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"In addition to offering insights into how middle classness was and is constituted and negotiated, this collection illuminates the cultural and social conditions of two distinctive periods in Vietnamese history. Still a sensitive topic politically, the contemporary middle class, nascent but increasingly powerful, is exerting a strong impact on the shape of contemporary society and culture, as well as on urban and rural landscapes. This volume offers a series of studies which critically interrogate the practices of those who engage in or aspire to urban middle-class lifestyles in Vietnam both in the past and in the present."

"ABSTRAKPerubahan gaya hidup masyarakat kelas menengah-urban dipengaruhi oleh stimul visual-audio yang intens. Tayangan televisi, sebagai salah satu stimul, merupakan media representasi dunia nyata yang membentuk persepsi penonton melalui pengalaman visual. Penggambaran dunia tesebut dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahasa ruang yang dapat dilihat, dirasakan dan dimaknai oleh penonton. Ruang dibahasakan dengan menggunakan tanda-tanda berupa elemen-elemen ruang yang merujuk pada realita. Dengan desain set, tanda-tanda diorganisasikan sehingga dapat membangun dan memperkuat persepsi penonton terhadap representasi kelas menengah urban pada tayangan televisi.

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ABSTRACTThe change of Urban-Middle class lifestyle is influenced by intentionally visual-auditory stimuls. The television shows, as one of the stimulation, is a media representation of the real world that create audience?s perception through the visual experience. The representation of that world using the language of space which can be seen, felt and interpreted by the audience. The language of space using signs like space elements which are refer to reality. With the set design, the signs are organized until could build and strengthen the audience's perception towards representation of the urban middle class on the telivision shows."

"ABSTRAKThe overall objectives of this research is to examine whether the intrahousehold food distribution exists in rural middle income and urban low income households and the nutritional status of members household having lactating mother in Dong Hung district and Thai Binh town,Thai Binh province of Vietnam. This research is designed as a cross-sectional study. A total of 25 urban low income and 25 rural middle income households having lactating mothers with breastfed infants 1-6 months of age were studied from January to March 1996. Food intake of selected household members (father, lactating mother, and children 1-5 years old) was collected using a combined food weighing and food recall method. A three consecutive days of food weighing was done during mealtime in each household. For food eaten outside the home or food eaten between meals when the researcher was not present, then food recall method was used. The results showed that inequality in food distribution within household existed in both rural and urban households. In general, father was the one who got more adequate intake compared to mother and child within household. Members of urban households had higher adequacy for some nutrients than their rural counterparts. Consequently, the nutritional status based on anthropometric indices of urban household members was better than those in rural households. "

"Penelitian kualitatif ini menjelaskan bagaimana komunitas lari kelas menengah berperan sebagai cultural intermediaries yang mempopulerkan olahraga lari sebagai gaya hidup berdasarkan analisis dimensi framing, expertise serta impact. Komunitas IndoRunners menjadi komunitas lari kelas menengah urban yang pertama kali melakukan framing yang meredefinisi olahraga lari dari sekedar olahraga mudah dan murah untuk menjaga kesehatan menjadi olahraga yang mempunyai nilai lebih yang relevan dengan karakter kelas menengah urban. Para pendiri komunitas lari memiliki keahlian (expertise) personal dan profesional yang berperan dalam kesuksesan mereka membentuk dan mengkomunikasikan framing, mereka juga mengakumulasi cultural capital yang menghasilkan legitimasi sebagai ahli di dunia lari rekreasi. Dampaknya (impact), olahraga lari sebagai gaya hidup mampu menampilkan karakter masyarakat urban modern yang menegaskan keanggotaan kelas menengah bahkan dijadikan identitas sosial oleh para penghobi lari sehingga keterikatan dengan olahraga lari menjadi semakin kuat. Komunitas lari kelas menengah urban ini berperan sebagai cultural intermediaries dalam konteks perkembangan media sosial karena praktek produksi dan konsumsi visual di media sosial sangat berperan dalam redefinisi olahraga lari sebagai gaya hidup.

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This qualitative research explains how middle-class running communities act as cultural intermediaries who popularize running as lifestyles based on the analysis of three dimensions: framing, expertise and impact. The IndoRunners has become the first urban middle class running community to do framing that redefines running from an easy and inexpensive sport to maintain health to a sport that has added values which is relevant to the character of the urban middle class. The founders of the community have the personal and professional expertise which play a role in their success in forming and communicating their framing. They also accumulate cultural capital that results in the legitimacy as an expert in the world of recreational running. The impact is, running as a lifestyle is able to display the character of modern urban society which confirms the middle class membership. It is even used as social identity by running enthusiasts so that their attachment to running becomes stronger. These urban middle class running communities act as cultural intermediaries in the context of the development of social media because the practice of visual production and consumption on social media plays a major role in the redefinition of running as a lifestyle."

"Dari tahun 1967 sampai 1998 Indonesia telah mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cukup pesat. Meskipun sempat terhenti karena krisi ekonomi tahun 1998, melalui informasi, melalui reformasi mendasar dan pasar domestik yang besar, Indonesia bisa pulih dan sekarang menjadi negara dengan ekonomi terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cukup tinggi menjadikan Indonesia sebagai slaah satu rumah kelas menengah terbesar di Asia. Tahun 1999, hanya 25 % penduduk bisa dikategorikan kelas menengah, tetapi tahun 2010 kelas menengah naik menjadi 57%. Jumlah ini diperkirakan bertambah lebih cepat karena beberapa dekade kedepan Indonesia akan mengalami bonu bonus deografi, seiring dengan pertumbuhan kelas konsumsi (individu dengan penghasilan bersih $3.600). Pertumbuhan kelas ekonomi dan pengingkatan pendapatan perkapita rumah tangga akan mengubah struktur pengeluaran masyarakat dan akan meningkatnya tabungan, investasi dan pertumbuhan sektor retail. Namun agar mampu mengambil manfaat dari meningkatnya kelas menengah, Indonesia harus mampu mengatasi beberapa tantangan. Tantangan pertama sebagian besar kelas menengah tergolong kelas menengah tingkat bawah yang sangat rentan terhadap gocangan ekonomi. Tantangan kedua adalah menciptakan lapangan kerja sebanyak banyaknya. Tantangan ketiga adalah kualitas kelas menengah Indonesia. Hanya sepertiga kelas menengah Indonesia yang lulusan Universitas. Tantangan keempat adalah mendorong kelas menengah untuk berhemat dan menabung."

"ABSTRAKBased on the generalizations in international researchers views on the relationship between the center and the periphery, the author maps out a theory on the relationship between Vietnam as the periphery and China as the center of East Asia during feudalism. On the basis of the theory of central peripheral relationships and the realities of a diplomatic relationship between Vietnam and China during feudalism, the article proves not only that China considered itself to be the center of East Asia with the role of educating surrounding peripheries, but also that surrounding countries were influenced by Chinese Confucian ideologies. For example, Vietnam also followed the Chinese centric order. Accordingly, acts such as requesting investiture and tribute from Vietnam to the center China were sustained for a long period, although there was no balance in interest between the two countries. In addition to the subordinate tendency of the periphery in relation to the center, there is a centrifugal tendency because of the asymmetry in interest. In the case of the Vietnam China relationship at that time, Vietnams subordinate tendency was relative and superficial, while the centrifugal tendency was mainstream. The author shows that the strong centrifugal tendency led to the transformation of Vietnams position from a Chinese vassal or peripheral state into a center in relationships with smaller countries in Southeast Asia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ukuran yang telah ada untuk mengidentifikasi status kelas penduduk dan mengenali kelas menengah Indonesia menggunakan ukuran baru dalam bentuk indeks komposit tertimbang yang menggabungkan variabel ekonomi dan nonekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah kelas menengah Indonesia yang dihitung menggunakan Indeks lebih kecil daripada yang dihitung menggunakan ukuran pengeluaran per kapita yang mengindikasikan bahwa kelas menengah dapat dikenali tidak hanya dari tingkat pengeluarannya saja, tetapi juga dari kondisi perumahan, tingkat pendidikan, status pekerjaan, dan gaya hidup. Kelas menengah Indonesia didominasi oleh penduduk berusia produktif dan lebih banyak tinggal di perkotaan. Selain itu penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa sebagian besar kepala rumah tangga kelas menengah masih berpendidikan di bawah SD/sederajat dengan mayoritas melakukan pekerjaan nonformal. Kelas menengah Indonesia diramalkan masih akan bertumbuh seiring dengan perbaikan pendapatan, pendidikan, dan pekerjaan.

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This research aims to test the competence of existing measurement in identifying class status and to identify Indonesian middle class using a new approachment that combines economic and noneconomic measurements. The result shows that the size of middle class that counted by composite index is smaller than the estimation produced by single economic variable measurement. It means that middle class can be identified not merely by its expenditure but also its accomplishment in housing, education, job, and lifestyle. Indonesian middle class is majority constituted by young people and lives in urban area. Most of head of middle class household are low educated and having informal job. The number of Indonesian middle class is predicted to still be expanding mainly driven by the improvement in income, education level, and jobs."