Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"In the cocoa tree, the genes for producing an abscission zone are in pedicles. Theprocess is hormonally driven by ethylene whilst auxins apparently decrease the sensitivityto ethylene. When the level of auxin declones, a special layer of cells (the abscissionlayer) is formed at the base of petiole or fruit stalk. Ethylene stimulates the production ofenzimes that degrade the middle lamella beetween cells in the abscission zone. The conceptdevelopment so far is correct that should be possible to delay abscission by aplication ofsinthetic auxins. Aplication of compound enhance levels of auxins or decrease absicicacid and /or ethylene. Such conditions may inhibit young fruit abscission and promotefruit development."

"This research analyses about how and how far the transformation of agricultural production system and agrarian structure within cacao-base peasant community imply to social differentiation. The research uses a "multiple case study" approach in four cocoa peasant communities, i.e.:two communities in Central Sulawesi and the other two in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). The result shows that capitalism enters the communities by permeating (not eliminating) through various new activities, and than produced a transitional agricultural production (particularly takes form as temporary holding), has resulted in a social differentiation in peasant community called as unequal stratification of cocial structure of peasant community. This social is differentiated in many layers from a single status layer (land owners, tillers and labor) to combination of layers (of those three statuses). Moreover, this emerging social structure is also accompanied by a further inequality in agrarian resource ownership."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang faktor-faktor yang dapat menghambat perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Penelitian ini, khususnya, ditujukan untuk menganalisa perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao di Indonesia setelah penerapan bea keluar terhadap ekspor biji kakao (bahan baku bagi produk-produk olahan kakao); bagaimana respon dari industri tersebut dan bagaimana distribusi harga diantara para pelaku dalam rantai nilai kakao-coklat di Indonesia. Pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam analisa penelitian ini. Analisa kualitatif digunakan untuk melihat secara deskriptif pola ekspor kakao Indonesia, sebagai gambaran dari perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Selain itu, metode kualitatif juga digunakan untuk menganalisa rantai nilai dari Kakao-Coklat di Indonesia. Analisa deskriptif juga dilakukan terhadap trend harga biji kakao untuk melihat pembagian harga dan resiko antar pelaku dalam rantai nilai kakao Indonesia akibat penerapan bea keluar ekspor biji kakao dan perubahan harga dunia biji kakao. Analisa kuantitatif dilakukan untuk melihat apakah penerapan bea keluar tersebut mempengaruhi perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia, melalui penawaran ekspor dari produk-produk olahan kakao Indonesia. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pasokan biji kakao yang tidak cukup untuk pasar domestik, hambatan berupa bea masuk oleh negara-negara EU, dan permasalahan transportasi adalah permasalahan utama yang dapat menghambat perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Dapat disimpulkan juga bahwa penerapan bea keluar untuk ekspor biji kakao adalah regulasi yang sangat efektif untuk menurunkan ketergantungan terhadap ekspor bahan baku pada ekspor produk kakao Indonesia dan mendorong pengolahan domestik kakao dengan peningkatan ekspor produk-produk olahan kakao. Selain itu, penerapan bea keluar dan fluktuasi harga dunia untuk biji kakao dipandang menguntungkan pemerintah dan industri pengolahan kakao, tapi menyebabkan kerugian bagi eksporter biji kakao dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap petani. Namun, suatu mekanisme penetapan harga yang lebih baik antara petani dan industri serta efektifitas dari keberadaan asosiasi atau organisasi petani dapat menjadi solusi untuk membuat petani memperoleh keuntungan dari penerapan bea keluar tersebut.

---

This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder the development of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper is intended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesia due to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoa processing products); how they respond and how the price distribution among stakeholders.

Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. The qualitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoa exports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processing industry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically the processing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for the trend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholders in Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis is done to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects the development of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply of the Indonesian cocoa products.

Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domestic market, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportation problems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction of export tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence on the export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domestic processing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. In addition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoa beans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, but causes loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers. However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors and the presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be a solution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia terhadap ekspor produk kakao olahan dari Indonesia dan Malaysia di jangka panjang. Variabel penelitian yang digunakan adalah volume ekspor produk kakao olahan di Indonesia dan Malaysia, harga biji kakao Indonesia, harga biji kakao internasional, harga rata-rata ekspor kakao olahan di 5 negara kompetitor Indonesia dan Malaysia, volume impor kakao olahan di dunia dan dummy penerapan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian maka digunakan metode Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) dan menggunakan bound testing cointegration untuk melihat hubungan kointegrasi dari variabel-variabel yang diteliti. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap meningkatnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia di jangka panjang. Sedangkan bagi Malaysia, pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia, berpengaruh tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap menurunnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Malaysia di jangka panjang.

---

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of Indonesian cocoa beans export tax policy on Indonesia and Malaysia processed cocoa exports in the long term. The research variables are export volume of processed cocoa products in Indonesia and Malaysia, Indonesia price of cocoa beans, world price of cocoa beans, average price of exports of processed cocoa in 5 Indonesia and Malaysia competitor countries, import volume of cocoa in the world and the dummy tariff Export duty of Indonesian cocoa beans. To answer the research objectives method is used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL To answer the research objective, we use Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and using bound testing cointegration for testing the cointegration relationship between the research variables. The results show that in the long run, that the imposition of tariff on cocoa beans in Indonesia has a significant effect on the increase of export volume  of Indonesia processed cocoa but for Malaysia, the imposition of tariffs out of cocoa beans in Indonesia, no significant effect on the declining vol of Malaysias exports of processed cocoa."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang praktik collaborative governance serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya dalam Program Planet Kakao.Planet Kakao adalah program yang diinisiasi oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur melalui Dinas Perkebunan guna mengelola perkebunan kakao dari hulu ke hilir melalui perkebunan rakyat. Program ini tidak hanya menggandeng petani, namun juga pihak swasta, Bidang Perkebunan di pemerintah daerah kabupaten, Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao serta Asosiasi Petani Kakao Indonesia. Penelitian dibatasi di dua daerah, yakni Blitar dan Mojokerto. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan post-positivism dengan wawancara dan studi literatur sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Model collaborative governance yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah model Ansell dan Gash. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, ditemukan adanya proses kolaboratif dalam pelaksanaan program. Meskipun dilaksanakan dalam lingkup satu provinsi, nyatanya terdapat perbedaan antara kedua daerah.Salah satunya adalah adanya indikasi distrust di salah satu daerah. Selain itu, faktor kepemimpinan menjadi faktor yang paling mendeterminasi program sejak awal di kedua daerah, namun informal leader di satu daerah lebih kuat sehingga memberikan pengaruh lebih dalam forum kolaborasi.

---

This thesis discusses the practice of collaborative governance and the factors that influence it in the Planet Kakao Program. Planet Kakao is a program initiated by the East Java Provincial Government through the Plantation Office to manage cocoa plantations from upstream to downstream through smallholder plantations. This program not only collaborates with farmers, but also the private sector, Plantation in the district government, the Coffee and Cocoa Research Center and the Indonesian Cocoa Farmers Association. Research is limited to two regions, namely Blitar and Mojokerto. The study used a post-positivist approach with interviews and literature studies as a method of data collection. The collaborative governance model used in the study is the Ansell and Gash models. Based on the results of data analysis, a collaborative process was found in the implementation of the program. Although carried out within the scope of one province, in fact there are differences between the two regions. One of them is the indication of distrust in one area. In addition, leadership factor have been the most determinant factor in the program since the beginning in both regions, but informal leaders in one region are stronger so that they have more influence in the collaboration forum."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat kemampuan bertahan perusahaan pada industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia pada periode 2002-2006, yang merupakan periode dimana kebijakan PPN diterapkan terhadap komoditas kakao. Kebijakan ini diduga merupakan penyebab dari banyaknya perusahaan pengolahan kakao mati, padahal Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kakao terbesar ketiga di dunia. Selain itu penelitian ini juga melihat faktor lain yang mempengaruhi probabilita perusahaan bertahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Survival Model, penulis menggunakan analisa jangka waktu pendek dan panjang dalam kurun waktu 2002-2006 untuk melihat konsistensi model dalam periode waktu yang berbeda. Penelitian ini secara umum sejalan dengan temuan Evans (1987), dan mendukung hipotesa bahwa PPN berpengaruh terhadap banyaknya perusahaan pengolahan kakao yang mati.

---

The focus of this study is to observe firm survival in Indonesian cocoa processing industry in 2002-2006, which is the period when tax policy imposed to cocoa commodities. It is hypothesized that the policy lead to the extinct of the cocoa?s processing firm while the fact Indonesia is the 3rd biggest cocoa producing country of the world. Moreover this research is also focusing on the other factors that have impacts on the probability of firm?s survival. This research is using a survival model, the author is using short run period and long run period in 2002-2006 to support model consistency in different time period. Generally, the research agrees Evans (1987) findings and supports the hypothesis that tax policy has impacts on the extinction of numerous cocoa processing firms."