penyalur sebesar Rp 14.254/tabung, di sub penyalur yangmengantar LPG 3 kg sebesar Rp 17.420/tabung, sub penyalur yang tidakmengantar sebesar Rp 15.645, dan pengecer sebesar Rp 16.423/tabung

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ABSTRACTLPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households inIndonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributorsis set by the local government through the establishment of HET(highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region andfor retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for settingthe price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors andretailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtaina reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, andretailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost,transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carriedout. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting atrial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From theeconomic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributorswithout delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors whodeliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that thereasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor levelis Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level isRp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder;LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households inIndonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributorsis set by the local government through the establishment of HET(highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region andfor retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for settingthe price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors andretailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtaina reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, andretailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost,transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carriedout. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting atrial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From theeconomic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributorswithout delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors whodeliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that thereasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor levelis Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level isRp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder, LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households inIndonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributorsis set by the local government through the establishment of HET(highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region andfor retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for settingthe price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors andretailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtaina reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, andretailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost,transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carriedout. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting atrial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From theeconomic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributorswithout delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors whodeliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that thereasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor levelis Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level isRp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder]"

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai dampak penetapan peraturan harga yang terkait margin pada agen LPG 3 kg dan dampaknya terhadap minute menjadi agen LPG 3 kg. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan wawancara dan menghitung biaya volume dan laba dan mengkondisikan beberapa kondisi. Keuntungan yang kecil menyebabkan diperlukannya beberapa cara untuk memperbesarnya yalmi dengan memperbesar patokan margin dengan beberapa kondisi dan mengurangi hambatan masuk agar mempunyai insentifuntuk menjadi agen LPG 3 kg

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This thesis discuss price regulation effect of 3 kg?s Liquelied Petroleum Gas (LPG) price regulation be connected margin toward interest of becoming 3 kg's Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) agent. The study has been done by doing interview, calculating the Cost Volume Profit (CVP) and implemented in some conditions. It would need some methods to increase the profit which can be done by increases the margin in some conditions and reducing entry barrier to incentive of becoming 3 kg's Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) agent's."

"ABSTRAKDengan berjalannya program pemerintah untuk mengkonversi penggunaan minyak tanah bersubsidi ke LPG 3 kg, pertamina memerlukan rancangan rute distribusi yang efektif di dalam jalur distribusi LPG 3 kg agar dicapai efisiensi dari total biaya pengankutan LPG dari Depok ke stasiun pengisian LPG 3 kg. permasalahan perancangan rute distribusi LPG disini merupakan model multi depot transportation problem dengan split service (MDTPSS) dan akan diselesaikan menggunakan metode Simulated annealing. dengan menggunakan metode ini diharapkan output dari penerimaan ini adalah model matematis untuk penentuan rute distribusi LPG dari Depok ke stasiun pengisian LPG 3 kg yang optimal.

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ABSTRACTWith the government program running to convert the use of subsidized kerosene to 3 kg LPG, Pertamina requires the design of an effective distribution route in the 3 kg LPG distribution line in order to achieve the efficiency of the total LPG shipping cost from Depok to the 3 kg LPG filling station. the problem of designing LPG distribution routes here is a multi depot transportation problem model with split service (MDTPSS) and will be solved using the Simulated annealing method. by using this method it is expected that the output of this revenue is a mathematical model for determining the LPG distribution route from Depok to the optimal 3 kg LPG filling station."

"Sejak dilakukannya konversi energi dari minyak tanah ke LPG pada tahun 2007, konsumsi LPG 3 kg yang bersubsidi hingga 2015 mencapai 27,2 juta Ton. Terlepas dari suksesnya konversi minyak tanah, subsidi LPG 3 kg tetaplah menjadi beban anggaran pemerintah. Total subsidi mencapai Rp.176,2 triliun sejak dilakukanya konversi. Teknologi penyimpanan gas bumi dengan ANG Adsorbed Natural Gas mampu menyediakan fasilitas penyimpanan dengan kecukupan densitas energi pada tekanan yang relatif rendah yaitu 35 bar. Tesis ini akan mengkaji nilai keekonomian harga gas bumi dalam sistem penyimpanan ANG dengan metode Levelized Cost. Analisis resiko dengan metode Monte Carlo digunakan untuk menentukan kelayakan sistem ANG sebagai pengganti konversi LPG 3 kg. Simulasi menunjukkan bahwa pada tingkat keyakinan 80 konversi ANG dapat memberikan potensi penghematan Rp.3.327,80 hingga Rp.4.558,59 per kg LPG yang dikonversikan. Analisis sensitifitas menunjukkan bahwa harga LNG masih mendominasi variasi harga dan profit ANG.

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Since conversion of kerosene kerosene to LPG in 2007, the consumption of subsidized LPG 3 kg until 2015 reaches 27.2 million Tons. Besides the success of the conversion, the LPG 3 kg subsidy remains a burden to the government budget. The total subsidy amounted Rp.176.2 trillion ever since. Natural gas storage technology with ANG Adsorbed Natural Gas can provide storage facility with adequate energy density at relatively low pressure at 35 bar.

This thesis will study the economics of natural gas prices in ANG system with Levelized Cost method. Risk analysis with Monte Carlo method is used to determine the feasibility of this system for LPG 3 kg conversion.

Simulation shows that at convidence level 80 the ANG conversion would give potential of saving for Rp.3.327,80 to Rp.4.558,59 each kg converted LPG. Sensitifity analisys shows that the LNG price still dominate to the variation of ANG price and profit."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penjualan LPG 3 Kg PSO dan LPG 12 Kg Non PSO. Persamaan awal faktor yang mempengaruhi disusun berdasarkan penjelasan ahli Pertamina yang disusun dengan mengadopsi langkah-langkah pada metode delphi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi merupakan produk Pertamina yang dihubungkan dengan kebijakan terkait program konversi Mitan ke LPG 3 Kg. Selanjutnya persamaan awal tersebut dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode statistik regresi dengan bantuan perangkat lunak Eviews untuk menghasilkan persamaan sebagai model penjualan LPG 3 Kg PSO dan 12 Kg Non PSO. Hasil model mendeskripsikan hubungan antar faktor pengaruh terhadap penjualan LPG 3 Kg PSO dan 12 Kg Non PSO.

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"Seiring dengan perkembangan di dunia bisnis saat ini, peranan jaringan distribusi yang handal sangat berpengaruh dalam rangka menjaga eksistensi usaha. Sebagai perusahaan yang mendapatkan tugas dari pemerintah untuk melaksanakan peningkatan pemakaian LPG Domestik mengantikan (konversi) Minyak Tanah untuk rumah tangga, selain juga bisnis produk LPG dan gas lainnya yang berorientasi laba, maka perlu dilakukan peningkatkan kehandalan pada rantai suplainya serta peningkatan laba dengan mengoptimalkan jaringan distribusi LPG yang ada saat ini. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan jaringan distribusi adalah Algoritma Tabu Search dengan model Two Echelon - Mixed Integer Programming Problem. Dengan menggunakan metode ini diharapkan perusahaan dapat menentukan rantai suplai yang baik demi mendapatkan jaringan logistik yang optimal.

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Along with the development in today's business world, the reliable distribution network is very influential in maintaining the existence of the business. As a company that get the job of government to implement the increased use of domestic LPG to replace kerosene households, as well as LPG and gas products business more profit-oriented. It is necessary for increasing the reliability of the supply chain and increase profits by optimizing the existing LPG distribution network today.

The method used to optimize the distribution network is a Tabu Search Algorithm with Two Echelon - Mixed Integer Programming Problem Model. By using this method can determine the company expected, a good supply chain in order to obtain an optimal logistics network."

"ABSTRAKSejak Tahun 2007 Pemerintah melakukan upaya diversifikasi energi dengan mengeluarkan Kebijakan Konversi Minyak Tanah Mitan ke Liquified Petroleum Gas LPG . Kebijakan Konversi Mitan ke LPG 3 kg tersebut diiringi dengan pembangunan infrastruktur depot LPG, Stasiun Pengisian dan Pengangkutan Bulk Elpiji SPPBE/SPBE , dan lembaga penyalur/agen baik oleh BUMN maupun oleh swasta. Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mendapatkan jumlah ideal SPPBE/SPBE LPG 3 kg dan Penyalur/Agen LPG 3 kg di wilayah Kotamadya Depok dan untuk mendapatkan gambaran nilai keekonomian dan jumlah volume penyaluran minimum pada tingkat yang wajar dalam bisnis SPPBE/SPBE dan Penyalur/Agen LPG 3 kg di wilayah Kotamadya Depok. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Pengumpulan Data, Analisis Keekonomian,Analisis Sensitivitas terhadap volume penjualan LPG 3 kg per hari, maupun terhadap CAPEX. Dalam analisis keekonomian diperoleh bahwa proyeksi volume penjualan untuk tahun 2021 sebesar 64.465 MT/tahun, dan ditetapkan nilai IRR = MARR sebesar 13 , i= 10 . Dari Analisis Keekonomian dengan ketiga skenario, investasi dinilai layak apabila skenario 1 volume penyaluran minimum adalah 55 MT/hari, skenario 2 volume penyaluran minimum adalah 44 MT/hari, dan skenario 3 volume penyaluran minimum adalah 35 MT/hari. besarnya CAPEX dan volume penyaluran LPG 3 kg per hari mempengaruhi besarnya IRR, NPV dan PBP dari pembangunan SPPBE dan Penyalur/Agen LPG 3 kg. Untuk Penyalur/Agen LPG 3 kg di Kota Depok diperoleh keekonomian minimum penjualan per hari yaitu 1.120 tabung dan maksimum penjualan 5.600 tabung.

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ABSTRACT Since 2007 the Government has made an energy diversification by implementing Policy the Conversion of Kerosene to Liquified Petroleum Gas LPG . The Conversion Policy to LPG 3 kg was accompanied by the construction of LPG storage infrastructure, the LPG Bulk Filling and Transport Station SPPBE SPBE , and distributor agent both by state owned companies and by the private sector. The aim of this research is to get ideal amount of SPPBE SPBE LPG 3 kg and LPG 3 kg Distributor Agent in Depok city region and to get an overview of economic value and minimum volume of distribution at a reasonable level in SPPBE SPBE business and LPG Distributor Agent 3 kg in the Depok city. The research method used is data collection, economic analysis, sensitivity analysis on LPG sales volume of 3 kg per day, and to CAPEX. In the economic analysis, the projection of sales volume for the year of 2021 is 64,465 MT year, and IRR MARR value is 13 , i 10 . From the Economic Analysis with the three scenarios, investment is considered feasible if the scenario 1 minimum sales volume is 55 MT day, scenario 2 minimum sales volume is 44 MT day, and scenario 3 minimum sales volume is 35 MT day. The magnitude of CAPEX and the distribution volume of 3 kg LPG per day affect the magnitude of IRR, NPV and PBP from the development of SPPBE and distributor Agent LPG 3 kg. For Distributor Agent 3 kg LPG in Depok City, the minimum economical sales per day is 1,120 tubes and maximum sales of 5,600 tubes. "

"Vehicle routing problem (VRP) adalah jenis pendekatan yang bertujuan untuk memilih jalur rute pendistribusian ke beberapa area lokasi pelanggan menggunakan sejumlah armada transportasi. Pendekatan ini akan diapadukan dengan metode Mix Integer Linear Programming (MILP) dan bantuan Software LINGO 18.0 untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan rute pendistribusian tabung gas LPG 3 Kg di PT Wanita Satria. Saat ini, PT Wanita Satria diberi tanggung jawab untuk mendistribusikan tabung LPG 3 kg ke 19 titik lokasi Pangkalan yang berada di sekitaran kecamatan Jagakarsa, Pasar Minggu, dan Pancoran. Pengiriman saat ini dirasa masih belum optimal karena hanya berdasarkan pengalaman supir dan kernet, terbukti dengan teroptimalisasinya waktu pengiriman dari yang sebelumnya membutuhkan waktu sebesar 361,9 menit menjadi 276,9 menit atau berkurang sekitar 23,5% dengan kondisi jumlah tabung yang dikirimkan sama, yakni 514 tabung dengan melewati 3 rute. Selanjutnya juga dilakukan hasil analisis sensitivitas untuk mengetahui apakah ada dampak dari perubahan parameter permintaan. Dari perubahan tersebut didaptkan hasil adanya perubahan rute, jumlah rute, namun tidak diperlukan tambahan kendaraan bahkan ketika ada kenaikan permintaan sampai 50%.

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Vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a type of approach that aims to choose distribution routes to several customer location areas using a number of transportation fleets. This approach will be combined with the Mix Integer Linear Programming (MILP) method and the help of LINGO 18.0 Software to solve the problem of the distribution route for 3 Kg LPG gas cylinders at PT Wanita Satria. Currently, PT Wanita Satria is responsible for distributing 3 kg LPG cylinders to 19 Pangkalan locations around Jagakarsa, Pasar Minggu, and Pancoran sub-districts. The current delivery is still not optimal because it is only based on the experience of the driver and the assistant, as evidenced by the optimization of the delivery time from what previously took 361.9 minutes to 276.9 minutes or decreased by about 23.5% with the same condition that the number of tubes sent was the same. namely 514 tubes by passing 3 routes. Furthermore, the results of sensitivity analysis were also carried out to find out whether there was an impact from changes in demand parameters. From these changes, the results obtained are changes in routes, the number of routes, but no additional vehicles are needed even when there is an increase in demand of up to 50%."

"Pada program konversi minyak tanah ke LPG, Pemerintah telah berhasil mendistribusikan sekitar 57,19 juta paket perdana, menyusul suksesnya program tersebut, Pemerintah kembali meluncurkan program diversifikasi energi melalui program konversi bensin ke LPG tabung 3 Kg untuk nelayan, program ini kedepannya akan menambah beban subsidi baru. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan perbandingan antara program konversi minyak tanah ke LPG tabung 3 kg dengan program konversi bensin ke LPG tabung 3 kg untuk nelayan dari sisi biaya paket perdana dan subsidi, mendapatkan keunggulan bahan bakar LPG dengan membandingan kinerja mesin, emisi gas buang serta konsumsi bahan bakar terhadap putaran mesin serta analisa dampak penambahan penduduk nelayan terhadap subsidi LPG melalui proyeksi realisasi penyaluran LPG di kota Surabaya. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif untuk menganalisis variabel-variabel dalam penelitian dengan melakukan analisis perbandingan antara 2 (dua) program konversi, analisis hasil perbandingan torsi, daya dan konsumsi bahan bakar antara LPG dan bensin serta analisis dampak konversi. Dari analisis paket perdana diperoleh selisih biaya yang cukup besar yaitu sebesar Rp, 5,930,923.00,-. Dari sisi subsidi, dengan menghitung nilai keekonomian harga LPG, didapatkan penambahan subsidi yang akan dikeluarkan pemerintah sebesar Rp. 2.706 tiap liternya jika konversi tetap dijalankan. Pada analisa hubungan kinerja mesin, emisi gas buang serta konsumsi bahan bakar terhadap putaran menggambarkan keunggulan LPG dibandingkan bensin. Dari analisis dampak subsidi dengan ukuran proyeksi realisasi 5 tahun kedepan menggunakan metode paired sample t test didapat terjadi perubahan yang signifikan pada penyaluran LPG di kota Surabaya yang sebelumnya rata-rata penyaluran adalah sebesar 115305.7780 MT, setelah program konversi kenaikan penyaluran LPG menjadi 117585.7580 MT.

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In the kerosene-to-LPG conversion program, the Government has successfully distributed about 57.19 million packets of LPG, following the success of the program, the Government again launched the energy diversification program through a gasoline conversion program to LPG 3 Kg tube for fishermen, increase the burden of new subsidies. The purpose of this study was to obtain a comparison between the kerosene to LPG 3 kg tube conversion program with the gasoline conversion program to the 3 kg LPG tube for fishermen in terms of the cost of the starter pack and subsidies, obtaining the benefits of LPG fuel by comparing engine performance, exhaust emissions and consumption fuel for engine rotation and analysis of the impact of additional fisherman population on LPG subsidy through projected realization of LPG distribution in Surabaya city. This research uses quantitative research design to analyze the variables in the research by conducting comparative analysis between 2 (two) conversion program, torsion ratio analysis, power and fuel consumption between LPG and gasoline and conversion impact analysis. From the analysis of the initial package obtained a large cost difference of Rp. 5,930,923.00, -. In terms of subsidies, by calculating the economic value of LPG prices, the additional subsidy will be issued by the government of Rp. 2,706 per liter if conversion persists. In the analysis of engine performance relationships, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of rotation illustrates the benefits of LPG compared to gasoline. From the analysis of subsidy impact with projected realization size 5 years ahead using paired sample t test method there was a significant change in LPG distribution in Surabaya which previously average distribution is 115305.7780 MT, after conversion program of LPG channel increase to 117585.7580 MT."