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"Ionizing radiation that is commonly used in the treatment of head and neck cancer can result in multiple effects, such as cell death (apoptotic or necrotic) and malignant transformation. The purpose of this study was to show in vivo the effect of ionizing radiation on odontoblasts. The experimental laboratory study applied the post-test control group design. The test sample consisted of 24 healthy male Wistar rats, 3–4 month of age and 150– 200g in weight. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each, subjected to irradiation doses of 0 rad, 100 rad, 200 rad and 400 rad. The cobalt 60 irradiation source was applied to the head of each rat. All animals were sacrificed 24 hours after radiation exposure, and the lower insicivus were taken for histopathological specimen processing. The apoptotic status was evaluated by using the TUNEL Assay method. The apoptotic odontoblasts were counted under light microscope. The fraction of apoptotic cells were taken as the mean count from two sides (labial and palatal) of the teeth. The data were statistically analyzed using one-wayAnova and Least Significant Different Test ( = 0.05). The resultsshowed that the fraction of apoptotic odontoblasts was 5.15% for 0rad, 12.72% for 100 rad, 24.32% for 200 rad and 15.22% for 400 rad irradiation. There was a significant difference in the apoptotic percentage of odontoblasts among the four groups (p < 0.05). Inconclusion, the highest fraction of apoptotic odontoblasts was found after a single 200 rad dose."

"ABSTRAKIn vivo apoptosis of fibroblast pulp cells by ionizing radiation from radiotherapy of the head and neck area has not yet been demonstrated. The study aimed to show in vivo the effect of a single dose of ionizing radiation on apoptosis of fibroblast pulp cells. The sample group consisted of 24 healthy male Wistar rats that were 3-4 months old and 150- 200 g in weight. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats that were subjected to Cobalt 60 radiation to the head at the levels of 0, 100, 200 or 400 rad. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after radiation exposure, and the lower incivus were taken for histopatological processing. Apoptosis was detected by using the TUNEL Assay method. The apoptotic fibroblast pulp cells were counted under light microscope by multiple observers using the blind test approach. The fraction of apoptotic cells was counted as mean of labial and palatal sides of the teeth below odontogenic and free-cell zone. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way anova. The results showed the percentage of apoptotic of fibroblast pulp cells was 6.4, 23.7, 34.5 and 17.8% after 0, 100, 200 and 400 rad doses, respectively. There were significant differences in the apoptotic percentages between the four groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the highest fraction of apoptotic fibroblast pulp cells was found after a single 200 rad dose, and this fraction decreased after a single dose of 400 rad."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Radiasi pengion pada pekerja radiasi berpotensi menimbulkan kerusakan deoxyribonuclei acid DNA berupa double strand break DSB sebagai awal terjadinya ketidakstabilan genom. Kerusakan DNA diantaranya dapat diamati dengan ?-H2AX sebagai biomarker terjadinya DNA DSB. Pembentukan ?-H2AX dalam inti sel dapat terjadi setelah paparan radiasi sebesar 1 mGy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek radiasi di lingkungan pekerja radiasi sebagai studi respon adaptif peripheral blood mononuclear cell PBMC setelah pemberian radiasi dengan mengamati ekspresi foci ?-H2AX.Metode : Sampel darah dari delapan belas pekerja di iradiasi dosis 0 Gy, 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, dan 2 Gy. Selanjutnya dilakukan deteksi dan penghitungan foci ?-H2AX sebelum dan setelah iradiasi pada 50 sel PBMC. Jumlah rerata foci ?-H2AX dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik t-independent test.Hasil : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik jumlah foci ?-H2AX tanpa perlakuan p=0.807 . Hasil penelitian kurva linier menunjukkan bahwa terbentuknya 2-3 foci per sel setelah penyinaran 2 Gy.Kesimpulan : Dari data ini dapat disimpulkan ekspresi ?-H2AX pada PBMC dalam batas normal antara kontrol dan pekerja radiasi dan tingkat risiko kerusakan DNA DSB relatif sama setelah penyinaran pada dosis 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, dan 2 Gy.

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ABSTRACTBackground Ionizing radiation in radiation workers has the potential to cause DNA damage in the form of double strand break as the beginning of genomic instability. DNA damage can be observed with H2AX as the biomarker of DNA double strand break. The formation of H2AX in the nucleus can occur after radiation exposure of 1 mGy. This study aims to determine the radiation effects in radiation work environments as a study of adaptive responses of PBMC after radiation by observing H2AX foci expression.Method Blood samples were eightteen workers were irradiated with doses 0 Gy, 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, and 2 Gy. Further detection and counting of H2AX foci before and after irradiation at 50 PBMCs. The mean number of H2AX foci was analyzed using t independent test.Results Based on the result study, there were no significant differences in the number of H2AX foci without treatment p 0.807 . The results of the linear curve study showed that the formation of 2 3 foci per cell after exposure of 2 Gy.Conclution From this data we can concluded that expression of H2AX in PBMCs within normal limits between control and radiation workers and level of risk DNA DSB damage is relatively similarafter exposure at doses 1 Gy, 1.5 Gy, and 2 Gy."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang implementasi PP No.33 tahun 2007 tentang keselamatan radiasi pengion di instalasi radiologi Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif Cross Sectional, dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam dengan purposing informan yang mengacu pada prinsip kesesuaian dan kecukupan guna mendapatkan hasil yang akurat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengimplementasian PP No.33 tahun 2007 tentang keselamatan radiasi pengion. Manfaat penelitian ini bagi rumah sakit yang dijadikan tempat penelitian adalah sebagai bahan evaluasi atas implementasi keselamatan radiasi pengion yang telah dilakukan dan masukan atas hal- hal yang belum dilaksanakan dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengimplementasian PP No.33 tahun 2007 tentang Keselamatan Radiasi Pengion di Instalasi Radiologi Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita sudah baik namun memiliki beberapa kekurangan dalam pelaksanaannya. Diantaranya: Pada Persyaratan Manajemen, Tenaga ahli dengan pendidikan yang sesuai belum ada (S2 fisika medis), pelaksanaan tugas masing- masing anggota PPR belum maksimal. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya tumpang tindih peran, dimana Tenaga ahli juga merupakan anggota PPR dan Radiografer. Dan jenis pemeriksaan kesehatan khusus dan pemeriksaan rutin selama bekerja belum maksimal. Pada Persyaratan Proteksi Radiasi belum diketahuinya tentang pembatasan dosis, belum adanya pembagian daerah kerja secara tertulis,dan belum adanya pengadaan alat ukur dosis personal bagi pasien dan pendamping pasien. Pada verifikasi keselamatan belum dilaksanakannya pengukuran paparan radiasi pada alat yang mengalami perbaikan dan pengukuran paparan radiasi secara rutin.

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This research discusses the implementation of Goverment Regulation Number 33 of 2007 on Ionizing Radiation Safety at Radiology Department National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita in 2013. This study used a cross sectional qualitative methods, by conducting in-depth interviews with informants purposing which refers to the principle of suitability and adequacy in order to obtain accurate results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of Government Regulation Number 33 of 2007 on ionizing radiation safety. The benefits of this research for the hospital where the study was used as an evaluation of the implementation of the safety of ionizing radiation that has been done and input on matters that have not been implemented. From the results of the study showed that the implementation of Government Regulation Number 33 of 2007 on Ionizing Radiation Safety at Radiology Department National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita has been good but has some shortcomings in implementation. Among them: In the Requirements Management, experts with appropriate education unmet (medical physics S2), the implementation of tasks of each member of the PPR is not maximized. This is due to the overlap of roles, where the expert is also a member of the PPR and Radiografer. And a kind of special medical examination and routine check has not been carreid out. On Radiation Protection requirements not already know about the dose limitation, the lack of regional division of labor in writing, and the lack of provision of personal dose measurement tool for patients and patient attendants. And yet the implementation of measurement of radiation exposure to the tools and the improved measurement of radiation exposure on a regular basis."

"Dalam penelitian ini, telah dilakukan pengukuran dosis ekuivalen di titik organ tiroid, sumsum tulang belakang, gonad dan jari tangan pada dua pekerja Instalasi Kedokteran Nuklir MRCCC Siloam serta pada dua pekerja RSPP. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran telah berada di bawah nilai batas dosis (NBD) yang telah ditetapkan oleh IAEA dan BAPETEN dan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui laju dosis serta aktivitas radiasi pengion untuk setiap kegiatan dari pekerja di Instalasi Kedokteran Nuklir MRCCC Siloam dan RSPP. Evaluasi dosis ekuivalen kumulatif selama 3 bulan pada setiap organ 4 pekerja memiliki range dosis 0.05 mSv hingga 0.11 mSv pada tiroid, 0.1 mSv hingga 0.19 mSv pada sumsum tulang belakang, 0.08 mSv hingga 0.14 mSv pada gonad dan 0.05 mSv hingga 0.24 mSv pada jari tangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dosis ekuivalen yang diterima pekerja di Instalasi Kedokteran Nuklir MRCCC Siloam dan RSPP tidak melewati batasan dosis untuk pekerja radiasi yaitu 20 mSv/tahun. Pengukuran laju dosis sesaat radiasi pengion paling besar dari setiap kegiatan pekerja ketika menginjeksi radiofarmaka kepada pasien sebesar (25.03±26.57) μGy/hr.

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Within this research, measurement of equivalent doses have been conducted on the thyroid points, bone marrow, gonads and fingers for two employees at Nuclear Installation of MRCCC Siloam and two employees at RSPP. The result show that it has been below of the dose limit value (NBD) as determined by IAEA and BAPETEN and the purpose of this reasearch is to determine the dose rate of ionizing radiation in all of the activities every day of employees in Nuclear Installation of MRCCC Siloam and RSPP. The evaluation for cumulative equivalent dose of employees for 3 months on organ at risk of 4 employees have range dose 0.05 mSv to 0.11 mSv on thyroid, 0.1 mSv to 0.19 mSv on bone marrow, 0.08 mSv to 0.14 mSv on gonads dan 0.05 mSv to 0.24 mSv on fingers. This results show that radiation dose evaluation for the radiation employees in Nuclear Installation of MRCCC Siloam and RSPP is not exceed of the dose limit from BAPETEN for the radiation employee that is 20 mSv/ year. Measurement of highest dose rate in all of the employee activities is on the employee injection of radiopharmaceutical to patient that is (25.03±26.57) μGy/hr."

"Paparan radiasi pengion dosis rendah (<0,5 Gy) dapat menyebabkan gangguan sirkulasi. Namun, belum diketahui apakah paparan radiasi pengion dosis rendah dapat menyebabkan hipertensi. Seorang petugas radiologi berjenis kelamin laki-laki yang berusia 27 tahun menanyakan tentang hasil pemeriksaan berkalanya dimana hasilnya menyatakan ia mengidap hipertensi. Dia juga menyebutkan bahwa pada tahun sebelumnya, hasil pemeriksaan EKG-nya tidak baik, tetapi dia tidak dapat mengingat apa yang dikatakan oleh dokter spesialis jantung. Apakah hipertensi pada pekerja radiologi disebabkan oleh paparan radiasi pengion di tempat kerja? Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui PubMed, Scopus dan Cochrane. Didapatkan sebuah artikel yang relevan, yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sebuah studi kohort oleh Preetha R, et al (2015) menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara risiko hipertensi dan paparan FGIP. Penelitian ini valid dan dapat diterapkan pada pasien saya karena metodenya sesuai dan cukup baik. Selain itu, populasi dalam penelitian ini memiliki kemiripan dengan pasien saya. Namun, hanya ada satu artikel yang ditemukan. Hal ini mungkin dikarenakan kurangnya penelitian mengenai hal ini. Oleh karena itu, hubungan sebab akibat masih belum dapat dibuktikan. Dianjurkan untuk melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan pengukuran paparan dan hasil yang lebih baik.

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Exposure to low dose ionising radiation (<0.5 Gy) can cause circulation disorders. It is not yet known whether exposure to low dose ionising radiation can cause hypertension. A 27-year-old male radiologist asked about the result of his periodic examinations in which written hypertension. He also said that in the previous year, his ECG examination resulted in no good, but he couldn’t remember what the cardiologist said. Does hypertension in radiology workers due to exposure to ionising radiation at work? The literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane. A relevant article, which fitted the inclusion criteria, was found. A cohort study by Preetha R, et al (2015) suggested that there is a relationship between the risk of hypertension and FGIP exposure. This study is valid and applicable to my patient because the method is quite good and suitable. Also, the population in the study is similar to my patient. However, there was only one article found which might be due to the lack of research on this subject. Hence, the causal relationship still cannot be proven. Further research is recommended with a better measurement of exposure and outcome."

"Karies merupakan penyakit infeksius yang paling sering terjadi pada anak di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan solusi yang dapat mengatasi karies, salah satunya dengan aplikasi Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF). Tujuan: membahas evaluasi aplikasi SDF dalam mengatasi karies anak dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan persentase karies terhenti setelah aplikasi SDF. Metode: Studi kohort untuk evaluasi dan cross sectional dengan subjek penelitian 115 anak usia 3-5 tahun yang memiliki karies dentin aktif. Kuesioner diisi oleh orangtua untuk mengetahui faktor risiko karies. Hasil: Evaluasi pada 3 dan 10 bulan memperlihatkan permukaan karies aktif berpeluang terhenti 9.9 dan 6.8 kali setelah diaplikasi SDF, dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diaplikasi. Kesimpulan: SDF efektif menghentikan karies aktif anak serta meringankan rasa sakit yang diderita anak akibat karies sehingga berpotensi meningkatkan quality of life anak.

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Dental caries is one of the most prevalent infectious disease in children in Indonesia. Therefore, solution to overcome caries is needed.

Objective: evaluate Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) applications to overcome caries in children and factors related to the percentage of arrested caries after SDF application.

Method: Cohort study to evaluation and cross sectional with 115 children aged 3-5 years old who had active dentin caries were the subjects. Caries risk factors questionnaires filled by parents subject.

Results: Active caries which were applied SDF had odd ratios 9.9 and 6.8 times being arrested after 3 and 10 months, respectively, compared with those not applied.

Conclusion: SDF is effective to arrest caries and decrease toothache suffered by children, thus potentially increase the quality of life of children."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan penyakit kronis yang umum pada masa anak anak. Penyakit ini didefinisikan sebagai adanya kerusakan pada permukaan gigi, kehilangan gigi, atau restorasi pada gigi sulung anak berusia 71 bulan atau dibawahnya. Terdapat empat faktor utama yang memegang peranan penting untuk terjadinya karies pada anak usia dini, yaitu faktor host atau tuan rumah, agen atau mikroorganisme, substrat atau diet, serta waktu. Kelompok bakteri Streptococcus mutans menjadi yang utama di antara spesies bakteri tersebut. Streptococcus mutans dibagi menjadi beberapa serotype yang terdiri dari serotype c, e dan f. Serotype c menjadi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kasus ECC. Namun, tidak hanya bakteri yang menjadi peran dalam pembentukan karies, terdapat pula Candida Albicans yang merupakan jamur yang biasa menjadi penyebab infeksi pada rongga mulut.Tujuan: Evaluasi terhadap kuantitas antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype C dan Candida albicans pada dorsal lidah anak usia dini dan kaitannya dengan tingkat dmft.Metode: Metode yang digunakan pada kuantifikasi antigen yang disebutkan adalah metode ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Nilai absorbansi dibaca pada panjang gelombang 450 nm, nilai tersebut dijadikan sebagai nilai kuantitas dari masing masing antigen.Hasil: Perbedaan jumlah kuantitas antigen Streptococcus Mutans serotype C pada indeks dmft rendah sebesar 2,87, pada indeks dmft sedang 3,004 serta pada indeks dmft tinggi sebesar 3,174. Selanjutnya pada antigen Candida Albicans, terdapat perbedaan jumlah kuantitas, yaitu pada indeks dmft rendah sebesar 1,728, pada indeks dmft sedang 1,738, serta pada indeks dmft tinggi sebesar 1,71. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kuantitas antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Candida albicans pada derajat dmft. Selain itu, peneliti juga mendapatkan bahwa kuantitas antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Candida albicans pada anak bebas karies dan ECC memiliki korelasi negatif.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a common chronic disease in childhood. This disease is defined as damage on the tooth surface, tooth loss, or restoration in the deciduous teeth of children aged 71 months or below. There are four main factors that play important roles for caries in early childhood, which are host, agent or microorganism, substrate or diet, and time. The Streptococcus Mutans group of bacteria is the main of these bacterial species. Streptococcus Mutans are divided into several serotypes consisting of serotypes C, E and F. Serotype C is the most commonly found in ECC cases. However, it is not only bacteria that play a role in caries formation, there are also Candida Albicans which are fungi that commonly cause infections in the oral cavity.

Objective: evaluation of the quantity of Streptococcus Mutans serotype C and Candida Albicans antigens on the dorsal tongue of early childhood and its relation to dmft levels.

Method: The method used in the quantification of the antigen mentioned is the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method.The absorbance value is read at a wavelength of 450 nm, the value is used as the quantity value of each antigen.

Result: The difference in the quantity of Streptococcus Mutans serotype C antigens on the low dmft, the quantity is 2.87, on the medium dmft, the quantity is 3.004 and on the high dmft, the quantity is 3.174. Candida Albicans antigens, there are differences in the quantity, on the low dmft, the quantity is 1.728, on the medium dmft, the quantity is 1.738, and on the high dmft, the quantity is 1.71.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c antigens and Candida albicans at dmft degrees. In addition, researcher also found that the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c antigens and Candida albicans in caries-free children and ECC have a negative correlation."

"ABSTRAKManifestasi klinis yang menonjol pada demam berdarah dengue adalah kebocoran plasma karena gangguan pada sel endotel vaskular. Anti NS-1 dapat bereaksi silang dengan Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) pada sel endotel. Jambu biji biasa digunakan untuk mengatasi gejala dengue namun belum pernah ada penelitian secara in vitro untuk mengetahui mekanisme senyawa aktif yaitu lycopene yang terdapat di dalamnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah lycopene dapat menurunkan apoptosis yang ditandai dengan Annexin V dan Heme oxygenase -1 (HO-1). Penelitian ini menggunakan kultur Human Umbillical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) yang diberi stimulasi anti NS-1 dan terdiri atas 5 perlakuan yaitu kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, dan lycopene dosis 0.5, 1 dan 2 μM. Kontrol positif adalah HUVEC yang diberi anti NS-1 dan basitrasin karena basitrasin sudah diketahui bekerja sebagai anti PDI dan dapat menghambat apoptosis. Kontrol negatif adalah kultur HUVEC yang diberi anti NS-1 tanpa perlakuan lycopene. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya Annexin V pada kontrol positif menunjukkan hasil yang rendah secara bermakna dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa lycopene dengan dosis 0.5, 1 dan 2 μM tidak dapat menghambat apoptosis. Kadar HO-1 pada semua perlakuan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa baik basitrasin maupun lycopene tidak mempengaruhi metabolisme HO-1. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa lycopene dengan dosis dosis 0.5, 1 dan 2 μM tidak menunjukkan pengaruh dalam apoptosis sel endotel setelah terjadi infeksi dengue.

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ABSTRACTProminent clinical manifestation of dengue hemorrhagic fever is plasma leakage due to malfunction of endothelial cells. There is cross reaction between anti NS-1 and Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) on endothelial cells. Psidium guajava is commonly used to improve condition in dengue symptoms but there is no research yet that study the in vitro mechanism how lycopene, a compound in Psidium guajava, works in this case. So this study aimed to know whether lycopene will decrease apoptosis of endothelial cells marked by Annexin V and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) This study used Human umbillical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) that given anti NS-1 stimulation and consisted of positive control, negative control and lycopene treatment with 0.5, 1 and 2 μM dose. Positive control is HUVEC with anti NS-1 and bacitracin that known act as anti PDI and inhibit apoptosis. Negative control is HUVEC with anti NS-1. Results showed that Annexin V only in positive control had lower Annexin V significantly compared to other treatments. This showed that lycopene 0.5,1 and 2 μM was not able to inhibit apoptosis. HO-1 in all treatments did not show significant difference. This showed that either bacitracin nor lycopene did not give effect to HO-1 metabolism. It was concluded that lycopene with 0.5, 1 dan 2 μM dose has no effect in endothelial cell apoptosis after dengue infection."