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"B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP), merupakan suatu bagian dari keluarga peptida natriuretik yang diproduksi oleh kardiak miosit dan disekreksi ke sirkulasi dalam merespon adanya peningkatan volume intrakardiakyangmenyebabkan diuresis, natriuresis dan vasodilatasi, juga menghambat sistem renin-angiotensin- aldosteron dan aktivitas simpatik. Anak dengan kelainan jantung bawaan akan terjadi peningkatan volumedan tekanan intrakardiaak yang signifikan sehingga diikuti peningkatan NT-proBNPdi sirkulasi.NilaiNT-proBNP akan meningkat pada awal kehidupan dan mulai turun secara drastissetelahnya.Malnutrisi merupakan penyebab morbiditas yang utama pada anak dengan penyakit jantung bawaan. Penelitian cross sectional observasional dengan jumlah 80 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang akan menjalani operasi bedah jantung terbuka di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita dan yang akan menjalani pemeriksaan darah rutin dan direncanakan operasidi Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Harapan kita pada bulan Februari - Mei 2019. Data pasien berupa data karakteristik demografis (usia, jenis kelamin, berat badandan tinggi badan) dan diagnostik pasien dicatat. Kadar NT-proBNP akan diambil prabedah. Analisis data menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Data nilai NT-proBNP pada pasien tanpa penyakit jantung bawaan sesuai rentang usia > 1bulan - <1 tahun dengan nilai tengah 142,5 pg/mL ( 49-935 pg/mL), >1 tahun - £2 tahun dengan nilai tengah 142 pg/mL ( 44-545 pg/mL) dan >2 tahun - £7 dengan nilai tengah 70 pg/mL ( 14-1440 pg/mL). Sedangkan nilai NT-pro BNP pasien dengan penyakit jantung bawaan dengan nilai tengah 2558, nilai terendah 426 pg/mL dan nilai tertinggi 33166 pg/mL. Hasilnya terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p = 0,001) nilai NT-pro BNP pada pasien tanpa penyakit jantung bawaan dan pasien dengan penyakit jantung bawaan. Terjadi peningkatan nilai tengah kadar NT-pro BNP > 20 kali antara anak tanpa penyakit jantung bawaan dan anak dengan penyakit jantung bawaan.Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna kadar NT-pro BNP pada subjek tanpa penyakit jantung bawaan dan dengan penyakit jantung bawaan. Terjadi peningkatan kadar NT- pro BNP pada bayi baru lahir dan akan menurun seiring bertambah nya usia. Proporsi gangguan status gizi pada pasien dengan penyakit jantung bawaan mengalami peningkatan.

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B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a member of the natriuretic peptide family, is produced in cardiac myocytes and secreted into circulation in response to cardiac volume load, that causing diuresis, natriuresis and vasodilatation, as well as inhibition of the renin-aldosteron system and sympathetic activity. Children with heart disease caused increase pressure and cardiac volume followed by elevated NT-proBNP in circulation. NT-proBNP levels were significantly elevated in the first days of life and gradually decresed into normal level in child without heart disease. Malnutrition was the cause of morbidity for child with congenital heart disease.

We conducted a cross-sectional trial on 80 subjects who are fulfilled our study criteria. The study was performed at the National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita and Mother and Child Hospital Harapan Kita Indonesia, in the period of February-Mei 2019. Subjects demographic data (age, gender, weight and height) and diagnoastic data were recorded. Levels of NT-proBNP were acquired presurgically. We utilized Mann - Whitney test to analysed the data.

NT-ProBNP levels data was observed from child without heart disease based on interval of age> 1month -£1 year with median value 142,5 pg/mL ( 49-935 pg/mL), >1 month -£2 year with median value 142 pg/mL ( 44-545 pg/mL) and >2 year - £7 year with median value 70 pg/ml ( 14-1440 pg/mL). Whereas NT-proBNP levels from child with heart disease median value 2558 pg/mL, minimum levels 426 pg/mL and maximum levels 33166 pg/ml. Statistically significant was observed (p=0,001) between NT-proBNP level of child without heart disease and child with heart disease.

There were 20 x times significantly increase levels of NT-proBNP of child with heart disease. There was statistically significant of levels NT-proBNP between child without heart disease and with heart disease. Study show high levels of NT-proBNP immediately after birth and gradually decline during childhood. The proportion of undernourished of child with congenital heart disease showed higher."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Kardiomiopati akibat kelebihan besi masih merupakan penyebab kematian utama pada pasien thalassemia b mayor. Kardiomipati akibat kelebihan besi merupakan penyakit yang reversibel dengan pemberian kelasi besi yang ditandai dengan gejala awal gangguan diastolik. Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide NT-proBNP merupakan biomarker yang sensitif dalam mendeteksi disfungsi diastolik.Tujuan: Mengevaluasi nilai diagnostik NT-proBNP dalam mendeteksi hemosiderosis jantung yang dinilai dengan MRI T2 jantung.Metode: Enam puluh delapan pasien dengan thalassemia b mayor usia 10-18 tahun tanpa gejala gagal jantung menjalani pemeriksaan NT-proBNP saat sebelum transfusi darah. Semua subyek diperiksa MRI T2 Jantung dalam kurun waktu maksimal 3 bulan median 19 hari . Pasien kemudian dibagi menjadi kelompok hemosiderosis jantung MRI T2 jantung 20 ms .Hasil: Dari 68 pasien, didapatkan rasio lelaki : perempuan sebesar 1: 1,1 dengan usia median 14,1 tahun rentang : 10-17,8 tahun . Kadar NT-proBNP tidak berbeda bermakna antara kelompok hemosiderosis jantung dan tidak hemosiderosis jantung p-0,233 . Uji diagnosis NT-proBNP dengan nilai titik potong 160 pg/mL menghasilkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga postif, dan nilai duga negatif secara berurutan sebesar 38,46 , 58,1 , 17,8 , dan 50 .Simpulan: Pengukuran NT-proBNP tidak dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi hemosiderosis jantung pada anak. ABSTRACT Background Iron induced cardiomyopathy remains the leading cause of mortality in patients with thalassemia b major. Iron deposition related cardiomiopathy, which may be reversible through iron chelation, is characterized by early diastolic dysnfunction. Amino terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide NT proBNP is a sensitive biomarker of diastolic dysfunction.Aim To evaluate the diagnostic value of NT proBNP as a surrogate marker of iron overload examined with MRI T2 .Methods sixty eight b thalassemia major patients 10 18 years with no signs of heart failure underwent NT proBNP measurement before routine transfusion. All subjects were prospectively performed cardiac MRI T2 examination within three months median 19 days . Patients were divided as cardiac hemosiderosis cardiac MRI T2 20 ms Result Of 68 patients, the male to female ratio was 1 1,1 and the median age was 14.1 years range 10 17.8 years . NT proBNP levels were not different between hemosiderosis and non hemosiderosis p 0,233 . Diagnosis test using cut off value of 160 pg mL resulted in sensitivity of 38.46 , specificity of 58.1 , positive predictive value of 17.8 , and negative predictive value of 50 .Conclusion NT proBNP cannot be used to detect cardiac hemosiderosis in adolescent."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Indometasin dan ibuprofen merupakan standar obat yang digunakan untuk menutup duktus arteriosus persisten dengan gangguan hemodinamik signifikan (hemodinamically significant patent ductus arteriosus, hs-PDA). Sediaan injeksi intravena dari kedua obat tersebut belum tersedia di Indonesia. Beberapa laporan kasus serial sebelumnya menunjukkan parasetamol intravena dapat menjadi alternatif pengobatan hs-PDA pada bayi prematur.Tujuan. Untuk mengevaluasi efek parasetamol intravena dalam penutupan PDA pada bayi prematur.Metode. Desain kuasi-eksperimental dilakukan mulai 15 Mei sampai 31 Agustus 2014 di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. Kriteria diagnosis hs-PDA berdasarkan ekokardiografi dan diameter duktus diukur dari pandangan parasternal sumbu pendek atau pandangan suprasternal sumbu panjang. Bayi prematur usia 2-7 hari diberikan parasetamol intravena dosis 15 mg/kg tiap 6 jam diberikan selama 3-6 hari dan dipantau sampai usia kronologis 14 hari. Uji Fischer exact digunakan untuk menilai hubungan antara kelompok bayi dengan penutupan PDA. Uji t berpasangan digunakan untuk menilai perubahan diameter duktus antara sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Hasil penelitian dinyatakan bermakna jika P<0,05.Hasil. Sebanyak 29 bayi diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Rerata usia gestasi 30,8 minggu dan berat lahir 1347 gram. Sembilan belas berhasil menutup, 1 reopening, 9 gagal menutup, dan tidak ditemukan intoksikasi hati. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok bayi berdasarkan usia gestasi dan berat lahir dalam penutupan PDA. Rerata diameter duktus sebelum intervensi 3,0 mm dan saat pemantauan usia empatbelas hari 0,6 mm. Diameter duktus berkurang sebelum dan sesudah intervensi (P<0,0001).Kesimpulan. Parasetamol intravena efektif dalam penutupan PDA pada bayi prematur.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. Indomethacin and ibuprofen are standard drugs for closing hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hs-PDA) in premature babies. Intravenous injection for both drugs is not yet available in Indonesia. Some previous case series shown intravenous paracetamol can be used as an alternative treatment of hs-PDA in premature babies.Objective. To evaluate intravenous paracetamol effect on closure of PDA in premature babies.Methods. Quasi-experimental design was conducted from May 15th to August 31th 2014 in the Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital. Echocardiographic diagnosis of PDA was measured from parasternal-short-axis-view or suprasternal-long-axis-view. The premature babies aged 2 to 7 days were administered intravenous paracetamol of 15 mg/kg every six hours for a-3 day cycle and followed up to chronological age of 14 days. Fischer exact test was used to assess the association between babies group and closure of PDA. Pair t test was used to evaluate duct diameter between before, after intervention, and a-14 day follow up. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results. Twenty-nine babies were included. Mean of gestational age was 30.8 weeks and birth weight was 1347 gram. Nineteen (65.5%) cases were successfully closed, 1 case reopening, 8 cases failed, and no hepatic intoxication seen. No significant differences between babies group on closure of PDA. The mean of duct diameter before, after intervention, and a-14 day follow up were 3.0 mm, 0.9 mm, and 0.6 mm, respectively (P<0.0001).Conclusion. Intravenous paracetamol is quite effective on closure of PDA in premature babies."

"Latar belakang: Duktus Arteriosus Persisten (DAP) adalah penyakit jantung bawaan yang paling umum terjadi pada bayi prematur. Penutupan DA spontan pada bayi prematur berhubungan langsung dengan maturitas lumen duktus dan sensitivitas DA terhadap kadar prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kadar prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) dengan ukuran duktus arteriosus persisten (DAP) pada bayi prematur. Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan metode pengukuran berulang atau repeatedmeasure pada bayi yang terdeteksi DAP pada hari ke 2-3 di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Rumah Sakit Fatmawati, Jakarta, dari bulan April-Mei 2014. Diagnosis DAP menggunakan ekokardiografi 2-D dan analisis kuantitatif kadar PGE2 menggunakan sistim immunoassay ELISA. Korelasi antara kadar PGE2 dengan diameter DA secara statistik dievaluasi menggunakan uji Korelasi Pearson. Hasilnya: Tiga puluh tiga bayi prematur {(UG rerata 31 (28-32) minggu, BL rerata 1360 (1000-1500) gram)} yang terdaftar pada penelitian ini. Hampir dua pertiga dari pasien adalah laki-laki. Hampir semua (30 dari 33) subyek mengalami penutupan spontan DA sebelum usia 10 hari. Rerata diameter DA adalah 2,9 (SD 0.5) mm dengan kecepatan maksimum aliran transduktal (DVmax) adalah 0,2 (SD 0,06) cm/detik dan rasio LA/Ao 1,5 (SD 0,2). Masing-masing rerata kadar PGE2 serum pada usia 2-3, 5-7, dan setelah 10 hari adalah 5238,6 (SD 1.225,2), 4178,2 (SD 1.534,5), dan 915,2, (SD 151,6) pg ml. Pada hari ke 2-3 kadar PGE2 serum berkorelasi dengan diameter DA (r = 0,667, p <0,001), tetapi tidak pada hari 5-7 (r = 0.292, p = 0,105) atau hari ke-10 (r = 0.041, p = 0,941). Kesimpulan: Ada korelasi positip yang kuat antara kadar PGE2 dengan diameter DA bayi prematur pada usia 2-3 hari, namun tidak ada korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar PGE2 dengan menetapnya DAP.

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Background: Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart disease most commonly occuring in premature infants. Spontaneous DA closure in premature infants has been suggested to be associated with the maturity of duct lumen and the sensitivity of DA to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

Objectives: To determine the correlation between the serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to the size of a persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants.

Methods: Observational study using repeated measures on premature infants with PDA detected at day 2-3 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Fatmawati Hospital, Jakarta, from April-May 2014. Diagnosis of PDA using a 2-D echocardiography and the quantitative analysis of PGE2 levels using immunoassay ELISA system. The correlation between PGE2 level with DA diameter were statistically evaluated using the Pearson Correlation test.

Results: Thirty-three premature infants (median gestational age 31 (28-32) weeks of gestational age, median birth weight 1360 (1000-1500) grams) were enrolled. Almost two thirds of patients were male. Almost all (30 of 33) subjects had spontaneous closure of DA before the age of 10 days. Mean DA diameter was 2.9 (SD 0.5) mm with maximum flow velocity of 0.2 (SD 0.06) cm/sec and LA/Ao of 1.5 (SD 0.2). Mean levels of PGE2 at the age of 2-3, 5-7, and after 10 days were 5238.6 (SD 1225.2), 4178.2 (SD 1534.5), and 915.2 (SD 151.6) pg/ml, respectively. The level of PGE2 level at day 2-3 was correlated with DA diameter (r = 0.667, p < 0.001), but not at day 5-7 (r = 0.292, p = 0.105) or day 10 (r = 0.041, p = 0.941).

Conclusion: There is a quite strong correlation positive between the levels of PGE2 in DA diameter in preterm infants at 2-3 days of age, although the correlation between levels of PGE2 by the persistence of PDA was not significant."

"Latar belakang: Duktus arteriosus persisten signifikan hemodinamik (DAPsh) ditandai dengan peningkatan aliran darah paru dan penurunan aliran darah sistemik. Hipoperfusi sitemik yang menyebabkan penurunan oksigenasi jaringan dapat dideteksi menggunakan near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) yang dipasang di area serebral, renal, dan abdomen.Tujuan: Mencari nilai diagnsotik dari NIRS serebral, renal, dan abdominal dalam mendeteksi dini DAPsh pada bayi <32 minggu.Metode: Sebanyak 43 subjek bayi prematur dilakukan pemantauan dengan memasang NIRS serebral, renal, dan abdomen pada 3 jam pertama selama 72 jam. Semua subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan ekokardiografi dalam 24 jam pertama untuk menilai adanya DAPsh. Kriteria ekokardiografi yang digunakan termasuk parameter oversirkulasi paru dan pola aliran doppler di serebral, renal, dan abdominal. Nilai rerata dari NIRS selama 72 jam dibandingkan antara kelompok DAPhs dan non-DAPhs.Hasil: Terdapat 10 subjek dengan DAPsh dan 33 subjek tanpa DAPsh. Median dari nilai RrSO2 pada kelompok dengan DAPsh lebih rendah dibanding kelompok tanpa DAPsh, 72 (44-87) vs 78 (48-89) (p=0,044). Dengan menggunakan kurva ROC, nilai titik potong < 74% memiliki sensitivitas sebesar 80% dan spesifisitas sebesar 70%. Sedangkan nilai CrSO2 dan SrSO2 tidak bermakna secara statistik.Simpulan: Nilai RrSO2 < 74% dapat memprediksi adanya DAPsh pada bayi <32 minggu.

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Background: Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) is characterised by systemic hypoperfusion and pulmonary overcirculation. Systemic hypoperfusion with subsequent decrease of tissue oxygenation can be detected using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) applied at the cerebral, renal, and abdominal areas.

Objective: To seek the diagnostic value of cerebral, renal, and splanchnic NIRS to detect hsPDA in infants < 32 weeks of gestation.

Methods: Forty-three very preterm infants (birth weight <1500 gr and gestational age <32 weeks) were monitored continuously with cerebral, renal, and abdominal NIRS within three hours after birth for 72 hours. All infants were prospectively evaluated using echocardiography to detect hsPDA within 24 hours after birth daily during the NIRS application. Echocardiography criteria to diagnose hsPDA included indices of pulmonary overcirculation and organ Doppler pattern at cerebral, renal, and splanchnic. The mean value of regional NIRS during its application was compared between the hsPDA and no- hsPDA groups.

Results: Of 43 infants, there were 10 infants with hsPDA and 33 with no hsPDA. A lower median of mean RrSO2 was noted in hsPDA groups compared to no-hsPDA groups, 72 (44-87) vs 78 (48-89), respectively (p=0.044), while no significant difference was found in CrSO2 and SrSO2. Using ROC curves, Mean RrSO2 < 74% identified an hsPDA with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 70%, while CrSO2 and SrSO2 were not significant

Conclusion : Low RrSO2 <74% was associated with the presence of hsPDA in infants < 32 weeks of gestation."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang:Obesitas merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan utama yang banyak ditemukandi negara maju maupun negara berkembang. Obesitas menjadi salah satu faktorrisiko timbulnya penyakit kardiovaskular. Diketahui bahwa populasi obesitasmemiliki kadar plasma BNP yang rendah dibanding kelompok normal. BNPadalah suatu hormon yang disintesis oleh miosit atrium yang berperan dalammeregulasi hemodinamik tubuh. Selain itu BNP memiliki efek anti fibrosis dan anti hipertrofi pada jantung. Dipikirkan bahwa adanya gangguan sintesis BNP di miosit jantung sebagai salah satu penyebab. Maka, penelitian ini bertujuan untukmelihat profil ekspresi mRNA BNP, NPR-A dan NPR-C pada populasi obesitas.Metode:Studi potong lintang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh DarahHarapan Kita (RSJPDHK). Jaringan miosit tersimpan yang sudah dilakukanekstraksi RNA dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok berdasarkan IMT, kelompok obesitas(IMT ≥27) dan kelompok normal (IMT <27) dan sesuai kriteria inklusi daneksklusi. RNA kedua kelompok dilakukan sintesis cDNA, ekstraksi protein danReal-Time PCR untuk mendapatkan mean ΔCt. Kemudian dilakukanpenghitungan menggunakan metode Livak untuk mendapatkan nilai ekspresirelatif mRNA. Data kemudian di analisis statistik menggunakan SPSS 20.Hasil Penelitian:Sebanyak 48 pasien diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini dengan jumlah kelompoknormal 34 orang dan kelompok obesitas 14 orang. Hasil ekspresi mRNA BNP,NPR-A dan NPR-C lebih rendah pada kelompok obesitas dibanding kelompoknormal. Namun, tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna ekspresi mRNA BNP (p0,768), NPR-A (p 0,838) dan NPR-C (p 0,768) antara kelompok obesitas dibanding kelompok normal. Kesimpulan:Penelitian ini tidak menemukan perbedaan ekspresi mRNA BNP, NPR-A dan NPR-C yang bermakna antara kelompok obesitas dengan kelompok normal.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Obesity is presenting as a significant health problem across the world. Obesity is arisk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The plasma level of B-type natriureticpeptide (BNP) has been identified to be lower in obese people compare to normal.As we know, BNP is one of the cardiac hormones synthesized by atrial myocytethat plays a role in hemodynamic regulations. In addition, BNP exerts its antifibrotic and anti hypertrophic effects in the heart. It has been hypothesized thatone of the possible mechanism responsible for this inverse relationship is theimpaired synthesize of BNP by cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the aim of our study isto evaluate the mRNA expression profile of BNP, Natriuretic peptide receptortype-A (NPR-A) and Natriuretic peptide receptor type-C (NPR-C) incardiomyocytes of obese population. Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rumah Sakit Jantung dan PembuluhDarah Harapan Kita (RSJPDHK). Cardiomyocytes that have been performed theRNA extraction proses were divided into 2 groups, Obese group (BMI ≥27) andNormal group (BMI <27), according to BMI and inclusion and exclusion criteria.Synthesize cDNA, protein extraction and Real-Time PCR were performed inorder to have the mean of ΔCt. Livak method was used to determine the relativeexpression mRNA value. SPSS 20 for Windows was used for the purpose ofstatistical analyses. Results:48 patients were included in this study that consist of 34 patients in normal groupand 14 patients in obese group. The mRNA expression of BNP, NPR-A and NPRCwerelower in obese group compared to normal group. However, there was nosignificant difference between groups.Conclusion:In conclusion, there is no significant difference of mRNA expression of BNP, NPR-A and NPR-C between obese and normal group.;Background:Obesity is presenting as a significant health problem across the world. Obesity is arisk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The plasma level of B-type natriureticpeptide (BNP) has been identified to be lower in obese people compare to normal.As we know, BNP is one of the cardiac hormones synthesized by atrial myocytethat plays a role in hemodynamic regulations. In addition, BNP exerts its antifibrotic and anti hypertrophic effects in the heart. It has been hypothesized thatone of the possible mechanism responsible for this inverse relationship is theimpaired synthesize of BNP by cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the aim of our study isto evaluate the mRNA expression profile of BNP, Natriuretic peptide receptortype-A (NPR-A) and Natriuretic peptide receptor type-C (NPR-C) incardiomyocytes of obese population. Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rumah Sakit Jantung dan PembuluhDarah Harapan Kita (RSJPDHK). Cardiomyocytes that have been performed theRNA extraction proses were divided into 2 groups, Obese group (BMI ≥27) andNormal group (BMI <27), according to BMI and inclusion and exclusion criteria.Synthesize cDNA, protein extraction and Real-Time PCR were performed inorder to have the mean of ΔCt. Livak method was used to determine the relativeexpression mRNA value. SPSS 20 for Windows was used for the purpose ofstatistical analyses. Results:48 patients were included in this study that consist of 34 patients in normal groupand 14 patients in obese group. The mRNA expression of BNP, NPR-A and NPRCwerelower in obese group compared to normal group. However, there was nosignificant difference between groups.Conclusion:In conclusion, there is no significant difference of mRNA expression of BNP, NPR-A and NPR-C between obese and normal group."

"Panduan resusitasi anak umumnya menganjurkan pemberian cairan dalam jumlah besar. Beberapa penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa penggunaan cairan yang agresif meningkatkan mortalitas. Penelitian pada hewan menunjukkan tekanan vena sentral yang tinggi memicu pelepasan atrial natriuretic peptide ANP , sementara penelitian invitro memperlihatkan ANP meluruhkan glycocalyx endotel vaskular dan meningkatkan permeabilitas endotel. ANP juga memicu vasodilatasi. Hemodilusi berpotensi menurunkan pasokan oksigen tubuh DO2 . Penelitian bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh resusitasi cairan terhadap kadar ANP serum, peluruhan glycocalyx endotel vaskular, extravascular lung water index ELWI , mean arterial pressure MAP , kadar hemoglobin dan pasokan oksigen. Hewan model renjatan adalah 11 ekor Sus scrofa jantan, usia 6-10 minggu. Renjatan dilakukan dengan metode fixed pressure hemorrhage. Resusitasi pertama dilakukan dengan jumlah cairan sesuai darah yang dikeluarkan resusitasi normovolemik , dilanjutkan dengan 40 mL/kg resusitasi hipervolemik . Pengukuran hemodinamik dilakukan dengan PICCO. Serum ANP dan Syndecan-1, petanda peluruhan glycocalyx, dilakukan dengan teknik ELISA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan ANP pasca resusitasi normovolemik p = 0,043 , yang kemudian menurun kembali dalam 30 menit. Peluruhan glycocalyx tidak terjadi. Perbedaan ELWI pada 60 menit pasca resusitasi secara statistik bermakna, dengan perbedaan 0,93 mL/kg 95 IK:0,19 -3,62 . Terdapat korelasi kuat antara SVRI dan CI pasca resusitasi hipervolemik r = -0,587 . Tidak ada perbedaan MAP pasca resusitasi normovolemik dan hipervolemik. Kadar hemoglobin pasca resusitasi hipervolemik lebih rendah daripada pasca resusitasi normovolemik p = 0,009 . Pasokan oksigen tubuh pasca resusitasi hipervolemik lebih tinggi daripada pasca resusitasi normovolemik p = 0,012 . Simpulan: Resusitasi cairan pada renjatan akibat perdarahan tidak mengakibatkan peluruhan glycocalyx endotel vaskular. Peningkatan ELWI amat terbatas. SVRI berkorelasi terbalik dengan CI. Tidak ada perbedaan MAP antara resusitasi normovolemik dan hipervolemik. Resusitasi hipervolemik menyebabkan hemodilusi yang diimbangi dengan peningkatan curah jantung.

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Many pediatric guidelines recommend liberal fluid resuscitation, but recent studies showed that aggressive fluid resuscitation might increase mortality. Animal studies showed that high central venous pressure induced ANP secretion. Invitro studies showed convincing evidence that ANP induced glycocalyx shedding. ANP also induced vasodilatation through cGMP signal transduction pathways. Hemodilution due to a large amount of resuscitation fluid potentially decreasing oxygen delivery.The objectives of this study were investigating the effect of fluid resuscitation, in the animal model, with special concern on serum ANP, glycocalyx shedding indicate by serum Syndecan-1 , changes in extravascular lung water, systemic vascular resirtance and mean arterial pressure, hemoglobin level and oxygen delivery DO2 . The animal models were 11 male domestic pigs, 6 -10 weeks old. The shock was induced with fixed pressure hemorrhage method. Fluid resuscitation was done in 2 phases. On the first attempt, we replaced total numbers of blood that withdrawn normovolemic resuscitation . On the second attempt, we gave 40 mL/kg resuscitation fluids hypervolemic resuscitation . The hemodynamic measurements were done with PICCO. Serum ANP and Syndecan-1 were measure with ELISA method.We found that serum ANP increased after normovolemic resuscitation p = 0.043 and immediately back to base level in 30 minutes. Glycocalyx shedding did not occur. Extravascular lung water index minimally increased. There was a strong correlation between SVRI and CI at hypervolemic resuscitation r = -0.587 . There was no difference in mean arterial pressure between normovolemic and hypervolemic resuscitation. Hemoglobin level after hypervolemic resuscitation was lower than after normovolemic resuscitation p = 0.009 . Oxygen delivery was higher after hypervolemic resuscitation p = 0.012 .Conclusions: Hypervolemic resuscitation in this hemorrhagic shock model did not induce glycocalyx shedding, extravascular lung water index minimally increased. Systemic vascular resistance index negatively correlated to cardiac index. Fluid resuscitation may induce hemodilution, but oxygen delivery can be compensated by increasing cardiac output. "

"Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang paling sering dijumpai dan merupakan penyebab utama penyakit kardiovaskular di dunia. Hipertensi sebagian besar tanpa gejala tetapi akan merusak organ tubuh diantaranya jantung yang akan mengalami perubahan struktural dan fungsional yaitu LVH (left ventrikel hypertrophy) dan disfungsi diastolik. Disfungsi diastolik saja akan meningkatkan risiko kardiovaskular tidak tergantung pada massa LV dan tekanan darah. Disfungsi diastolik pada hipertensi mungkin terjadi disertai LVH maupun tidak. Beberapa tahun terakhir studi mengenai brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) banyak dilakukan, demikian pula pada disfungsi diastolik sebagai penanda kelainan fungsi ventrikel. Kenaikan kadar BNP mungkin dapat digunakan untuk memperlihatkan proses perubahan fungsi ventrikel sebagai peijalanan penyakit hipertensi.Tujuan penelitianMengetahui hubungan antara peningkatan kadar BNP dengan derajat disfungsi diastolik pada penderita hipertensi.Hipotesis penelitian dan manfaat penelitianKenaikan kadar BNP berhubungan dengan derajat disfungsi diastolik pada pasien hipertensi. Pemeriksaan BNP diduga dapat digunakan sebagai alat deteksi dini efek hipertensi pada jantung.MetodologiPenelitian dilakukan pads penderita hipertensi di PINHK selama kurun waktu April std Oktober 2006 (40 pasien, 24 pria, dan 16 wanita). Pasien yang memenuhi }criteria inklusi dan eksklusi dilakukan pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dan diukur EDD, ESD, IVSD,IVSS,massa LV, fraksi ejeksi, rasio EIA, DT, IVRT, rasio e'la',rasioEle', dan doppler vena pulmonal menggunakan alat ekokardiografi dari Vivid -Philips. Pasien dibagi menjadi kelompok dengan fungsi diastolik normal (DDO), disfungsi diastolik tahap I (DDI), psedonormal (DD2) dan restriktif (DD3). Seluruh pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan BNP dengan menggunakan Abbott AxSYM BNP assay pada hari yang sarna dengan ekokardiografi. Uji korelasi dilakukan dengan Pearson test.HasilDidapatkan kadar BNP masing-masing kelompok tidak berbeda bermakna (DD0=39,77+45,95 pg/ml;DD1=39,35±36,51 pglml;DD2=45,15+_3,65 pg/rnl;p=0,79). Tidak terdapat korelasi kadar BNP dengan rasio E/A (r=0,13;p=0,44) dan indeks massa LV (r=0,005;p=O,97). Terdapat korelasi positif BNP dengan nilai Ele' (r=0,524;p=O,O1).KesimpulanTidak terdapat korelasi BNP dengan disfungsi diastolik pada pasien hipertensi asimtomatik. Nilai BNP berkorelasi dengan nilai Ele' yang menunjukkan nilai tekanan pengisian ventrikel kin.

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Background

Hypertension is the most common disease entity encountered in clinical practice. It is still the main cause of cardiovascular event in the world. Hypertension is mostly seen in the clinic as asympomatic. But during time it may impact heart, as one of target organ, which may shown left ventricle hypertrophy as well as diastolic dusf unction. Even diastolic dysfunction could impact in increasing cardiovascular event in the future. Diastolic dysfunction maybe associated with hypertrophy or it may be precedes hypertrophy. Recently studies regarding brain natriuretic peptide in diastolic dysfunction has been conducted as a marker for ventricle dysfunction. BNP may be use to express the process of ventricle dysfunction in hypertension.

Aim of the study

To see the correlation of increasing level of BNP with degree of diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patient.

Hypotesis and benefit of the study

!increasing level of BNP correlate with degree of diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patient. Thus BNP may be beneficial as tool for early detection of hypertension impact to heart.

Methodology

Study was conducted to outpatient with hypertension in PJNHK during April-October 2006 (40 pts, 24 male, 16 female). All patients was done echocardiography exam to see the diastolic dysfunction and ventricular dimension. All patients was classified as normal diastolic function (DDO), diastolic dysfunction grade I (DM), pseudonormal (DD2) and restrictive filling pattern (DD3) accordingly. BNP measurement was done at the same time echo was done using Abbot AxSYM assay.Pearson test was done for correlation test.

Result

There was no difference among the group for diastolic dysfunction (DDO= 39,77±45,95 pg/ml,DD1=39,35±36,51 pg/ml; DD2=45,15±3, 65 pg/ml;p0, 79). No correlation of BNP with E/A ratio ((r=0,13;p=0,44) and LV mass index (r=0,005;p=0,97). BNP value correlate well with E/e ' ratio representing LV filling pressure ((r=0, 524;p =0, 01).

Conclusion

BNP level not correlate well with diastolic dysfunction in this group of aymptornatic hypertensive patients. BNP value correlate with E/e' which shown a LV filling pressure."

"Defisiensi kobalamin dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya donor metil yang berpotensi menggangu metabolisme jantung. Defisiensi kobalamin dapat terjadi pada pasien dengan malnutrisi, ulkus peptikum, diabetes melitus, dan alkoholisme. Berbagai studi pada defisiensi vitamin B12 masih berfokus pada aterogenesis dan stress oksidatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui korelasi defisiensi vitamin B12 dengan penurunan fungsi jantung melalui gambaran EKG, ekspresi protein PGC-1α dan protein BNP. Empat belas tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan usia 24-28 minggu dibagi dalam 2 kelompok (kontrol dan perlakuan). Kelompok kontrol diberikan pakan standar dengan nutrisi lengkap, sementara kelompok perlakuan diberikan pakan AIN-93M termodifikasi defisien vitamin B12. Kedua kelompok diberikan pakan dalam periode yang sama yakni selama 16 minggu. Pada akhir minggu ke-16 dilakukan pemeriksaan EKG, pemeriksaan ELISA vitamin B12 plasma, Hcy plasma, ekspresi PGC-1α dan kadar BNP-45 plasma. Hasil penelitian pada kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan terdapat penurunan kadar vitamin B12 plasma, peningkatan kadar Hcy plasma disertai dengan penurunan ekspresi protein PGC-1α dan peningkatan kadar BNP-45 plasma. Pada kelompok perlakuan didapatkan hasil tebal miokardium lebih besar dari kelompok kontrol. Pada kelompok perlakuan juga didapatkan aritmia pada rekam EKG 2 dari 7 tikus. Terdapat korelasi negatif dengan kekuatan sedang antara penurunan ekspresi PGC-1α dengan peningkatan BNP-45 plasma. Defisiensi kobalamin terbukti menyebabkan gangguan metabolisme energi kardiomiosit yang ditandai dengan penurunan ekspresi protein PGC-1α dan berujung pada aritmia serta hipertrofi/pembesaran ventrikel kiri yang ditandai dengan peningkatan tebal miokardium dan peningkatan kadar BNP-45 plasma.

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Cobalamin deficiency may cause lack of dietary methyl donors which alter heart metabolism. Cobalamin deficiency are common in patients with malnutrition, gastrics ulcers, diabetes mellitus, and alcoholism. Most studies on cobalamin deficiencies are focused on its relationship with oxidative stress and atherogenesis. Therefore, this study aims to find the corelation between cobalamin deficiency and heart function deterioration through analysis of ECG pattern, expression of PGC-1α protein, and plasma BNP-45 level. Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (age 24-28 weeks) were divided into 2 groups: control group and treatment group. The control group was given standard diet while the treatment group received a modified diet type AIN-93M. Both groups are fed with the same 16-weeks period. ECG and ELISA was performed to evaluate plasma vitamin B12, Hcy levels, expression of PGC-1α protein and plasma BNP-45 levels in each group at the end of the treatment period. At the end of study period, higher Hcy level was observed in the treatment group with lower plasma cobalamin followed by two rats has developed arrythmias and decreased expression of PGC-1α protein and also increased in plasma BNP-45 levels. There is a relatively strong correlation between deterioration of PGC-1α protein with the increased in plasma BNP-45 levels. Cobalamin deficiency has proven to alter cardiomyocites energy metabolism which resulted in arrythmia and tendency to developed left ventricular hypertrophy."

"Pendahuluan BNP adalah asam amino peptida yang disintesa dan dilepas terutama dan miokard ventrikel sebagai respon terhadap regangan miosit Kadar BNP dilepas juga saat iskemi maupun nekrosis miokard Pada NonSTEMI terjadi keadaan hipoksia iskemia sampat nekrosis di subendokard dalam berbagai derajat gangguan sehingga perlu adanya petanda yang bisa menggambarkan gangguan fungsi ventrikel mi Pada NonSTEMI terjadi lepasnya BNP dan terganggunya kontraktilmtas miokard dalam berbagai tingkatan.Tujuan Penelitian Mencari hubungan antara besarnya kadar BNP yang keluar akibat kerusakan subendokard dihubungkan dengan gangguan fungsi ventrikel kiri yang dmnilam dengan ekokardiografi.Metode Penelitian merupakan studi deskrmptif analitik yang bersifat cross sectional dilakukan di PJNHK antara bulan Nopember 2005-Juni 2006 Penelitian dilakukan pada 36 pasien NonSTEMI yang pertamakali mnfark tanpa ada riwayat gagal Jantung dan kelainan katup sebelumnya Sampel darah EDTA diambil saat pasien datang di UGD kemudian diekstraksi plasmanya untuk dmperiksa kadar BNP Fungsi sistolik ventrikel kin dinilai ekokardiografi dengan mengukur Wall Motion Score Index (WMSI) 16 segmen sistem dan ejection fraction (EF) metode Simpson Pemeriksaan ekokardiografidilakukan setelah melewati fase perawatan intensif.Hasil Terdapat kenaikan kadar BNP pada subyek penelitian (278 71 ± 394 60) dan berbeda bermakna dengan kadar BNP populasi normal (20 00 ±23 73) dengan (p<0 00 1) pada uji TTest Dengan uji korelasi Pearson terdapat hubungan bermakna antara BNP (278 71 ± 394 60) dan EF Simpson (51 46 ± 10 62) dengan p trend = 0 024 r = 0376 maupun antara BNP (278 71 ± 394 60) dan WMSI (1 31 ± 0 37) dengan p trend = 0 013 r= 0 411 Dengan uji perbedaan Chi square Tidak ada perbedaan yangbermakna kadar BNP pada kelompok sampel dengan EF<40 dan kelompok sampel dengan EF>40 (c>O 05).Kesimpulan Kadar BNP meningkat pada pasien pasien Non STEMI Kenaikan BNP berhubungan dengan kecenderungan penurunan fungsi ventrikel kiri semakmn tinggi kadar BNP semakmn cenderung menurun fungsi ventrikel kiri.

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Background BNP is an aminoacid synthesized by myocyte in respons to myocardial stretching Myocardial ischemia and necrosis could also induced BNP production In NonSTEMI various degree of hypoxia ischemia and subendocardial necrosis occur to the myocardium and could compromise LV function Thus a marker that could predict LV dysfuction in this setting is very much needed Various degree of LV dysfunction and BNP production could be observed in NonSTEM.

The Aim of Study To investigate the relationship between BNP level induced by subendocardial damage with LV systolic function assessed by echocardiography in NonSTEMI.

Methods This is an analytical descriptive study cross sectional in design conducted in National Cardiovascular Center 1-larapan Kita between November 2005-June 2006 Subjects are 36 patients with NonSTEMI without previous history of infarction heart failure or valvular abnormality EDTA blood samples were obtained during examination in the Emergency Department then the plasma were extracted to measure BNP level LV systolic function assessed by echocardiography with 16 segments Wall Motion Score Index (WMSI) and Ejection Fraction (EF) Simpson Methode The echocardiographic evaluation was performed after the intensive care phase.

Results There was a significant increase in BNP level among study subjects (278 71 ± 394 60) compared to normal population (20 00 ± 23 73) (Ttest with p