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"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji dampak dari tata kelola perusahaan dalam hal board characteristics terhadap kinerja perusahaan dalam industri penerbangan. Secara khusus, penelitian ini menguji efek dari busy directors dan background of directors terhadap revenue passenger kilometers dan operating profits sebagai dua ukuran kinerja perusahaan penerbangan. Terlepas dari apakah perusahaan penerbangan menerapkan one-tier board system atau twotier board system, penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data panel dari 15 perusahaan selama kurun waktu 10 tahun (2004-2013) dari Asia dan Eropa yang sebagian besar sampel merupakan pembawa bendera negara mereka.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa busy directors secara signifikan mempengaruhi kinerja maskapai dengan efek negatif, terhadap revenue passenger kilometers dan operating profits. Background of directors, di sisi lain terbukti memiliki efek positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja maskapai.

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The aim of this research is to examine the impact of corporate governance in terms of board characteristics towards firm performance in the airline industry. Specifically, this thesis tests the effects of busy directors and background of directors on revenue passenger kilometers and operating profits as the two measures of airline performance. Regardless of whether the airline companies practice one-tier board system or two-tier board system, this study uses panel data analysis of 15 companies for a period of 10 years (2004-2013) from Asia and Europe that are mostly flag carriers of their countries.

The results shows that busy directors are significant that affect airline performance negatively, in terms of revenue passenger kilometers and operating profits. Board of directors background on the other hand is proven to have a positive effect and significantly influence airline performance."

"ABSTRAKThis study sets in objective to answer the question how the airline industry could survive through covid-19 based on tourism perspective. It will also describe plan of crisis management after pandemic for airline industry in Indonesia."

"This research mainly discusses about the effects of applying revenue management, specifically in the contexts of inventory control (variation in ticket prices for the same flight and class) and denied boarding (permissibility of reservations exceeding carrying capacity as a hedging practice over the possibility of tickets cancellation) on the customers? satisfaction toward airlines in Indonesia. Experimental method was applied on the research, involving students from University of Indonesia as participants. The results showed that inventory control policy partly affected customer satisfaction, while the denied boarding policy fully affected their satisfaction. These research findings can contribute to further studies on consumers? behaviour in dynamic airlines industry, mainly in emerging markets such as Indonesia.

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Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pengaruh penerapan manajemen pemasukan (revenue management), khususnya dalam konteks pengendalian inventori (inventory control , yaitu variasi harga tiket dalam penerbangan dan kelas yang sama) dan penolakan untuk naik pesawat (denied boarding, praktik jumlah reservasi yang melebihi kapasitas angkut pesawat sebagai praktik antisipasi kemungkinan pembatalan tiket oleh penumpang) terhadap kepuasan konsumen pada perusahaan penerbangan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode eksperimen, dengan melibatkan mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia sebagai partisipan dalam eksperimen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pengendalian inventori secara parsial mempengaruhi kepuasan pelanggan, sedangkan denied boarding mempengaruhi kepuasan pelanggan secara penuh. Temuan penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap studi tentang perilaku konsumen industri penerbangan yang dinamis, khususnya dalam pasar yang berkembang seperti di Indonesia."

"The airline industry has been challenged, during the last years, by the opening of the European market, the adjustments required to deal with the new competitive environment and the pressure of the US open skies strategy. European airlines have developed innovative strategies in order to adapt themselves to market growth and competition challenges. During the last decade they have achieved considerable productivity improvements, which now permits the sector to create new jobs. However they still suffer from relative structural fragmentation and financial fragility when compared to their main competitors, notably North-American carriers.Liberalization and globalization make the market increasingly competitive and require airlines to undertake large restructuring efforts. European Commission authorized state aid as a one-off measure to help national carriers to restructure during the transition to the liberalized single market. This transition is now over. The airline industry suffers from the same handicap as other industries in Europe, justifying general initiatives enhancing the efficiency of the economic environment.The 11 September 2001 Tragedy no matter terrible should be identified as a one-off event and not a structural crisis. Air France wanted to act quickly while at the same time taking measures that could be easily reversed when needed. It needed quick action while at the same time avoiding over-reaction. Air France announced an adjustment plan on 18 September. which included among other things a freeze on hiring, a reduction in capacity and a number of cost-saving measures. Air France constantly shifted Its capacity regionally as it betted on the fact that the strength of Its hub, Paris/COG 2, allows it to resist the downturn and attract customers to Paris, thus gaining market share.By the end of November, instead of a growth forecast of 7% over the winter of 2000, Air France had the results stabilized and the winter of 2001 was on the same level as the year before. The capacity reduced less than others but the load factors and the yields, whereas the figures for the European airlines were down 10% and even worse ¡n the U.S.In general, and despite the huge financial losses it incurred, the European airline industry reacted much better this time than during the Gulf War crisis of 1990-91. This is largely due to greater flexibility in managing capacity and to a certain self- imposed discipline, which avoided a potentially disastrous fares war. In the end the fare structure might be imposed instead, which basically covered the costs.Though for some other airlines still questionable, the alliances played an important role in helping Air France manage the crisis. In spite of some initial problems between European and U.S. carriers due to what was perceived as dumping practices on the part of the Americans, at a later stage a dialogue was possible on the issue of fares, thus avoiding much heavier losses. In this case, Air France was able to talk to Delta on these Issues after receiving antitrust immunity in January. In the future, the alliances may play an even larger role in minimizing the impact of such event, market slowdown, or even economic turndown.Overall revenue figures for the industry are still down in the largest markets. There is still a depressed demand in the U.S. We are also facing additional costs as a result of 11 September, in particular ¡n the areas of security and insurance. Just in terms Of insurance, Air France is facing an annual cost increase of around US$100m.Airline industry apparently cannot cover its capital costs. The authorities seem to realize it but they easily forget it as soon as the routines clock back. Unfortunately, if traffic decreases, the airports and the air traffic control authorities immediately increase their charges in order to compensate for lost revenue. There a great imbalance amongst player in the air transport industry.Part of the blame for this, of course, lies within the industry. The low-cost carriers, for instance, while playing a useful role in opening up a new market segment to aviation are also damaging the industry as a whole. Their product is different, they occupy a niche of their own but in their communication they imply.Air France practiced renegotiation, delivery delay, and restructures operating lease, which enables itself to withdraw aircraft from the fleet without being financially penalized. 11 September obviously spurred the airlines to slightly alter their plans and at least to anticipate some measures. Nine A310s were withdrawn from the fleet of Air France nine months ahead of time. They will be replaced by A330-200s. Two 747-200s and one 767 were withdrawn from long-haul operations, while in the medium-haul sector operating leases on three A321 s and one 737-300 were not renewed. The use of short-to-medium term operational leases has given Air France great flexibility in times of crisis. It seems that Air France learned the lesson of 1991 when it received brand-new aircraft that ended immediately parked iri the desert.Strategic alliance is considered to have helped in avoiding cost increases, and building synergic complementary network. Through a code share, one could double a frequency without any spending. This means altogether substantial investment savings. On the cargo side, SkyTeam, for example, has developed frreaChiflg synergies between Air France, Delta and Korean.The alliances are still a very young phenomenon and they have not yet expressed all their potential. Common marketing strategies might do the trick, while preserving the identity and ¡mage of each partner, will also fosters the growth of the SkyTeam brand. The alliance has made much progress over the past three years and the antitrust immunity granted in January will lead to a qualitative jump in its partner relationship."

"Pada akhir tahun 2018, tarif tiket pesawat untuk penerbangan domestik kelas ekonomi dari berbagai maskapai telah melambung tinggi. Kenaikan harga tiket yang signifikan dinyatakan dipicu dari kenaikan harga avtur dan penurunan nilai tukar Rupiah. Struktur industri penerbangan yang dikuasai oleh dua group besar juga dinilai telah memicu terjadinya kenaikan harga tiket. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah terhadap adanya dugaan praktik persaingan usaha tidak sehat karena adanya pergerakan tarif tiket pesawat yang seragam dari maskapai-maskapai di Indonesia. Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha menilai bahwa kenaikan dan penurunan tarif tiket pesawat oleh maskapai penerbangan telah memberikan indikasi awal atas adanya tindakan yang bersifat anti persaingan yakni dugaan pelanggaran penetapan harga oleh para maskapai penerbangan sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan tipe penelitian yuridis-normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terhadap kenaikan tarif tiket pesawat oleh para maskapai telah menunjukkan indikasi awal terjadinya sebuah praktik persaingan usaha tidak sehat diantara para maskapai, namun bukti-bukti yang diperoleh sampai saat ini belum cukup konklusif untuk dapat menyatakan telah dilakukannya pelanggaran UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 dari kenaikan tarif tiket pesawat.

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At the end of 2018, airline ticket prices for economy-class domestic flights from various airlines have soared. The significant increase in flight ticket prices was said to be triggered by the increase in avtur prices. The structure of the airline industry whcih is controlled by two large airline groups is also considered to have triggered an increase in ticket prices. The problem raised in this study is on the allegations of price fixing by the indications of parallel business conduct in the industry, both from full service airlines and no frills airlines or Low Cost Carriers. The competition supervisory commission in Indonesia (KPPU), considers that the parallel movement of flight ticket prices have provided an initial indication of anticompetitive actions, namely alleged price fixing violations as stipulated in Law Number 5 Year 1999 concerning Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition. The research method used in this thesis is juridical-normative type. The analysis of the case has concluded that there have not been found sufficient evidence to support the indications of anticompetitive practices among airlines to fix prices of domestic airline ticket prices."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik perusahaan terhadap struktur dewan komisaris dan direksi pada perusahaan non keuangan dan non utilitas yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2008-2012, menggunakan pendekatan ordinary least square (OLS). Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel perusahaan Indonesia tahun 2008-2012, dipilih 101 perusahaan sebagai sampel. Karakteristik perusahaan terdiri dari kompleksitas perusahaan, biaya monitoring dan advising serta insentif kepemilikan saham. Penulis menemukan bahwa kompleksitas perusahaan memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap board size. Biaya monitoring dan advising tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap board independence dan insentif kepemilikan juga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap board independence.

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This study investigates the effect of firm characteristics on board structure of Indonesian Listed Companies 2008-2012 employing ordinary least square (OLS) approach. This study is used a panel of Indnesian firms between 2008-2012, 101 firms were selected as a sample. Firm characteristics consists of its complexity, the costs of monitoring and advising, and ownership incentives. This empirical results show that firm complexity on board size is positive. The costs of monitoring and advising is not significant on board independence and ownership incentives is not significant too on board independence."

"Looking to the passenger number achievement of PT. Garuda Indonesia (Garuda) and the developing of airline industry in Indonesia, it it obvious that the market competition of airline industry is very competitive. Such competition could be handled if Garuda could apply a marketing strategy that has a sustainable competitive advantage. This served as the background of the research which aimed at identifying the feasibility of applying the sustainable competitive advantage concept as the marketing strategy and to what extend it can be applied to identify competitive position of Garuda toward other competitors in the airline industry in Indonesia.The research adoptive descritiptive method through data collection in a form of secondary and primary data. The former used books, annual reports and other document related with the research. As for the letter, questionnaires designed based on the Likert Scale were distributed to the personnel of Garuda in the head quaters and Jakarta Raya Branch Office. The research adopted Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix theory and the Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) aproach. The BCG matrix was used to identify the competitive position of Garuda towards the competitors in the airline industry and the SCA was to analyse the component of competitors covering own product familiarity, familiarity towards competitors, familiarity towards the competitors' product and the component of competition techniques conspiring of cost advantage, product differenciation, market focus, pioneering products and market sinergy.The result of this research despicted that competitive position of Garuda in the airline industry in Indonesia was the star quadran possesing the growth of long run opportunies. The strategies that could be adopted were forward integration, backward integration, horizontal integration, market penetration, market development and product development. Whereas the result of analysis of the component of prequisite condition of SCA concept war thing like the the familiarity of own product, familiarity of copetitors' product, cost advantage, product diferenciation, market focus and pioneering product receiving good/high level category and as for being familiar with the competitors possesing very good/very high category whereas the market sinergy obtained relatively good/relatively high category. Therefore it could be concluded that the SCA concept could be adopted as the marketing strategy of Garuda. The optimalize adoption of the SCA concept as the marketing strategy that possessed the sustainable competition required mending and improvement of such strategies as market synergy, human resources development and the market extention."

"ABSTRAKPada sektor pertanian, kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu jenis komoditas perkebunan yangmempunyai peran cukup penting dalam kegiatan perekonomian Indonesia. Semakin tua usiatumbuhan kelapa sawit, semakin sedikit pula buah yang akan dihasilkan. Setiap tahunnya, hampir500 ribu hektar lahan kelapa sawit telah teronggok menjadi lahan sampah akibat rehabilitasi. Halini mengakibatkan Re-planting harus dilakukan. Praktek penanaman kembali pohon kelapa sawitsetelah melebihi masa hidup ekonomi 20 tahun hingga 25 tahun, telah menghasilkan sejumlahbesar bahan yang kurang dimanfaatkan setiap tahunnya terutama dalam bentuk batang. Riset inibertujuan untuk mengolah limbah tersebut menjadi papan partikel dengan menggunakan batangkelapa sawit. Karena semakin terbatasnya sumber daya kayu pohon sebagai bahan papan partikel,penulis meneliti bahwa ada banyak potensi bahan selain kayu pohon yang dapat digunakanmenjadi alternatif substitusi. Salah satunya adalah batang kelapa sawit. Selain sedikit/terbatasnyasumber daya kayu pohon, perbandingan antara harga papan partikel eksisting yang terbuat darikayu pohon dengan papan partikel batang kelapa sawit juga menjadi tambahan penelitian kali ini.Pemanfaatan dengan proses daur ulang dapat dilakukan dan memiliki potensi untuk produksimassal. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini akan mendapatkan nilai lebih dari pemanfaatanlimbah batang kelapa sawit sebagai bahan utama untuk produksi papan partikel. Penelitian inimenerapkan ilmu peningkatan nilai bahan (leverage) dengan metodologi pembuatan produk papanpartikel batang kelapa sawit, Desain Eksperimen (DOE), pengujian fisis dan mekanis dilaboratorium, dan diskusi perbandingan harga.

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ABSTRACTIn the agricultural sector, oil palm is one type of plantation commodity that has an important rolein Indonesia's economic activities. The older the age of oil palm plants, the less fruit will beproduced. Every year, nearly 500 thousand hectares of oil palm land has been piled up as wasteland due to rehabilitation. This causes re-planting need to be done. The practice of replanting oilpalm plants after exceeding the economic life span of 20 years to 25 years, has produced a largeamount of material that is underutilized every year, especially in the form of trunks. This researchaims to process the waste into particle boards using palm oil trunk. Because of the limited resourcesof tree wood as particle board material, the authors examine that there are many potential materialsother than tree wood which can be used as alternative substitutions. One of them is the trunk of oilpalm. Not only the limited wood tree resources, furthermore the comparison between the prices ofexisting particle boards which made from tree wood and particle boards which made from oil palmtrunk was also explained this time. Utilization with a recycling process can be carried out and hasthe potential for mass production. The results obtained from this study will get more value fromthe utilization of palm oil stem waste as the main material for particle board production. This studyapplies the science of increasing the value of materials (leverage) with the methodology of makingoil palm stem particle board products, Experimental Design (DOE), physical and mechanicaltesting in the laboratory, and discussion of price comparisons."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan produsen biji kakao ketiga terbesar di dunia . Namun kinerja industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia masih rendah sehingga nilai tambah yang tercipta belum optimal. Pengoptimalan nilai tambah dapat dilakukan dengan mengenali faktor-faktor yang menjadi determinannya. Periode pengamatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ingin melihat dampak dari krisis ekonomi 1998. Metode regresi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ordinary least square (OLS). Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pengunaan mesin, tenaga kerja merupakan determinan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Sedangkan untuk kapasitas utilisasi, dummy lokasi dan dummy krisis ternyata tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai tambah. Dalam menganalisis, tujuan penelitian ini dicapai dengan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is the third largest producer of the cocoa seed in the world. But the work ethic in the cocoa processing industry in Indonesia is still not up to par hence there is no value added created. The addition of value can be done by learning about the factors that are its determinants. The time period that is used in this research wants to know about the effect of the economic crisis in 1998. The regression method that is used in this research is the ordinary least square (OLS). From the research it is concluded that machine usage, and labor were the determinant of the kokoa processing industry. As for capacity utilization, dummy location, and dummy crisis were not affecting the addition of value. The purpose of this research was done by qualitative and quantitative methods to complete the analysis."

"Penelitian ini disusun untuk menganalisis peristiwa tidak diangkutnya penumpang dengan alasan melebihi kapasitas pesawat udara sebagai tindakan wanprestasi dan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum serta menganalisis pengaturan dan pelaksanaan tanggung jawab pengangkut udara atas tidak diangkutnya penumpang dengan alasan melebihi kapasitas pesawat udara. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif.Hasil penelitian ini adalah peristiwa tidak diangkutnya penumpang dengan alasan melebihi kapasitas pesawat udara dapat digolongkan sebagai tindakan wanprestasi dan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum serta pengangkut udara dianggap selalu bertanggung jawab untuk memberi ganti rugi apabila terjadi peristiwa tidak diangkutnya penumpang dengan alasan melebihi kapasitas pesawat udara.Dibutuhkan suatu definisi dan pengaturan yang lebih jelas mengenai peristiwa tidak diangkutnya penumpang dengan alasan melebihi kapasitas pesawat udara sehingga kepastian hukum bagi penumpang dapat lebih terjamin.

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This research is analyzing denied boarding passanger as a failure to perform and as a tort and also analyzing the regulations and practices of the responsibility of airline of denied boarding passanger. This research is qualitative decriptive interpretative.

The result of this research are denied boarding passanger can be classified as a failure to perform and can be classified as a tort. In addition, airline always be responsible to give compensation if there is denied boarding passanger.

The researcher suggest that needs a definition and regulation more clearly about denied boarding passanger so the passanger can be more protected."