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"This milestones in drug therapy volume describes the history, chemistry, mechanisms of action and resistance, preclinical and clinical use, pharmacokinetics and safety and tolerability of the current range of antimalarial drugs. There is particular emphasis on artemisinins and related peroxides, as these drugs have now become the frontline treatment for malaria. Next generation antimalarials, molecular markers for detecting resistance, the importance of diagnostics and disease prevention are also covered in detail."

"ABSTRAKMalaria is a main public health problem in 109 countries and approximately 14 million people live in malaria endemic provinces in Afghanistan. This study is aimed to identify the independent predictors influencing the use of bed nets and determine the bed net coverage through a cross-sectional study with sample size of 171 households in Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. The result indicated that source of health education, number of rooms, locality of households and reading ability are the significant predictors associated with use of bed net and the coverage of bed net was 18.8% among surveyed population. As a conclusion, the big proportion of people who reported the habit of sleeping under bed net, were the respondents who received malaria related health messages from (TV, radio, newspapers, workplace and mosque), lived in urban area, owned less number of rooms and were able to read."

"Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu, masyarakat perlu mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai malaria, salah satunya melalui penyuluhan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan pencegahan malaria dan perilaku penggunaan kelambu serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan pada murid sekolah di kecamatan Bayah setelah mendapat penyuluhan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain cross-sectional. Data diambil pada tanggal 16-18 Oktober 2009 dengan mewawancarai responden menggunakan kuesioner.Hasilnya menunjukkan laki-laki sebanyak 43,4% dan perempuan 56,6%. Usia < 12 tahun 41,5% dan > 12 tahun 58,5%. Sumber informasi paling berkesan adalah petugas kesehatan (57,5%). Tingkat pengetahuan pencegahan malaria yang baik 29,2%, sedang 22,6%, dan kurang 48,1%. Perilaku penggunaan kelambu yang baik 3,8%, sedang 15,1%, dan kurang 81,1%. Berdasarkan uji chisquare, terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara pengetahuan pencegahan malaria dengan jumlah sumber informasi dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara pengetahuan pencegahan malaria dengan usia, jenis kelamin, kegiatan, sumber informasi paling berkesan, dan riwayat menderita malaria. Uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara perilaku penggunaan kelambu dengan semua karakteristik responden.Disimpulkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan pencegahan malaria hanya berhubungan dengan jumlah sumber informasi dan tidak berhubungan dengan karakteristik demografi responden lainnya serta tidak ada hubungan antara perilaku penggunaan kelambu dengan semua karakteristik demografi responden.Malaria is a public health problem in Indonesia. Therefore, people need to gain knowledge about malaria, by giving health education.

This study aims to determine knowledge level regarding malaria prevention, behaviour of using bed nets, and related factors of students in Bayah after given a health education. The study was conducted with cross-sectional design. Data was collected on October 16-18 2009 by interviewing respondents using the questionnaires.

The results show male respondents 41,5% and female 56,6%. All respondents had received information about malaria.The most impressive information source is health care provider (57,5%). There are 29,2% with good knowledge level of malaria prevention, 22,6% fair, and 48,1% poor. There are 3,8% with good behaviour of using bed nets, 15,1% fair, and 81,1% poor. There were significant differences (p<0,05) between knowledge level of malaria prevention to the number of information sources. There were no significant differences (p>0,05) between knowledge level to age, sex, daily activity, the most impressive source, and history of malaria. There were no significant differences between behaviour of using bednets and all respondents? demographic characteristics.

It can be concluded that knowledge level regarding malaria prevention is associated with the number of information sources and considered not associated to another respondents? demographic characteristics. It also can be concluded that the behaviour of using bednets is not associated with respondents? demographic characteristics."

"Resistensi terhadap S/P dihubungkan dengan mutasi titik pada enzim DHFR/DHPS, sehingga menyebabkan melemahnya ikatan afinitas antara enzim dengan inhibitornya. Meskipun secara in vitro hal ini sudah dibuktikan, namun secara in vivo belum ada pola mutasi yang spesifik yang dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan kegagalan S/P, mengingat penggunaan S/P sebagai first line atau second line di beberapa daerah endemik malaria memacu timbulnya resistensi SIP dalam waktu yang relatif cepat. Indonesia adalah salah satu negara endemik malaria, dimana hampir 50% P. falciparum telah resisten terhadap klorokuin. Untuk menentukan apakah S/P akan dipakai sebagai first line ataupun second line anti malaria drug , diperlukan analisis dari mulasi gen DHFR dan DHPS, yang berguna memberikan masukan untuk kebijkan pengobatan di suatu daerah. Sampel penelitian ini adalah P. falciparum yang didapat dari pasien yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas Kenarilang (Alor) dan Hanura (Lampung) kemudian diberi S/P dan diikuti hingga 28 hari pengamatan. Dari spot darah pasien, DNA P. falciparum di ekstrak dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi chelex, dan selanjutnya dilakukan amplifikasi DNA dengan primer yang menyandi gen DHFR dan DHPS. Hasil amplifikasi dipotong dengan menggunakan enzim restriksi untuk melihat adanya mulasi di kedua gen tersebut.Kegagalan pengobatan di Alor dan Lampung sebesar 8,5 % dan 22,5%. Dari kedua daerah ditemukan adanya mutasi DHFR yaitu aspargin 108 Alor vs Lampung sebesar 71,2% vs 87,2%, valin 16 sebesar 93,6% vs 33,3%, Arginin 59 sebesar 59,6% vs 72,4%. Tidak ditemukan adanya mutasi isoleusin 51 di kedua daerah, meskipun di Alor hanya ditemukan mutasi leusin 164 hanya sebesar 8,5%. Sedangkan mutasi DHPS pada residu glisin 437 sebesar 64% hanya ditemukan di Lampung saja. Proporsi mutasi ganda dikedua daerah masing-masing sebesar 48,9% dan 51,9% untuk Alor dan Lampung dengan predominasi aspargin 108 + arginin 59. Aspargin 108 + arginin 59 I(DHFR), glisin 437 (DHPS) atau gabungan ketiganya (DHFR mutan + DHPS mutan) berhubungan dengan kegagalan pengobatan S/P. Ada hubungan age-dependent distribusi parasit dengan alel gen DHFR mutan + DHPS mutan dimana akan semakin dijumpai dalam proporsi yang semakin sedikit di usia dewasa (> 20 tahun). Terdapat perbedaan proporsi pembawa gametosit dimana diakhir pengamatan (H28). dimana Lampung lebih banyak dari Alor. Penggunaan SIP di Alor masih dapat dipakai sepanjang tidak digunakan sebagai first line antimalaria drug dan harus digunakan dengan kombinasi SIP dan obat lainnya. Sedangkan di Lampung penggunaan SIP sebaiknya diganti mengingat tingginya mutasi di daerah tsb."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan beban malaria tertinggi di Asia Tenggara. Diperkirakan 35 persen penduduk Indonesia tinggal di daerah denganAnnual Parasite Incidence (API) yang berisiko tertular malaria. Perilaku pencegahan penyakit malaria dilakukan untuk menurunkan angka kejadian malaria di Indonesia terutama di wilayah berpotensi malaria. Tujuan penelitian iniadalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor hubungan perilaku pencegahan malariadengan kejadian malaria di provinsi Bengkulu tahun 2013. Penelitianmenggunakan data RISKESDAS 2013 dengan desain studi cross sectional. Dengan desain efek dua, maka jumlah minimum sampel adalah 3.412 responden. Sampel penelitian ini adalah seluruh individu di rumah tangga di provinsiBengkulu yang terpilih menjadi responden RISKESDAS 2013 yaitu 18.120 responden. Faktor dominan perilaku pencegahan yang mempengaruhi kejadian malaria yaitu jenis kelamin, klasifikasi wilayah, dan konsumsi obat pencegahan.Dimana jenis kelamin laki-laki berpeluang terkena malaria sebesar 1,2 kalidibandingkan dengan perempuan setelah di kontrol umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan,klasifikasi wilayah, kelambu berinsektisida, obat nyamuk bakar, kasa nyamuk,repelen, rumah di semprot insektisida, dan konsumsi obat pencegahan.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is one country with the highest malaria burden in Southeast Asia. An estimated 35 percent of Indonesia's population live in areas with Annual ParasiteIncidence (API) that is at risk of contracting malaria. Malaria prevention behaviors done to reduce the incidence of malaria in Indonesia, especially in thearea of potential malaria. The purpose of this study is knowing the relationship between the behavior to prevent malaria with malaria with malaria incidence in Bengkulu province in 2013. The study used data RISKESDAS 2013 with cross sectional study design using the data RISKESDAS 2013. With two design effects, the minimum number of samples was 3412 respondents. Samples were allindividuals in households in Bengkulu province were elected to the respondent RISKESDAS 2013 ie 18 120 respondents. The dominant factor affecting the behavior of the incidence of malaria prevention: gender, region classification, and prevention of drug consumption. Where the male chance of getting malaria by 1.2 times compared with women after control variables age, education, occupation, region classification, insecticide-treated nets, mosquito coils, mosquito netting, repellent, home insecticide spray, and prevention of drug consumption."

"Malaria termasuk penyakit yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan, khususnya di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi malaria di Kecamatan Rajabasa telah dilakukan namun masih dijumpai adanya kasus malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi praktik positif pencegahan malaria dan pengetahuan lokal dari masyarakat, yang menjadi faktor penting dilakukannya upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pencegahan malaria melalui pendidikan kesehatan dan peningkatan perilaku sehat. Penelitian dilakukan Bulan April 2016, menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan pendekatan positive deviance. Data didapatkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Analisis data menggunakan content analysis ditemukan beberapa tema pada praktik positif yaitu pemakaian kelambu, pemakaian obat anti nyamuk, pemasangan kassa nyamuk, mengeringkan genangan, menutup jendela sebelum sore, membersihkan rumah dan halaman. Pada praktik negatif ditemukan tema kebiasaan keluar malam dan rendahnya partisipasi masyarakat, Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan praktik positif pencegahan malaria yang dilakukan masyarakat dengan menggunakan biji buah mahoni, menanam sereh dan minum air rebusan daun jambu batu untuk menolak gigitan nyamuk. Saran: Perlu melakukan penyuluhan kepada tokoh masyarakat dalam peningkatan dukungan kepada masyarakat, diperlukan fasilitasi dari puskesmas dan petugas kesehatan untuk membentuk forum silaturahmi antara tokoh masyarakat antar desa dalam rangka saling membagikan praktik positif yang dilakukan.

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Malaria disease is still a public health problem, particularly in South Lampung regency. Efforts are being made to tackle malaria in Sub Rajabasa been made, but still met the malaria cases. This study aims to identify positive practices malaria prevention and local knowledge of the community, which is an important factor to do community empowerment efforts in the prevention of malaria through health education and increase healthy behaviors. The study was conducted in April 2016 using a qualitative design with positive deviance approach. Data were obtained by interviews and observations. Analysis of data using content analysis found several themes on positive practices, namely the use of mosquito nets, the use of anti-mosquito, the insect screen installation, drain the puddle, close the window before the afternoon, cleaning the house and yard. On the negative practices found out custom theme nights and low community participation, this study found positive practices that do community malaria prevention using mahogany fruit seeds, planting lemongrass and drink water boiled guava leaves to reject mosquito bites. Suggestion: Keep doing outreach to the community leaders to increase support for communities, necessary facilitation of health centers and health officials to establish the relationship between community leaders forum between villages in order to share with each other positive practices do."

"Pendahuluan. Malaria adalah salah satu penyakit infeksi parasit yang masih menjadi permasalahan di Indonesia. Meskipun sebagian besar daerah di Indonesia sudah bebas malaria, namun masih cukup banyak daerah yang masih endemis dengan prevalensi malaria yang tinggi. Tujuan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, perilaku pencegahan terhadap malaria pada karyawan, adanya perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan  antara karyawan yang pernah dan belum pernah ke daerah endemis malaria dan bagaimana peran perusahaan terhadap pencegahan malaria. Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan Mix Method (deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif). Penelitian kualitatif dilakukan dengan pendekatan melalui wawancara secara mendalam menggunakan adaptasi kuesioner untuk mengetahui pencegahan malaria dan penerapan di perusahaan yang meliputi manajer, supervisor dan dokter klinik perusahaan. Penelitian kuantitatif untuk mengukur tingkat pengetahuan serta perilaku karyawan terhadap malaria. Analisis data dilakukan dengan program statistic menggunakan uji Man-Whitney. Hasil. Seluruh responden masuk ke dalam kategori tingkat  pengetahuan dan pencegahan malaria yang masih buruk. Tidak ada perbedaan pengetahuan yang bermakna antara karyawan yang sudah ataupun belum pernah ke daerah endemis malaria (menggunakan uji Man-Whitney, p: 0,371). Peran perusahaan dinilai masih kurang dalam melakukan pencegahan malaria. Kesimpulan. Masih kurangnya nilai pengetahuan karyawan secara keseluruhan terkait malaria dan pencegahan penularannya. Dan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara pengetahuan karyawan yang belum dan sudah pernah bertugas ke daerah endemis malaria. Masih kurangnya peran perusahaan terhadap pencegahan malaria

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Introduction. Malaria is one of the parasitic infectious diseases that remains as a main problem in Indonesia. Even though most regions in Indonesia are malaria free, there are still many areas that are endemic with high prevalence.

Objective. The purpose of this study were among others to identify the level of knowledge of malaria among employess, to determine whether there was a difference between thelevel of knowledge among those who had and never had been to Papua or other malaria endemic area and to find out company’s role towards prevention of malaria.

Method. This study was using a descriptive study with a Mix Method (qualitative and quantitative method). Qualitative research was carried out by a system approach through in-depth interviews using adaptated questionnaires as guidance to learn about malaria prevention and control practices of the company involving manager, supervisor and clinical physician. Quantitative research measures the level of knowledge and behavior of employees towards malaria. Data analysis was performed with statistical program using Man-Whitney test.

Results. All respondents had  poor  knowledge and prevention practices towards malaria There was no significant difference in knowledge between employees who had or had not been to malaria endemic areas (p: 0.371). The role of company towards malaria prevention is still not optimal.

Conclusion. Overall knowledge related to malaria and it’s prevention was poor. And there was no significant difference between the knowledge of employees who have not and have been assigned to malaria-endemic areas. The role of company towards malaria prevention is still lacking."

"The number of malaria cases in the world is 350- 500 million and more than one minion deaths occur every year, particularly intropical area and Africa. The prevalence of malaria in Indonesia is 2.85%. There are 49.6% Indonesian people which is risky to get infected with malaria because of living in an endemic malaria area. The prevalence of malaria in South Sumatera is 1.01 % and OKU District is the most endemic malaria area in South Sumatera with number of AMI (Annual Malaria Incidence) in 2008. of23.4%.In genera1t the objective of study was to assess the relation between the use of anti-mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandonan, and the specific objectives are :1. To assess the relation between the use of anti mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria 2. To assess porentiaJ impact of the use of anti­ mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandorum. OKU District.The study is an observational epidemiology in case control study design. The target population of the study was people of OKU District, while the actual population was people who live in Pengandonan and participated in MBS. The sample population was people who participated in MBS and recruited as sample study.The use of anti-mosquito lotion has significant influence with malaria incidence ofOR=0,312 p=O,OOO (95% CI 0,19-0,056), which means people who use anti mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don't. The house construction has significant relation with malaria incidence of0R=7,88 p=O,OOO (95% Cl4,74-13,12).The knowledge of respondent about malaria has significant relation with malaria incidence of OR=0,49 dan p=O,OOJ (95% CI 0,31-0,78). Variable of "have acted around house» (IF 0.519) and variable of "diSstance of mosquito bedding"(p=O.l35) has no significant relation with malaria incidence. people who use anti-mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don't. Public health intervention such as use of mosquito lotion will provide potential impact in decreasing malaria incidence in community of 53%.Suggestions:1. Efforts need to use anti-mosquito lotion that can be affordable by the community.considering the use of anti-mosquito lotion to prevent mosquito bites when outside the home is very effective and efficient.2. Increased knowledge of community with intensive counselling efforts so the knowledge of community about the disease malaria can be better, so they can be aware of their own willingness to seek a variety of activities that are preventive to mosquito bites."

"Malaria merupakan penyakit menular yang memiliki angka kasus dan kematian yang tinggi di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Penyakit menular ini ditransmisikan melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles betina yang membawa parasit dari genus Plasmodium. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam pengendalian malaria adalah program vaksinasi dengan vaksin pra-eritrositik. Selain itu, terdapat intervensi yang dapat memutus rantai penularan dari manusia ke nyamuk, yaitu penggunaan obat transmission-blocking. Pada skripsi ini digunakan model matematika untuk membahas bagaimana pengendalian penyakit malaria dengan vaksin pra-eritrositik dan obat transmission-blocking. Model merupakan sistem persamaan diferensial nonlinier berdimensi sepuluh yang melibatkan dua populasi, yaitu populasi manusia dan populasi nyamuk. Populasi manusia terdiri dari delapan subpopulasi dan populasi nyamuk terdiri dari dua subpopulasi. Kajian analitik yang dilakukan adalah menganalisis eksistensi dan sifat kestabilan titik-titik keseimbangan dan menganalisis basic reproduction number (R0). Simulasi numerik terdiri dari penaksiran parameter, analisis sensitivitas dan elastisitas R0, dan simulasi autonomous untuk memahami dinamika populasi terhadap perubahan nilai parameter. Data penaksiran parameter menggunakan data kasus baru terdeteksi malaria di Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat tahun 2020. Berdasarkan kajian analitik dan simulasi numerik, menunjukkan intervensi vaksin pra-eritrositik dan obat transmission-blocking terbukti mampu mereduksi penyebaran malaria di Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat. Dengan menerapkan kedua intervensi ini diharapkan dapat mengoptimalkan upaya pengendalian malaria di Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat.

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Malaria is an infectious disease that has a high number of cases and deaths in the world, including in Indonesia. This infectious disease is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito that carries parasites of the genus Plasmodium. One of the efforts that can be done in controlling malaria is a vaccination program with pre-erythrocytic vaccines. In addition, there is an intervention that can break the chain of transmission from humans to mosquitoes, namely the use of transmission-blocking drugs. In this undergraduate thesis, a mathematical model is used to discuss how to control malaria with pre-erythrocytic vaccines and transmission-blocking drugs. The model is a ten-dimensional nonlinear differential equation system involving two populations, namely the human population and the mosquito population. The human population consists of eight subpopulations and the mosquito population consists of two subpopulations. The analytical study is analyzing the existence and stability of the equilibrium points and analyzing the basic reproduction number (R0). The numerical simulation consists of parameter estimation, sensitivity and elasticity analysis of R0, and autonomous simulation to understand the dynamics of the population to changes in parameter values. Parameter estimation data using data on new cases of malaria detected in Papua and West Papua in 2020. Based on analytical studies and numerical simulations, pre-erythrocytic vaccines and transmission-blocking drugs are proven to be able to reduce the spread of malaria in Papua and West Papua. By implementing these two interventions, it is expected to optimize malaria control efforts in the Papua and West Papua provinces. "

"Irian Jaya merupakan propinsi dengan masalah malaria tertinggi (SPR pelita V 54,05%), selain sebagai penerima transmigrasi cukup besar di Indonesia. Jayapura adalah kabupaten penerima transmigrasi ke-2 terbesar setelah Merauke dan memiliki masalah malaria lebih tinggi dari kabupaten Merauke. Kecamatan Arso juga sebagai penerima transmigrasi terbesar di kabupaten Jayapura dengan masalah malaria paling tinggi (AMI, Desember 1994: 579,48 per 1000 penduduk). Jenis penelitian adalah "kasus kontrol', untuk mempelajari pengaruh tindakan pencegahan perorangan terhadap kejadian malaria. Selain itu untuk mengetahui pengaruh tindakan pencegahan perorangan terhadap kejadian malaria setelah dikontrol faktor-faktor kovariat. Populasi study yaitu kelompok umur 15 - 50 tahun. Analisis statistik dengan uji odds ratio dan kai kuadrat serta multiple regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tindakan pencegahan gigitan nyamuk mempengaruhi kejadian malaria. Jika tindakan pencegahan gigitan nyamuk tergolong kurang maka risiko kejadian malaria sebesar 2,464 kali dibandingkan yang memiliki tindakan pencegahan tersebut yang tergolong baik (p = 0,0126, 95% CI : 1,196-5,078). Sedangkan faktor kebiasaan berada di luar rumah pada malam hari dan kebiasaan berpakaian pada waktu tidur malam tidak mempengaruhi kejadian malaria. Faktor yang berperan sebagai kovariat yaitu status penyemprotan rumah dengan IRS dan lama bermukim di unit pemukiman transmigrasi. Risiko kejadian malaria akan meningkat menjadi 3,066 kali jika penduduk memiliki tindakan pencegahan gigitan nyamuk tergolong kurang setelah dikontrol oleh 2 faktor kovariat tersebut (p = 0,0075, 95% CI : 1,350-6,966 dan likelihood ratio = 0,0425).

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Malaria incident and individual prevention action at transmigration settlement of sub-distrct Arso, district Jayapura, Province of Irian Jaya.Irian Jaya is made up of a Province which is susceptible against malaria - the highest among other Provinces in Indonesia (SPR of pelita [five years development plant] V was 54,05%), apart from a big transmigrant sites in Indonesia. Jayapura is the number two biggest transmigrant receiver after Merauke but having the higher malaria matters than Merauke district. Sub-district Arso is the biggest receiver city of transmigrant as well as Jayapura county by having the highest rate of malaria matters (AMI, December 1994: 579,48 per 1000 people).

Type of this research is 'case control' to learn the impact of individual prevention action against malaria incident. Apart from that, it is to find out the impact of individual prevention action against malaria incident after controlled by covariates factors. Study's subject was population under age group 15-50 years. Statistic analysis by means of odds ratio, chi square and multiple logistic regression as well.

The result of this research indicated that prevention action of mosquito bite impact on malaria incident. When such preventions is classified less so the malaria incident will be 2.464 times compared with one classified good (p = 0.0126,95% Cl :1,196-5,078). While other factors such as stay outside of house at night time and dressing habit on bed time do not effect malaria incident.

Factor is considered as covariat factor are house spraying activities status with IRS and the length of dwelling at transmigration settlement. The risk of malaria incident will increase to be 3.066 times if the population has less prevention action of mosquito bite after controlling by the two covariat factors (p = 0.0075,95% CI :1,350-6,966 and likelihood ratio is (0,0425)."