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"More than ten years ago, the first genetically modified foods took their place on the shelves of American supermarkets. But while American consumers remained blissfully unconcerned with the new products that suddenly filled their kitchens, Europeans were much more wary of these ?Frankenfoods.? When famine struck Africa in 2002, several nations refused shipments of genetically modified foods, fueling a controversy that put the issue on the world's political agenda for good."

"Tugas Karya Akhir ini membahas peran dari Monsanto Company terkait kegagalan proposisi 37 tentang pelabelan produk pangan transgenik di California pada tahun 2012 Peranan tersebut dapat dilihat dari aktivitas Monsanto yaitu dengan membangun koalisi penentang melakukan kampanye informasi serta mendonorkan sejumlah dana untuk kegiatan kampanye tersebut Untuk menjelaskan peranan Monsanto dalam studi kasus ini digunakan teori kelompok kepentingan terutama tentang taktik lobi Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah kualitatif dengan teknik studi kepustakaan dan studi dokumen Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa ketiga taktik lobi dari Monsanto berperan dalam gagalnya proposisi 37 untuk menjadi peraturan hukum di California

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This paper discusses the role of Monsanto Company related to failure of proposition 37 on the labeling of genetically modified food products in California 2012 Monsanto role can be identify from its lobbying tactics such as coalition building information campaign and funding the campaign Theory of interest groups are applied to explain the role of Monsanto in this case study especially on lobbying tactics concept The research methodology was qualitative through literature study and documents study techniques The research shows that three of Monsanto lobbying tactics play a role in the failure of proposition 37 to become a state law in California "

"Dalam perdagangan GMO produk bioteknologi antar negara, pengaturan serta regulasi mengenai GMO sering berbenturan dengan pengaturan serta regulasi mengenai perdagangan internasional, karena masalah klasik yang telah ada sejak dahulu kala, yaitu kepentingan ekonomi negara pengekspor dan kepentingan kelestarian lingkungan serta kesehatan konsumen negara pengimpor. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) dibuat sebagai panduan bagi negara-nagara di dunia untuk menjaga kelestarian serta keanekaragaman hayati, karena sekarang ini umumnya negara-negara di dunia sering merusak lingkungan serta ekosistem demi kepentingan industri, ekonomi dan perdagangan. Artikel 22 CBD mengatur mengenai hubungan antar CBD dengan perjanjian-perjanjian internasional lainnya. Dalam artikel ini disebutkan bahwa penerapan CBD dan perjanjian-perjanjian lain yang bernaung di bawahnya, termasuk di antaranya Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Cartagena Protocol) tidak boleh bertentangan dengan perjanjian-perjanjian yang telah ada sebelumnya. Kasus-kasus yang diajukan ke World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) menyebutkan bahwa langkah-langkah pengamanan yang dilakukan oleh negara-negara dalam hal persetujuan dan pemasaran produk-produk bioteknologi telah menyalahi dan melanggar kewajiban-kewajiban negara tersebut. berdasarkan ketentuan serta regulasi perdagangan internasional. Hal itu sangatlah tidak tepat sebab produk-produk GMO hasil bioteknologi masih sangat tidak stabil dan belum bisa dibuktikan secara ilmiah keamanannya. Oleh sebab itu, adalah kewajiban dari negara-negara untuk memberlakukan regulasi yang ketat atas produk-produk GMO hasil bioteknologi, untuk menjamin keamanan makanan, kesehatan manusia, Serta kelestarian lingkungan. Konsumen berhak untuk mengetahui bahwa produk yang dikonsumsi merupakan produk GMO, karena itulah para produsen GMO harus diwajibkan untuk melabel produk-produknya."

"ABSTRACTConsumers worldwide have reacted negatively to food products made from genetically modified (GM) ingredients. This study strives to understand the importance placed by consumers on the features of a product when purchasing halal yogurt drinks with GM or non GM ingredient along with the level of antioxidants, price, flavor and Halal certification from JAKIM. In addition, their attitudes towards genetically modified foods, in general, and their purchase intention towards genetically modified yogurt drinks, in particular, were also determined. Experimental design using a convenience sampling was used; 120 eligible responses were received from the study using three types of yogurt drinks. The research findings showed that nutrition was deemed as being the most important product feature that influenced the decision in purchasing yogurt drinks, followed by freshness, price, flavor, variety, and origin. Furthermore, it was found that respondents presented a neutral attitude and purchase intention towards genetically modified yogurt drinks. The recommendations to market practitioners, research limitations, as well as suggestions for future studies are also discussed."

"There were 37.3 million people or 17.42% people out of the total population in Indonesia who lived under the poverty line in year 2003 which constitute 20.23% of people in rural and 13.57% of the people in urban area (BPS, 2003). Poverty has a negative impact to the health and nutrient status of the population who lived under the poverty line. Poor people are more exposed to environmental risk (poor sanitation, unhealthy food, violence and natural disaster) and have less access to quality health care (WHO, 2000). Various approaches have been conducted to determine the poverty line. Badan Pusat Statistics/Central Bureau for Statistics (BPS/CBS) is one of the institutions that have developed the poverty line, which has been used nationally in Indonesia. The poverty line was defined as the expenditure value of the minimum food, so called food poverty line, and non-food commodities per capita per month (BPS, 1998). The food poverty line was derived by calculating the rupiah value of minimum standard for food adequately required by an individual, which was set at 2,100 calories per person per day. The rupiah value of 2,100 calories was derived from 52 selected food commodities mostly consumed by the reference population from the Susenas/National Health Survey data. Reference population is a group of people living just above the poverty line, and hence, their pattern of consumption can be used as a standard of minimum consumption. The selected food commodities were taking into account the difference among provinces but it did not distinguished between rural and urban areas. Therefore, the difference in values of expenditure spent for purchasing these food commodities refers to the differences in volume and price of each selected food item in both areas. However, some aspects were not considered in the calculation of this food poverty line. First, the estimation of the calorie content from the selected food commodities was not based on the quantities of food actually consumed by household member. It was only concerned on the amount of food used by the household. However, food used is not equivalent to the food consumed. Therefore, the calories content derived from the food used would overestimate the calories intake derived from the food actually consumed by the household member (Hasan, 1997). Secondly, the food poverty line developed by BPS was not measured independently. It was based on the consumption of the reference population. The consumption of the reference population was not necessarily adequate in terms of quantity and quality of the food because the reference population was determined by their non-food expenditure. It did not guarantee that people with higher non-food expenditure would consume adequate food. Third, nutrient or food consumption pattern of the population was correlated by the range of foods, which was locally produced or imported, available in an area and in a given season (Gopalan, 1984 in Hatma 2001)."

"Genetically modified (GM) or transgenic crops transformed global agriculture since their commercial release in the mid-1990s. GM crops are the product of genetically engineered seeds that are resistant to herbicides and insects. The United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina account for 80% of the global area planted with GM crops. Based on a decade of research (2003-2013), this book investigates the ways in which peasants and rural populations resist but also negotiate the socioenvironmental consequences of GM soybeans in Argentina. The Argentine government authorized the use of GM, herbicide-resistant soybean seeds in 1996 in the midst of a profound process of neoliberalization. By the mid-2000s, GM soybeans were cultivated on half of the arable land in Argentina. While this agricultural boom has benefitted agribusiness companies, it also has accelerated the deforestation of native forests, prompted the eviction of indigenous and peasant families, and spurred episodes of agrochemical exposure. Soybeans and Power offers three insights. First, it inspects the consequences of GM crops in concrete rural spaces. Through ethnographic research, the book grounds abstract debates about GM crops in concrete experiences of peasants and rural populations, those bearing witness to their expansion. Second, it scrutinizes processes of demobilization and the decline of contention, which are much less understood than the mobilization and the emergence of social movements. Third, it draws on the case of Argentina, a major global player in transgenic agriculture, shedding light on the social and environmental impacts of the recent commodity boom in Latin America."