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"Dengan menggunakan data BPS mengenai Struktur Ongkos Usaha Tani (SOUT) Tanaman Padi 2011, penelitian menganalisis distribusi manfaat dari kebijakan subsidi pupuk di Indonesia dan dampaknya terhadap produksi padi. Penelitian menemukan bahwa pentargetan terhadap penerima manfaat subsidi pupuk melalui mekanisme RDKK belum berjalan efektif. Hampir seluruh petani yang disurvei menerima manfaat dari subsidi pupuk tanpa melihat kepemilikan luas lahan. Efek dari kebijakan subsidi pupuk bersifat regresif dan sebanyak 40 persen kelompok petani dengan lahan terluas menikmati 64 persen manfaat dari total belanja subsidi sementara 60 persen kelompok petani dengan kemilikan lahan kecil hanya menikmati 36 persen dari total belanja subsidi pupuk. Subsidi pupuk berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan penggunaan Urea di mana pada beberapa kasus menyebabkan penggunaan Urea berlebihan yang berdampak negatif terhadap produksi padi. Hubungan antara penggunaan Urea dan produksi padi digambarkan seperti kurva U terbalik. Studi juga menemukan bahwa titik optimal produksi padi terjadi pada penggunaan pupuk Urea sebesar 246 kg/Ha, pada titik tersebut hubungan Urea dengan produksi padi akan berbalik dari positif ke negatif. Tingkat optimal tersebut sejalan dengan yang direkomendasikan oleh pemerintah.

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Using data of the BPS Survey 2011 on SOUT this research analyzes the distribution of benefits from fertilizer subsidies and their impact on rice production The findings show that the targeting of benefits from fertilizer subsidy through RDKK system ineffective Thus most rice producers benefit from subsidized fertilizer regardless of whether they had small large paddies The effect of this policy is regressive and the 40 percent largest farmers capture up to 64 percent of the fertilizer subsidy while the 60 percent smallest farmers capture only 36 percent of the subsidy The subsidies contribute to an increased use of urea which in some cases has resulted in an overuse that has a negative impact on yields Thus overall the relationship between fertilizer use and rice yields is best described as an inverted U curve relationship The study also found that the maximum level of urea use is 246 Kg Ha at which the relationship with yields reverses from positive to negative It is in line to that recommended by the Government."

"Ketahanan pangan berkaitan dengan produktivitas tanaman padi. Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi pada saat ini adalah masih rendahnya produktivitas padi. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peranan subsidi benih padi dan subsidi pupuk dalam meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas tanaman padi dan mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi luas panen padi, produktivitas padi, harga beras, dan konsumsi beras dan impor beras di Indonesia tahun 1985 - 2012. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan persamaan simultan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa luas panen padi secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh curah hujan (+) dan kredit usaha tani (+), produktivitas padi secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh harga beras (+), subsidi pupuk urea (+), dan produktivitas padi tahun sebelumnya (+), konsumsi beras secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh konsumsi beras tahun sebelumnya (+), harga beras secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh produksi padi (+) dan harga beras tahun sebelumnya (+), dan impor beras secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh harga beras (+).

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Food Security is a condition related to paddy productivity. Recently, one of major issues faced by Indonesian Farmers is low paddy productivity. Hence, the main objective of this thesis is to examine the impact of seed and fertilizer subsidies to paddy productivity. Moreover, this thesis also try to analyze some factors that affect harvest area, paddy productivity, the price of rice, and rice consumption as well as imported rice in Indonesia during 1985-2012. Data analyzed by using simultaneous equations. The results showed that the rice harvested area is significantly influenced by precipitation (+ and farm credit (+), paddy productivity is significantly influenced by the rice price (+) , fertilizer subsidy (urea), and the paddy productivity in previous year (+), rice consumption is significantly influenced by the rice consumption in previous year (+), the price of riceis significantly influenced by the production of paddy (+) and rice prices in previous year (+), and rice imports are significantly influenced by the price of rice (+)."

"Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh variabel iklim terhadap hasil dan risiko produksi padi di delapan sentra produksi padi Indonesia dalam kurun waktu 30 tahun (1982-2011). Fungsi produksi stokastik model Just-Pope dengan analisis data panel digunakan untuk mengukur pengaruh variabel iklim terhadap hasil dan risiko produksi padi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu dan curah hujan mempengaruhi hasil padi di daerah sentra. Curah hujan termasuk faktor yang meningkatkan risiko, sedangkan suhu tidak berpengaruh terhadap risiko. Pengaruh perubahan iklim terhadap hasil dan risiko produksi padi di daerah Jawa relatif lebih rendah dibanding luar Jawa.

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This study examines the impacts of climate variables on rice yield and production risk from eight main provinces of rice producers in Indonesia, over a period of 30 years (1982-2011). Stochastic production function Just-Pope model with panel data analysis is used to estimate the effect of climate variables on rice yield and production risk. Data analysis shows that temperature and precipitation affect the mean crop yield. Precipitation is risk increasing factor, while temperature is not significant. Effect of climate change on rice yield and production risk is relatively low in Java region than other regions."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai analisis raskin dan dampaknya terhadapkesejahteraan RTS-PM. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka, dokumen dan metode survey. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tepat sasaran dan tepat jumlah raskin serta mengukur dampaknya terhadap kesejahteraan RTS-PM dengan path analysis. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 103 orang dengan populasi sensus. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tepat sasaran yang sedang dan tepat jumlah yang tinggi di desa Toliba dan desa Sumoli. Struktur analisis jalur raskin menunjukkan dampak raskin terhadap kesejahteraan RTS-PM sebesar 10,7 persen dan pengaruh error varian sebesar 89 persen.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the analysis of rice for the poor (raskin) and its impact on the welfare of the RTS-PM. With the quantitative approach, data collection through literature study, document and survey methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the right target and the right amount of raskin and measure their impact on the welfare of RTS-PM with path analysis. Research conducted on 103 people with a population census. The results showed the right target it's in the powermiddle and the right number it's in the power high in the village Toliba and Sumoli. Path analysis structures raskin shows raskin impact on the welfare of the RTS-PM by 10.7 percent and the influence of error variance by 89 percent.;This thesis discusses the analysis of rice for the poor (raskin) and its impact on thewelfare of the RTS-PM. With the quantitative approach, data collection throughliterature study, document and survey methods. The purpose of this study was todetermine the right target and the right amount of raskin and measure their impacton the welfare of RTS-PM with path analysis. Research conducted on 103 peoplewith a population census. The results showed the right target it?s in the powermiddle and the right number it?s in the power high in the village Toliba andSumoli. Path analysis structures raskin shows raskin impact on the welfare of theRTS-PM by 10.7 percent and the influence of error variance by 89 percent;This thesis discusses the analysis of rice for the poor (raskin) and its impact on thewelfare of the RTS-PM. With the quantitative approach, data collection throughliterature study, document and survey methods. The purpose of this study was todetermine the right target and the right amount of raskin and measure their impacton the welfare of RTS-PM with path analysis. Research conducted on 103 peoplewith a population census. The results showed the right target it?s in the powermiddle and the right number it?s in the power high in the village Toliba andSumoli. Path analysis structures raskin shows raskin impact on the welfare of theRTS-PM by 10.7 percent and the influence of error variance by 89 percent, This thesis discusses the analysis of rice for the poor (raskin) and its impact on thewelfare of the RTS-PM. With the quantitative approach, data collection throughliterature study, document and survey methods. The purpose of this study was todetermine the right target and the right amount of raskin and measure their impacton the welfare of RTS-PM with path analysis. Research conducted on 103 peoplewith a population census. The results showed the right target it’s in the powermiddle and the right number it’s in the power high in the village Toliba andSumoli. Path analysis structures raskin shows raskin impact on the welfare of theRTS-PM by 10.7 percent and the influence of error variance by 89 percent]"

"Sektor pertanian berkontribusi besar terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan kontribusi yang besar terhadap PDB dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Akan tetapi, masih banyak petani masuk dalam kategori penduduk miskin. Pemerintah melakukan kebijakan pemberian subsidi pupuk kepada petani sebagai bentuk kehadiran pemerintah untuk membantu kesejahteraan petani. Kesejahteraan petani diukur dengan nilai tukar petani. Tren realisasi subsidi pupuk semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Sedangkan nilai tukar petani cendrung berfluktuatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kebijakan subsidi pupuk pemerintah berpengaruh terhadap nilai tukar petani di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dari seluruh provinsi di Indonesia selama 6 tahun (2016-2021). Analisis data menggunakan model fixed effect. Variabel kontrol pada penelitian ini adalah PDRB, inflasi, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Hasilnya adalah subsidi pupuk terbukti secara statistik berpangaruh positif signifikan terhadap nilai tukar petani. Hal ini berarti subsidi pupuk mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani Variabel PDRB dan pertumubuhan ekomi juga terbukti berpengaruh positif signifikan. Sedangkan inflasi tidak berpengaruh terhap nilai tukar petan

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The agricultural sector makes a major contribution to the Indonesian economy. This is proven by the large contribution to GDP and employment. However, there are still many farmers who fall into the category of poor people. The government carried out a policy of providing fertilizer subsidies to farmers as a form of government presence to help the welfare of farmers. Welfare of farmers is measured by the exchange rate of farmers. The trend of fertilizer subsidy realization is increasing from year to year. Meanwhile, farmer exchange rates tend to fluctuate. This study aims to determine whether the government's fertilizer subsidy policy affects farmers' exchange rates in Indonesia. This research uses panel data from all provinces in Indonesia for 6 years (2016- 2021). Data analysis uses a fixed effect model. Control variables in this study are GRDP, inflation, and economic growth. The result is that fertilizer subsidies are statistically proven to have a significant positive effect on farmers' exchange rates. This means that fertilizer subsidies are able to increase the welfare of farmers. GRDP variables and economic growth have also proven to have a significant positive effect. While inflation has no effect on farmers' exchange rates."

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi dampak preferensi risiko dan penyuluhan pertanian terhadap kelebihan penggunaan pupuk (urea) oleh rumah tangga petani padi. Dengan menggunakan data Survei Panel Petani Nasional (Patanas) Tahun 2010 dan Tahun 2016, dampak preferensi risiko dan penyuluhan pertanian terhadap kelebihan penggunaan urea diestimasi menggunakan model tobit dengan left censoring sebesar 250 kg/ha. Preferensi risiko rumah tangga petani dihitung dengan model non-parametrik dimana marginal efek penggunaan urea terhadap output diestimasi dengan fungsi mean production sedangkan marginal efek penggunaan urea terhadap risiko diestimasi dengan fungsi output risk. Preferensi risiko diperoleh berdasarkan marginal efek penggunaan urea baik terhadap output maupun risiko di masing-masing observasi. Hasil empiris menunjukkan rata-rata preferensi risiko rumah tangga petani adalah risk averse. Tingkat risk aversion berkorelasi negatif dan signifikan terhadap kelebihan penggunaan urea oleh rumah tangga petani padi. Kenaikan satu unit tingkat risk aversion mengakibatkan rumah tangga petani mengurangi kelebihan penggunaan urea sebanyak 0,63 kg/ha. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa penyuluhan pertanian berdampak signifikan dalam mengurangi kelebihan penggunaan urea pada rumah tangga petani padi di Indonesia.

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This study aims to estimate the effect of risk preference and agricultural extension on overuse of nitrogen fertilizer by rice farmers. Using Patanas Survey in 2010 and 2016, the effect of risk preference and agricultural extension are estimated with Tobit model using 250 kg/ha as left censoring. Farmer’s risk preference is estimated by non-parametric model which contains mean production function and output risk function. Those risk preference are estimated based on marginal effect of nitrogen on output and risk on each observation. This study shows empirically that farmer’s risk preference on average is risk averse. Degree of risk aversion correlates negatively and significantly on overuse of nitrogen fertilizer. If degree of risk aversion increases by one unit then overuse of nitrogen fertilizer decreases by 0.63 kg/ha. Furthermore this study finds that agricultural extension significantly reduces overuse of nitrogen fertilizer by rice farmers in Indonesia.

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"Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) irigasi dan pertanian merupakan salah satu kebijakan pemerintah yang memiliki tujuan untuk meningkatkan produksi padi. DAK tersebut disalurkan kepada pemerintah daerah berdasarkan kewenangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak dari DAK irigasi dan pertanian terhadap produksi padi. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 448 kabupaten/kota yang memiliki sawah, memproduksi padi selama tahun 2019-2022, dan pernah menerima DAK irigasi atau pertanian. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi data panel dengan panel corrected standard error (PCSE). Variabel kontrol yang digunakan adalah luas sawah, pupuk, irigasi, serta alat dan mesin pertanian. Hasil dari regresi tersebut adalah DAK irigasi baik kewenangan kabupaten/kota dan provinsi memiliki dampak positif dan signifikan terhadap produksi padi. Namun, DAK pertanian tidak memiliki dampak signifikan.

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The Special Allocation Fund (DAK) for irrigation and agriculture is one of the government policies which aims to increase rice production. The DAK is distributed to regional governments based on their authority. This research aims to analyze the impact of DAK irrigation and agriculture on rice production. The analysis was carried out on 448 districts/cities that had rice fields, produced rice during 2019-2022, and had received DAK for irrigation or agriculture. The method used is panel data regression with panel corrected standard error (PCSE). The control variables used are rice field area, fertilizer, irrigation, and agricultural tools and machinery. The results of this regression are that DAK for irrigation both district/city and provincial authorities has a positive and significant impact on rice production. However, DAK for agricultural does not have a significant impact."

"ABSTRAKBelanja Pendidikan harus lebih diarahkan pengalokasiannya untuk mendorongsiswa dari kelompok rumah tangga miskin untuk tetap bersekolah danmelanjutkan sekolahnya sampai jenjang pendidikan menengah sehingga dapatmeningkatkan kualitas kehidupan dan terlepas dari belenggu kemiskinan.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur distribusi manfaat belanja pendidikan diantarakelompok rumah tangga berdasarkan tingkat pendapatan di Provinsi DKI Jakartapada tahun 2012 dengan menggunakan Analisis Penerima Manfaat. Penelitian inihanya fokus pada belanja pendidikan untuk SMA Negeri. Penelitian inimenyimpulkan bahwa distribusi manfaat belanja pendidikan SMA Negeri padawilayah Kabupaten Administrasi Kepulauan Seribu, Kotamadya AdministrasiJakarta Pusat, Kotamadya Administrasi Jakarta Utara secara dominan diterimakelompok pendapatan menengah ke bawah sedangkan wilayah KotamadyaAdministrasi Jakarta Selatan, Kotamadya Administrasi Jakarta Timur, KotamadyaAdministrasi Jakarta Barat dan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta secara dominan diterimakelompok pendapatan menengah ke atas.

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ABSTRACTEducation spending allocation must be directed to encourage students from thepoor household to remain in school and continuing school until the level ofsecondary education to improve their quality of life and they can release frompoverty trap. This study aims to measure the distribution of education spendingbenefits among groups of households based on income levels in Jakarta Province2012 by using Benefit Incidence Analysis. This research only focus on educationspending for SMA Negeri. The result is education spending benefits for SMANegeri in the Seribu Island Administration Region, Central Jakarta CityAdministration Region, North Jakarta City Administration Region predominantlyaccepted by midlle and lower income group while South Jakarta CityAdministration Region, East Jakarta City Administration Region, West JakartaCity Administration Region and DKI Jakarta Province predominantly accepted bymidlle and upper income group."