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"ABSTRAKApplied Behavior Analysis adalah sebuah metode penyembuhan autistik yang belum banyak diketahui oleh masyarakat Indonesia, sementara ABA efektif dan efisien dalam mengurangi perilaku disruptive yang umum tampak pada penyandang autistik. Kelebihan dari ABA adalah diajarkan secara sistematis, terstruktur dan terukur.Tesis ini menggambarkan proses pelatihan terapi autis yang dilaksanakan di lembaga pemasyarakatan kelas 1 Tangerang, instrukturnya adalah wargabinaan X.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara mendalam kepada informan yang terdiri dari instruktur, petugas lapas, dan peserta pelatihan. Pelatihan ini mencangkup tiga tahapan yaitu: pra pelatihan, pelatihan dan paska pelatihan, yang paling menarik pada paska pelatihan yaitu melakukan studi banding ke Klinik ABA, praktek, dan ujian tertulis. Meskipun pelatihan telah berakhir monitoring tetap dilakukan oleh instruktur.

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ABSTRACT

Applied behavior analysis was a method of healing autistic that have not known by the Indonesian. Meanwhile, ABA was effective and efficient in reducing the behavior of disruptive which shown in autistic. Then, the benefit of ABA was taught in a systematic, structured, and measurable.

This thesis descrubed the training process of autism therapy that carried out in prison class 1 Tangerang, the instructor was inmates X.

This research used qualitative approach by using depth-interview to the informants that consist of instructor, prison officers, and trainee. The is training including the three steps. Those were pre training, whils training, and post training, the most interesting activity was post training, that is doing a comparative study to the clinic ABA, practice and written exam. Although the training has ended the monitoring still done by the instructor."

"Latar belakang Kemampuan meminta (mand) dan menyebut (tact) adalah kemampuan yang perlu ditingkatkan pada awal terapi verbal behavior pada anak autisme. Metode telehealth oleh orangtua dapat memberikan terapi dini. Tujuan penelitian untuk melihat efektivitas pelatihan yang dilakukan orangtua terhadap peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi awal anak GSA dalam meminta (mand) dan menyebut (tact). MetodeUji klinis acak terkontrol terhadap anak autisme berusia 2-5 tahun. Penilaian kemampuan anak menggunakan instrumen verbal behavior milestones assessment and placement program. Orangtua kelompok perlakuan mendapat modul video pelatihan dan bimbingan dari terapis, sebelum memulai terapi selama 3 bulan pada anak. Penilaian kemampuan ulang dilakukan pada kedua kelompok di akhir periode.HasilTerdapat 40 subyek yang masuk ke dalam level 1 VBMAPP. Skor VB MAPP sesudah pemberian intervensi meningkat dari 13,83 menjadi 24,43. Peningkatan median skor mand 1 menjadi 2 dan median skor tact 1 menjadi 3 (p<0,001). Perbandingan peningkatan median skor mand antara kedua kelompok menunjukkan hasil bermakna (p=0,003). Kenaikan proporsi skor mand dan tact tampak lebih tinggi pada kelompok perlakuan.SimpulanPelatihan mand dan tact oleh orangtua pada anak autisme dengan menggunakan metode telehealth efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan anak meminta, dan bermakna secara klinis dalam meningkatkan kemampuan anak menyebut. Metode telehealth dapat diterima oleh orangtua.

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Background

Mand and tact is a skill in verbal behavior therapy that needs to be improved initially. The telehealth method are helpful for those in rural area. This study aim was to assess effectiveness of telehealth mand and tact training by parents on increasing the child’s mand and tact skill.

Methods

A randomized controlled clinical trial of 2-5 years old children with ASD. Assessment of children's milestones using verbal behavior milestones assessment and placement program. Parents in the intervention group received video modelling and guidance from a therapist before giving therapy for 3 months. Re-assessment was done in both groups at the end of the period.

Results

A total of 40 subjects with ASD in level 1 VBMAPP meet criteria. A significant increase in the VB MAPP score after the intervention, namely 13.83 to 24.43. Mand median score increased from 1 to 2, and the tact, 1 to 3 with p<0.001. Comparison of the increase in the median mand score between the two groups showed significant results (p = 0.003). The increase in the proportion of mand and tact scores was higher in intervention group.

Conclusion

Telehealth mand and tact training by parents for children with ASD effective in improving mand, and clinically meaningful in improving tact. The telehealth method can be accepted by parents."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang anak autis yang mengalami permasalahan padapenerimaan dan pemrosesan integrasi sensori. Permasalahan ini dapat di-treatmentdengan penyesuaian pada pengalaman sensori dan integrasinya melalui aspekarsitektural berupa penyesuaian atribut sensori dan narasi sequence. Penanganan inijuga dapat dilakukan melalui game komputer. Skripsi ini menganalisis game RufusGoes to School dan keterkaitan aspek arsitektural tersebut dengan ruang game. Atributsensori visual hadir melalui representasi game komputer dengan treatment sensorisecara spesifik. Sedangkan narasi sequence diciptakan dari sifat yang muncul dalamassigned qualities yaitu pengoperasian ruang game dan elemen game sebagaipenanaman adaptasi terhadap karakter repetitif dari anak autis

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the autistic child who had problems with sensory processing andintegration. This problem can be treated with sensory experience and integration witharchitectural aspects such as adjustment of sensory attributes and narrative sequences.The teratment can be conducted through computer games. This thesis analyzes thegame Rufus Goes to School by exploring the architectural aspects in the game space.Visual sensory attributes are present through representation of computer games withsensory specific treatment. While the narrative sequence is present in the charactersthat appear in the assigned qualities, namely the operation of gaming space andelements of the game as a learning treatment for adaptation to repetitive character ofchildren with autism."

"ABSTRAKKebanyakan anak autis memiliki gangguan terhadap sensori integrasi. Untuk mengatasi disfungsi sensori anak akan diterapi menggunakan objek. Objek yang digunakan untuk terapi adalah bentukan dari objek bermain, sehingga ruang sensori integrasi dapat dikatakan sebagai ruang bermain anak autis. Objek di sini menjadi poin penting karena menjadi elemen yang sangat dibutuhkan untuk terapi. Penyusunan objek yang ada di dalamnya akan menjadi sangat penting karena harus memenuhi kebutuhan terapi tiap-tiap anak yang berbeda. Susunan objek yang berproses akan membuat anak bergerak beralur dan tidak diam di satu sisi. Susunan objek yang berproses dapat dibentuk dengan mengkombinasi antar objek yang satu dengan yang lain. Objek dan penyusunannya yang dinamis/fleksibel menjadi sangat efektif untuk mendukung aktifitas yang berproses untuk kebutuhan terapi setiap anak. Kebutuhan gerak setiap anak autis untuk mendukung terapinya berbeda-beda. Adanya penyusunan objek yang berbeda disetiap anaknya akan menghasilkan proses gerakan yang berbeda pula, misalnya untuk anak yang aktif dan pasif. Sehingga penyusunan objek yang fleksibel dapat dijadikan pertimbangan dalam mendesain ruang sensori integrasi untuk anak autis.

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ABSTRAKMost children with autism have a disruption to sensory integration. To overcome sensory dysfunction the child will be treated using the object. The object used for therapy as a form of the play object, so that the sensory space of integration can be autistic children 39 s playroom. The object becomes an important point because it becomes an indispensable element for therapy. Arrangement of objects in it, will be very important because it must meet the needs of each therapy of different children. The arrangement of objects in the process will make the child move grooved and not stay on one side. The arrangement of processed objects can be formed by combining the objects with each other. Objects and arrangements with dynamic and flexible are very effective to supporting the activities in process for every child 39 s therapy needs. The needs of every autistic child 39 s movement to support therapy may vary. The existence of arrangement different objects in each child will produce a different process of movement, for example for children who are active and passive. So the arrangement of a flexible object can be taken to consideration in designing the sensory space integration for children with autism. "

"Penelitian terapi pijat bagi anak dengan GSA yang dilakukan dalam kurun waktu 10 – 15 tahun lebih banyak ditujukan terhadap anak yang telah didiagnosis gangguan spektrum autisme dengan rerata usia anak berada di antara 3 – 6 tahun. Di Indonesia penelitian tentang terapi pijat pada anak dengan risiko gangguan spektrum autisme belum banyak dilakukan dan dipublikasikan di jurnal ilmiah.Prevalensi penderita gangguan spektrum autisme di beberapa belahan dunia cenderung meningkat, seperti di Negara Amerika Serikat, Cina dan negara berkembang seperti di Indonesia. Di Indonesia sendiri data dan informasi yang akurat dan lengkap dari penderita gangguan spektrum autisme (GSA) masih kurang, sehingga dikuatirkan banyak anak dengan gejala risiko gangguan spektrum autisme tidak mendapatkan penanganan secara dini.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan modul terapi pijat pada anak risiko gangguan spektrum autisme, mengetahui dan menganalisis modifikasi skor M-CHAT dan mengetahui hasil penerapan TPGSA dalam menurunkan skor M-Chat dan status risiko gangguan spektrum autisme pada anak Usia 18–36 bulan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian Desktiptif dengan pendekatan Studi Kasus. Populasi penelitian adalah anak usia 18-36 bulan yang telah mengikuti skrining/pemeriksaan M-CHAT di PKM Pasar Minggu, PKM Cipayung dan PKM Kebon Jeruk. sebanyak 1685 orang dengan angka kejadian anak risiko autisme sebanyak 14 orang (0,8%) dari bulan Mei tahun 2019 sampai dengan Maret 2020. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 10 orang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Jumlah anak yang diskrining dalam rangka modifikasi Skor M-CHAT adalah 904 anak yang dianalisis dengan Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) untuk memperoleh nilai Cut off Point dan Sensitivitas.Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan ROC, diperoleh cut off point ≤ 24 dengan sensitivitas 87 % dengan Confidance Interval (CI) 95% dengan ROC area under the curve 0.912. Hasil penelitian dari penerapan terapi pijat diperoleh gambaran terdapat penurunan skor M-Chat dan perubahan status risiko gangguan spektrum autsime yang dimulai pada periode III hari ke 21-30 dan periode IV hari ke 31-40 pemberian terapi pijat.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah hasil analisis ROC pada modifikasi skor M-CHAT dapat digunakan untuk melakukan skrining dan menilai status risiko GSA, penerapan TPGSA dapat menurunkan skor risiko anak GSA dan dapat merubah anak risiko GSA dari risiko tingi menjadi risiko autisme dan normal.

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Research on massage therapy for children with ASD that was conducted over a period of 10-15 years was mostly aimed at children who had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders with the average age of children being between 3-6 years. In Indonesia, research on massage therapy in children at risk for ASD has not been widely carried out and reported in the form of scientific journal publications.

The prevalence of people with Autism Spectrum Disorders in some parts of the world tends to increase, such as in the United States, China and developing countries such as Indonesia. In Indonesia alone, accurate and complete data and information from people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are still lacking, so it is feared that many children with risk symptoms of autism spectrum disorders do not get early treatment.

This study aims to develop a massage therapy modul for children at risk for ASD, find out and analyze the modification of The Modified Check List for Autism in Toddler (M-CHAT) score and determine the results of the application of MTASD in reducing the risk score for ASD in children aged 18-36 months. The type of research used is descriptive research with a case study approach. The study population was children aged 18-36 months who had participated in the M-CHAT screening/examination at the Pasar Minggu Community Health Center (CHC), CHC of Cipayung and CHC of Kebon Jeruk as many as 1685 people with the incidence of children at risk of autism as many as 14 people (0.8%) from May 2019 to March 2020. The research sample was 10 people who met the inclusion criteria. The number of children screened in order to modify the M-CHAT score was 904 children who were analyzed by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) to obtain Cut off Point and Sensitivity values.

The results of the study based on ROC analysis obtained a cut off point ≤ 24 with a sensitivity of 87 % with a Confidance Interval (CI) of 95%, with an ROC area under the curve of 0.912. From the application of MTASD, it was found that a decrease in the M-CHAT score occurred in period III starting from day 30.

The conclusion of this study is that the results of the ROC analysis on the modified M-CHAT score can be used as a score to screen and assess the risk status of ASD, the application of MTASD can reduce the risk score of children with ASD and can change children at risk of ASD from high risk to autism risk and normal."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi caregiver strain pada ibu yang memiliki dan merawat anak kandungnya yang didiagnosa autism spectrum disorder ASD . Intervensi ini dilakukan karena tingginya tegangan yang dirasakan oleh caregiver selama proses perawatan. Tegangan tersebut tidak hanya berpengaruh pada kesehatan mental dari caregiver, tetapi juga berdampak pada pasien yang dirawat. Oleh karena itu, peneliti kemudian melakukan penelitian kuasi-eksperimental one group, before after pretest ndash; posttest design, yaitu dengan memberikan intervensi acceptance and commitment therapy ACT kepada empat orang partisipan. Selanjutnya, analisis dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif dari hasil pretest dan posttest. Secara kuantitatif, intervensi ini berhasil mengurangi nilai ketegangan caregiver yang diukur melalui the modified caregiver strain index MCSI . Secara kualitatif, intervensi ACT ini juga dapat mengatasi ketegangan caregiver selama proses perawatan. Partisipan memiliki perasaan yang lebih positif, mampu mengendalikan emosi negatif, dan lebih mampu menghadapi kejadian tidak menyenangkan dalam hidupnya. Mereka juga memperoleh pengetahuan dan keterampilan baru mengenai cara untuk mengatasi ketegangan sebagai caregiver dari anak yang didiagnosa ASD.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to reduce caregiver strain of mothers who have and take care of autism spectrum disorder ASD children. This intervention conducted based on a high caregiver strain during caregiving process. This strain not only affects caregiver rsquo s psychological well being, but also the patient. Therefore, this research conducted using one group quasi experimental, before after pretest posttest design, by giving out ACT to four participants. The analysis done by comparing quantitative and qualitative data from the result of pretest and posttest. From the quantitative data, it is found that the intervention helps reduce strain score using the modified caregiver strain index MCSI . Qualitatively, this intervention helps the participants to deal with the strain as a caregiver during caregiving process. Participants have more positive feeling, able to control negative emotions, and more able to deal with unpleasant events in her life. They also get new knowledge and skills on how to deal with strain as a caregiver an ASD child."

"This book examines current and emerging techniques for the dynamic and evolving field of autism assessment. It provides a detailed, research-based discussion of the latest innovations in assessment from a practical perspective accumulated from decades of autism assessment and treatment training and experience in both educational and clinical settings. The book provides personal insights into the engaging and intriguing autism population and case studies of children who have captured the hearts and minds of clinicians nationwide. As the rates of autism have grown more than 10-fold during the past decade, researchers have questioned whether unclear diagnostic guidelines may be to blame for the high numbers of recently diagnosed children. Rather, the authors argue, tighter agreed upon methods for diagnosis of autism have allowed for more accurate identification of children who indeed require supportive treatments and therapies. This unique volume provides readers with clarity about best-practice assessment approaches from sequential and pragmatic perspectives as well as an understanding of critical issues and hurdles in ascertaining the appropriate diagnosis. In addition, myriad potential comorbid conditions or differential diagnoses are addressed. This book is a must-have resource for clinicians and practitioners as well as researchers and graduate students in the fields of child and school psychology, behavioral therapy, social work, psychiatry, pediatrics, forensic psychology, and educational and healthcare policy"--Publisher's description."

"Latar belakang: Autisme adalah salah satu gangguan nerodevelopmental yang muncul pada abad ke-20. Berbagai studi epidemiologi menunjukkan peningkatan tajam prevalensi gangguan spektrum autisme (GSA). Berdasarkan Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 gangguan sensorik merupakan salah satu kriteria utama GSA. Sampai saat ini belum ada pedoman tatalaksana nonmedikamentosa GSA. Sebagian besar penelitian menekankan bahwa terapi perilaku adalah terapi terbaik untuk GSA sedangkan terapi okupasi sensorik integrasi (TO-SI) hanya memiliki bukti rendah hingga sedang. Pusponegoro dan beberapa ahli saraf anak di Indonesia berdasarkan pengalaman klinis mengamati bahwa TO-SI dapat mengurangi perilaku negatif anak GSA terutama pada usia di bawah 5 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh TO-SI dalam mengurangi perilaku negatif anak usia 2 sampai 5 tahun dengan GSA. Metode: Sebuah penelitian pra-eksperimen pertama dilakukan di klinik Check My Child (CMC) dan Klinik Anakku Kelapa Gading pada bulan Desember 2017 hingga April 2018. Populasi penelitian adalah anak baru dengan GSA usia 2 hingga 5 tahun. Subyek dikumpulkan secara konsekutif sampling. Profil perilaku dinilai berdasarkan Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC)-2 sebelum dan sesudah TO-SI dua kali seminggu selama 12 minggu (24 kali), 50 menit untuk setiap sesi. Analisis nilai normal dengan uji t dan uji Wilcoxon untuk nilai terdistribusi tidak merata. Hasil: Penelitian dilakukan pada 42 subjek usia 2 hingga 5 tahun dengan GSA, 50% usia 3 tahun, rasio anak lelaki dibandingkan perempuan 5 banding 1. Rerata profil perilaku negatif tertinggi adalah hiperaktifitas 23,61 (SD 8,91), diikuti oleh penarikan sosial 16,81 (SD 8,16), dan iritabilitas 11,43 (SD 6,99). Median perilaku stereotipik adalah 5,25 dan bicara tidak tepat 2,00. Setelah TO-SI, semua perilaku negatif menurun secara signifikan p <0,001. Perilaku hiperaktifitas menurun menjadi 12,71 (SD 8,36) sekitar 53,8%, penarikan sosial menjadi 7,94 (SD 6,18) 47,2%, iritabilitas hingga 6,62 (SD 4,99) 57,9 %, dan median stereotipik 19,0% dan bicara tidak tepat 50%. Kami mendapatkan spektrum profil perilaku anak dengan GSA yang cukup luas. Kesimpulan: Kami menemukan bahwa TO-SI dua kali seminggu selama 12 minggu dapat menurunkan perilaku negatif anak GSA usia dini terutama usia 2 hingga 5 tahun.

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Background: Autism is one of emerging neurodevelopmental disorder on 20th century. Studies showed a remarkable increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Since 2013, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 included sensory disorder as one of main criteria of ASD. Treatment guideline remain unclear. Most studies stressed that behavior therapy was the best treatment for ASD and sensory integration occupational therapy (SI-OT) only has low to moderate evidence. Pusponegoro and pediatric neurologists in Indonesia based on their clinical experience observed that SI-OT might be useful as ASD treatment for young children especially under 5 years old. Based on that situation, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of SI-OT in decreasing negative behavior of children ages 2 to 5 years with ASD. Methods: A first pre-post one group pre-experimental study conducted in Check My Child clinic (CMC) and Klinik Anakku Kelapa Gading on December 2017 to April 2018. The study population were new ASD children ages 2 to 5 years. Subject were collected with consecutive sampling. Behavior profile were assessed with Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC)-2 before and after SI-OT twice a week for 12 weeks (24 times), 50 minutes for each session. Analysis of normal value with t test and Wilcoxon test for unequally distributed value. Results: A total of 42 ASD subject ages within 2 to 5 years old were studied, 50% were 3 years, and boys to girl ratio were 5 to 1. The highest mean negative behavior profile was hyperactivity 23,61 (SD 8,91) followed by social withdrawal 16,81 (SD 8,16), and irritability 11,43 (SD 6,99). Stereotypic median was 5,25 and inappropriate speech 2,00. After SI-OT, all negative behavior decreased significantly p<0.001. Hyperactivity behavior decreased to 12,71 (SD 8,36) about 53,8%, social withdrawal to 7,94 (SD 6,18) 47,2%, irritability to 6,62 (SD 4,99) 57,9%, and median of stereotypic 19,0% and inappropriate speech 50%. We found a broad-spectrum behavior profile of ASD children. Conclusions: We found that SI-OT twice a week for 12 weeks could decrease negative behavior of young ASD children especially ages 2 to 5 years."