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"Latar Belakang: Pasien perawatan ortodonti pada umumnya dianjurkan menggunakan obat kumur berfluoride untuk menjaga kebersihan rongga mulut dan mencegah terjadinya karies. Namun, Fluoride dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik kawat ortodonti Stainless Steel yang digunakan selama perawatan. Belum diketahui efek pemakaian obat kumur berfluoride terhadap kekuatan tarik kawat ortodonti Stainless Steel. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek pemakaian obat kumur berfluoride terhadap kekuatan tarik kawat ortodonti Stainless Steel. Metode: Menguji kekuatan tarik kawat ortodonti Stainless Steel 0,016 inci setelah dilakukan perendaman pada 100 ml obat kumur berfluoride 0,05 selama 30, 60, dan 90 menit. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik dari kekuatan tarik kawat ortodonti Stainless Steel setelah direndam obat kumur berfluoride. Nilai p pada perendaman obat kumur berfluoride selama 30, 60, dan 90 menit masing-masing adalah 0,790; 0,742; dan 0,085 nilai p > 0,05. Kesimpulan: Pemakaian obat kumur berfluoride tidak mempengaruhi kekuatan tarik kawat ortodonti Stainless Steel.

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Background: Patients with orthodontic treatment are commonly recommended to use Fluoride mouthwash for maintaining their oral hygiene and preventing dental caries. However, Fluoride may affect the characteristics of Stainless Steel orthodontic archwires that used during the treatment. The effect of Fluoride mouthwash on tensile strength of Stainless Steel orthodontic archwires is still unknown.

Purpose: To know the effect of Fluoride mouthwash on tensile strength of Stainless Steel orthodontic archwires.

Method: Examine the tensile strength of Stainless Steel orthodontic archwires 0,016 inch after immersed in 100 ml Fluoride mouthwash 0,05 for 30, 60, and 90 minutes.

Result: There is no statistically significant difference on tensile strength of Stainless Steel orthodontic archwires after immersed in Fluoride mouthwash. The p values on immersion Fluoride mouthwash for 30, 60, and 90 minutes consecutively are 0,790 0,742 and 0,085 p value 0,05.

Conclusion: The using of Fluoride mouthwash didn rsquo t have an effect on tensile strength of Stainless Steel orthodontic archwires."

"Seiring berjalannya waktu, pengelasan dengan dua material yang berbeda terus meningkat penggunaannya. Tujuannya untuk mendapatkan spesifikasi yang baik namun tetap menekan biaya yang digunakan. Material yang sering digunakan dalam dissimilar welding adalah stainless steel 304 dan structure steel 400. Kedua material ini memiliki kelebihan masing-masing. Untuk memperoleh hasil pengelasan yang baik, diperlukan pemilihan parameter yang tepat agar tidak timbul permasalahan seperti distorsi pada pengelasan. Distorsi merupakan sebuah proses perubahan bentuk pada material akibat pengelasan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kuat arus dan kecepatan pengelasan terhadap kekuatan tarik dan distorsi angular pada dissimilar Gas Metal Arc Welding GMAW. Kuat arus yang digunakan antara lain 125, 130 dan 135 A sedangkan kecepatan pengelasan yang digunakan 3, 3,25 dan 3,5 mm/s.Hasil pengelasan yang telah mendingin secara alami kemudian dilakukan pengukuran distorsi menggunakan CMM Coordinate Measuring Machine.Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan, bahwa semakin besar kuat arus pengelasan yang digunakan, maka semakin besar juga distorsi angular yang terbentuk. Sedangkan jika kecepatan pengelasan meningkat, maka distorsi angular yang terjadi semakin kecil. Selain itu, material juga diuji kekuatan tariknya, hasilnya kekuatan tarik paling optimal berada ketika kuat arus yang digunakan sebesar 130 A. Pada hubungan UTS dengan kecepatan pengelasan menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar kecepatan pengelasan berbanding terbalik dengan nilai kekuatan tarik material.

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Dissimilar welding has recently drawn a wide interest for its cost efficiency and ability to match various specifications. This method is generally used in welding of Stainless Steel 304 and Structure Steel 400, each with its own unique advantages to utilize. However, welding defects such as distortion to be found in dissimilar welding of the corresponding materials due to its high susceptibility to actual welding parameters.

In particular, this research investigated the influence of input current and welding welding speed to the tensile strength and occurrence of angular distortion defect on dissimilar welding of stainless steel 304 and structural steel 400 using Gas Metal Arc Welding GMAW. Welding current inputs were varied as 125, 130, and 135 A, while experimental travel speeds were set to 3, 3.25, and 3.50 mm s. Welded joints were air cooled and characterized by Coordinate Measuring Machine CMM for identification of distortion occurrence.

Results showing that increasing weld current input contributed to a larger angular distortion on weld joints. Contrarily, higher travel speed decreased the risk of angular distortion. Optimal tensile strength of the welded joints was observed at sample with 130 A current input. Additionally, it was found that faster welding speed decreased the tensile strength of both parent metal."

"Pengelasan memiliki peran penting dalam industri konstruksi, manufaktur, serta oil and gas. Salah satu penerapan teknologi pengelasan dalam industri adalah pengelasan pada pipa. Dalam penelitian ini, pengelasan pipa orbital dilakukan dengan Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) tanpa filler metal (autogenous) pada pipa baja tahan karat tipe SS316L. Dimensi material uji adalah diameter luar 114 mm dan ketebalan 3 mm. Pengujian pengelasan dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas pengelasan (lebar manik) dan kekuatan tarik. Parameter pengelasan yang digunakan adalah arus terpulsasi, kecepatan pengelasan sebesar 0,150 mm/s, 0,154 mm/s, dan 0,161 mm/s, serta 4 posisi sudut pipa saat pengelasan yaitu 0°, 90°, 180°, dan 270°. Tahapan pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi persiapan alat dan benda uji, pengelasan bahan uji, dan pengujian kekuatan tarik dan mikrokekerasan. Alat pengelasan yang digunakan adalah alat pengelasan pipa orbital prototipe dengan metode 5G. Selanjutnya, untuk material SS316L, setelah dilakukan pengelasan, dilakukan pembentukan benda uji kekuatan tarik dengan bentuk standar bahan uji menggunakan standar ASTM E-8M. Hasil pengukuran lebar manik paling lebar terjadi pada kecepatan pengelasan 0,154 mm/s dengan lebar manik 12,14 mm pada posisi 90°. Hasil pengujian kekuatan tarik tertinggi terjadi pada kecepatan pengelasan 0,150 mm/d dengan kekuatan tarik maksimum sebesar 571,07 MPa pada posisi 180° dengan arus sebesar 100A. 

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Welding plays a significant role in the construction, manufacturing, and oil and gas industries. One application of welding technology in these industries is pipe welding. In this study, orbital pipe welding was conducted using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) without filler metal (autogenous) on SS316L stainless steel pipes. The test material had an outer diameter of 114 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. Welding testing was performed to assess the weld quality (bead width) and tensile strength. The welding parameters used were pulsed current, welding speed of 0.150 mm/s, 0.154 mm/s, and 0.161 mm/s, and four pipe corner positions during welding: 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. The testing stages included tool and sample preparation, welding of the test material, and tensile strength and microhardness testing. A prototype orbital pipe welding tool using the 5G method was employed. Additionally, for SS316L material, after welding, test specimens for tensile strength were formed using the standard shape of the test material following ASTM E-8M. The widest bead width measurement was obtained at a welding speed of 0.154 mm/s with a bead width of 12.14 mm at the 90° position. The highest tensile strength test results occurred at a welding speed of 0.150 mm/s with a maximum tensile strength of 571.07 MPa at the 180° position with a current of 100A."

"Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati ketahanan korosi dari TAD berbahan SS setelah pemaparan pada tiga jenis larutan kumur yang berbeda yang ditinjau dari permukaan topografi dan komposisi atomik. Metode : 28 unit TAD berbahan Stainless Steel dibagi secara merata ke dalam 4 kelompok larutan kumur (sodium fluoride 0,2%, povidone iodine 1%, kitosan 1,5%, dan air destilasi) yang masing-masing terdiri dari 7 unit TAD. Setelah 3 bulan perendaman dilakukan evaluasi ketahanan korosi material TAD SS menggunakan scanning electrone microscope (SEM) untuk melihat topografi permukaan dan energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) untuk melihat komposisi atomik pada permukaan logam TAD SS. Hasil : Uji SEM menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara permukaan TAD SS setelah pemaparan dalam larutan sodium fluoride, povidone iodine, dan larutan kontrol (air destilasi) yaitu permukaan menjadi kasar dan terbentuk korosi lubang/intergranular. Namun pada TAD SS yang direndam dalam larutan kitosan hanya mengalami perubahan permukaan menjadi kasar tanpa disertai korosi lubang/intergranular. Sementara uji EDS menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan antara komposisi atomik TAD berbahan logam stainless steel setelah dipaparkan dalam larutan Fluoride, povidone iodine, kitosan, dan air destilasi (kontrol). Kesimpulan : Perendaman TAD SS 316L pada ketiga larutan kumur memicu proses korosi yang terlihat dari kekasaran permukaan logam paska perendaman, dengan larutan sodium fluoride dan povidone iodine bersifat lebih korosif, sementara larutan kitosan yang paling tidak korosif. TAD SS 316L memiliki biokompatibilitas yang baik terlihat dari pelepasan ion nikel dan kromium yang minimal pada seluruh sampel TAD SS paska perendaman.

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Objectives : This study aims to evaluate the corrosion resistance of stainless steel TAD after immersion in three mouthwash solutions marked by topography surface and atomic composition. Methods : 28 unit stainless steel TADs were divided into 4 group of mouthwashes (0,2% sodium fluoride, 1% povidone iodine, 1,5% chitosan, and distilled water as control group) each consisting of 7 TADs. After 3 months of immersion, the corrosion resistance of SS TAD will be evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyze the surface topography and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to analyze the atomic composition. Results: SEM images showed no significant difference between the surface topography of SS TAD after immersion in sodium fluoride, povidone iodine, and distilled water as they exhibit surface roughness and the presence of pitting/intergranular corrosion. However, SS TAD immersed in chitosan solution only displayed surface roughness without any sign of pitting/intergranular corrosion. EDS examination showed no significant difference between the atomic composition of SS TAD immersed in all mouthwash solutions. Conclusions : Immersion of SS TAD 316L in three different mouthwashes induced corrosion process which is shown by the surface roughness after 3 months of immersion. Sodium fluoride and povidone iodine mouthwash have shown to be more corrosive, while chitosan mouthwash was the least corrosive. SS TAD 316L displayed good biocompatibility which is shown by minimal release of nickel and chromium ions on all TAD samples after immersion"

"Pelapisan TiO2 dengan metode Physical Vapor Deposition PVD pada braket ortodontik dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sifat anti bakteri dan anti korosi braket. Untuk menghasilkan kualitas lapisan yang baik permukaan substrat harus halus dan bersih dari kontaminan. Oleh karena itu elektropoles dilakukan pada braket guna membersihkan permukaan braket dari senyawa oksida yang terbentuk saat sintering dengan mengurangi kekasaran permukaan. Elektropoles dilakukan dengan perbedaan pada temperatur dan waktu proses yaitu 30, 70oC dan 15, 25 menit. Perbedaan kondisi elektropoles ini akan mempengaruhi kekasaran permukaan yang dihasilkan. Atmosfer pada saat pelapisan PVD TiO2 dikontrol menggunakan gas oksigen dan argon dengan perbandingan aliran gas sebesar 10:90 sccm dan 50:50 sccm. Perbedaan aliran gas ini akan mempengaruhi karakteristik lapisan TiO2 yang terbentuk. Setelah elektropoles diperoleh kekasaran braket terendah sebesar 0.74 m dan paling tinggi sebesar 3.16 m. Kualitas lapisan pada substrat dengan kekasaran yang berbeda diukur dari sifat daya lekatnya dengan pengujian microvickers secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa permukaan substrat dengan kekasaran paling rendah memiliki daya lekat dengan lapisan TiO2 yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kekasaran yang tinggi.

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TiO2 layer was coated by Physical Vapor Deposition PVD on orthodontic bracket to improve its anti bacterial and anti corrosion characteristics. In order to produce a good quality of the coating layer, the substrate had to be smooth and free from any contaminants. The electropolishing method was used to clean bracket rsquo s surface from oxides substances which formed during sintering by reducing its surface roughness. The electropolishing was done the difference in temperature and processing time, such as 30, 70oC and 15, 25 minutes, respectively. Those differences in electropolishing condition wuld affect final surface 39 s roughness. The atmosphere during PVD was controlled using oxygen and argon gases with the flowing rate ratio of 10 90 sccm and 50 50 sccm, and these gases would affect TiO2 coating mechanical properties. After electropolishing, the lowest roughness of 0.74 m and the highest roughness of 3.16 m were obtained after electropolishing. The coating quality on the substrates with different roughnesses was assessed through coating adhesivity on substrate by microvickers quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that TiO2 coating layer on the substrate with a lower roughness had better adhesivity rather than on the substrate with higher roughness. "

"Stainless Steel merupakan logam yang banyak digunakan untuk keperluan industri karena stainless steel memiliki ketahanan korosi yang baik dan tahan terhadap temperatur tinggi. Pada umumnya, penggunaan stainless steel membutuhkan teknik penyambungan yang salah satunya adalah pengelasan. Pemilihan parameter yang tepat sangat dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan hasil pengelasan yang optimal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan untuk mengetahui hubungan kuat arus, heat time, dan hold time terhadap kekuatan tarik yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan teknik pengelasan RSW. Mesin las yang digunakan adalah WIMTOUCH 1800 tipe JPC 35. Kuat arus yang digunakan adalah 7000 A, 7700 A, dan 8400 A; heat time yang digunakan adalah 5 cycle, 10 cycle, dan 15 cycle; dan hold time yang digunakan adalah 5 cycle, 10 cycle, dan 15 cycle. Karakterisasi hasil las dilakukan melalui analisis diameter weld nugget dengan menggunakan mikroskop digital dan pengujian kekuatan tarik. Dari hasil penelitian yang didapatkan, diketahui bahwa semakin besar kuat arus dan heat time maka diameter weld nugget yang dihasilkan akan semakin besar sedangkan trendline dari hold time pada penelitian ini tidak dapat terlihat. Nilai kekuatan tarik maksimum yang didapatkan adalah 11,3 kN dengan parameter pengelasan arus 7700 A, heat time 15 cycle, dan hold time 10 cycle.

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Stainless Steel is a metal that is widely used for industrial purposes because stainless steel has good corrosion resistance and resistance to high temperatures. In general, the use of stainless steel requires a technique of connection one of which is welding. Selection of appropriate parameters is needed to obtain optimal welding results. In this experiment, the experiment was conducted to find out the relationship of current strength, heat time, and hold time to the tensile strength produced by using RSW welding technique. The welding machine used is WIMTOUCH 1800 type JPC 35. The current strength used is 7000 A, 7700 A, and 8400 A the heat time used is 5 cycles, 10 cycles, and 15 cycles and hold time used is 5 cycles, 10 cycles, and 15 cycles. The characterization of the welding results is done by analyzing the diameter of the weld nugget by using digital microscope and tensile strength test. From the results obtained, it is known that the greater the current strength and heat time then the diameter of the weld nugget generated will be greater while the trendline of hold time in this study can not be seen. The maximum tensile strength value obtained is 11.3 kN with welding parameters 7700 A, heat time 15 cycles, and hold time 10 cycles. "

"Menganalisis sitotoksisitas TAD SS setelah paparan tiga jenis larutan kumur yang dilihat melalui parameter reaktivitas dan viabilitas sel fibroblast BHK-21. Metode: 28 unit TAD SS dibagi menjadi masing-masing 7 unit TAD dalam 4 kelompok larutan kumur (sodium fluoride 0.2%, povidone iodine 1%, kitosan 1.5%, akuades) dan direndam selama 90 hari. Elusi TAD SS dalam larutan kumur kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam kultur sel fibroblast BHK-21 dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Reaktivitas dianalisis dengan mikroskop inverted-light dan reliabilitasnya diuji dengan ICC serta diuji secara statistik dengan independent T-test. Viabilitas dilakukan dengan metode MTT Assay dan dianalisis secara statistik dengan independent T-test. Hasil: Sel fibroblast BHK-21 menunjukkan perbedaan reaktivitas yang bermakna (p<0.05) setelah paparan elusi TAD SS dalam larutan kumur povidone iodine dan kitosan dibanding larutan povidone iodine dan kitosan tanpa TAD SS. Uji viabilitas menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p<0.05) setelah paparan elusi TAD SS dalam larutan kumur povidone iodine dibanding larutan povidone iodine saja tanpa TAD SS. Reaktivitas sel fibroblast BHK-21 pada kelompok yang terpapar larutan fluoride dan akuades tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0.05) dibanding larutan fluoride dan akuades tanpa TAD SS. Viabilitas sel fibroblast BHK-21 pada kelompok yang terpapar larutan fluoride dan akuades tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0.05) dibanding kelompok larutan fluoride dan akuades tanpa TAD SS. Kesimpulan: Pasien ortodonti dengan TAD SS dapat dianjurkan menggunakan larutan kumur kitosan dengan kadar lebih rendah atau akuades. Larutan kumur fluoride tidak dianjurkan untuk diberikan pada pasien ortodonti dengan TAD SS. Larutan povidone iodine sebaiknya tidak digunakan secara terus menerus untuk memberi waktu bagi revitalisasi sel.

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Analyzing the cytotoxicity of SS TAD after exposure to three types of mouthwash seen through the parameters of reactivity and viability of BHK-21 fibroblast cells. Methods: 28 units of SS TAD were divided into 7 units each of TAD in 4 groups of mouthwash (sodium fluoride 0.2%, povidone iodine 1%, chitosan 1.5%, aquadest) and immersed for 90 days. The elution of SS TAD in mouthwash was then fed into BHK-21 fibroblast cell culture and incubated for 24 hours. Reactivity was analyzed with an inverted-light microscope and reliability was tested with ICC also statistically tested with an independent T-test. Viability was performed using MTT Assay and statistically analyzed with an independent T-test. Results: BHK-21 fibroblast cells showed significant differences in reactivity (p<0.05) after exposure to TAD SS elution in povidone iodine and chitosan mouthwash compared to its solution groups without TAD SS. Viability test showed significant differences (p<0.05) after exposure to TAD SS elution in povidone iodine mouthwash compared to povidone iodine without TAD SS. The reactivity of BHK-21 fibroblast cells exposed to fluoride and aquadest was not significantly different (p>0.05) compared to its solution groups without TAD SS. The viability of BHK-21 fibroblast cells exposed to fluoride and aquadest did not significantly different compared to its solution groups without TAD SS. Conclusions : Orthodontic patients with TAD SS may be recommended to use lower levels of chitosan mouthwash or aquadest. Fluoride mouthwash is not recommended to be given to orthodontic patients with TAD SS. Povidone iodine solution should not be used continuosly to give time for cell revitalization"

"Pendahuluan: Braket ortodonti merupakan komponen penting dalam piranti ortodonti cekat karena menghantarkan gaya dari kawat ke struktur gigi dan jaringan pendukungnya sehingga terjadi pergerakkan gigi. Komposisi logam dan proses manufaktur braket Stainless Steel mempengaruhi sifat fisik dan mekanis, salah satunya kekerasan dan kekuatan. Tetapi, beberapa pabrik mengurangi biaya produksi dengan mengabaikan proses manufaktur yang sesuai dengan standarisasi. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan deformasi slot braket khususnya saat diaplikasikan gaya torque. Deformasi slot braket dapat mengurangi besar gaya torque yang akan dihantarkan ke gigi dan jaringan pendukungnya sehingga hasil perawatan tidak efektif dan efisien. Beberapa braket Stainless Steel yang beredar dipasaran masih diragukan kualitasnya dalam perawatan ortodonti. Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan besar gaya torque akibat sudut puntir 300dan 450 kawat Stainless Steel serta deformasi slot permanen akibat gaya torque tersebut antara kelompok merk braket (3M, Biom, Versadent, Ormco dan Shinye). Metode Penelitiian: Lima puluh braket Stainless Steel edgewise dari 5 kelompok merk braket (n=10) di lem ke akrilik. Masing-masing braket dilakukan pengukuran tinggi slot dengan mikroskop stereoskopi, lalu diaplikasikan puntiran kawat melalui alat yang sudah dibuat pada penelitian ini sehingga diperoleh besar gaya torque. Setelah uji torque, dilakukan kembali pengukuran tinggi slot braket. Deformasi slot pemanen dihitung dari selisih dua tahapan pengukuran tinggi slot yaitu sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi gaya torque. Hasil: Analisis statistik menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna besar gaya torque pada sudut puntir 300 dan 450 antara Biom dan Shinye dengan Omrco. Gaya torque paling besar yaitu pada merk braket 3M (300= 442,12 gmcm dan 450= 567,99 gmcm), sedangkan yang terkecil adalah Biom (300= 285,50 gmcm, 450=361,38 gmcm). Perbedaan deformasi slot braket terjadi hampir pada semua kelompok merk braket. Deformasi slot braket hanya terjadi pada merk braket Biom (2,82 µm) dan Shinye (2,52 µm). Kesimpulan: Bentuk geometri slot, komposisi, proses manufaktur braket Stainless Steel dan sudut puntir kawat mempengaruhi besar gaya torque. Komposisi AISI 303 dan 17-4 PH serta proses manufaktur melalui MIM menghasilkan deformasi slot braket yang kecil dan secara klinis tidak signifikan.

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Introduction: Orthodontic bracket is an important component in fixed orthodontic appliances for distributing force to the structure of the tooth and its supporting tissues, causing tooth movement. Alloy composition and manufacturing process Stainless Steel bracket affects the physical and mechanical properties, one of which hardness and strength. However, some manufacturers reduce costs at the manufacturing process in accordance with standards. This can cause deformation of the bracket slot especially when applied torque force. In addition, slot deformation can reduce the torque force that will be transmitted to the tooth and its supporting tissues so that the treatment is ineffective and inefficient. Therefore, some Stainless Steel brackets quality in the market is still questionable for orthodontic treatments.

Objective: To determine the deformation of the bracket slot of five brands (3M, Biom, Versadent, Ormco and Shinye) due to the force Stainless Steel wire with torsional angle of 45° and the amount of torque force with torsional angle of 30° and 45°.

Methods: Fifty Stainless Steel Edgewise brackets from five bracket groups brands (n = 10) is attached onto an acrylic. Each bracket slot height was measured with a microscope stereoscopy, then applied torsion wire through torque apparatus that has been made for this study to obtain the amount of torque force. Once the torque test has been done, then the width of bracket slot is re-measured. Deformation slot calculated from measurements of height difference between before and after the torque test.

Results: Statistical analysis shows differences in slot bracket deformation in all group of bracket brands. But, clinically permanent slot deformation deformation occurs only on Biom (2.82 µm) and Shinye (2.52 µm). Repeated measure ANOVA comparison showed significant differences in the amount of torque at torsion angle of 300 and 450 between Biom and Shinye with Omrco. The 3M transmitted highest load (300 = 442,12 gmcm and 450 = 567,99 gmcm), while the lowest is Biom (300 = 285,50 gmcm and 450 = 361,38 gmcm).

Conclusion: Stainless Steel bracket slot deformation is influenced by several factors specifically geometry bracket slot, the composition of the metal, manufacture and torsional angle wire. Alloy composition of AISI 303 and 17-4 PH and manufacture by the method of metal injection molding (MIM) has the smallest deformation."

"[Proses electroplating adalah proses pengendapan elektro lapisan logam pada elektroda yang bertujuan untuk membentuk permukaan logam dasar dengan sifat atau dimensi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh parameter waktu, suhu dan kuat arus pada pelapisan terhadap lapisan morfologi, kekuatan tarik, kekuatan tekuk dan kekerasan permukaan dengan menggunakan spesimen berupa plat baja karbon rendah berjumlah 41 buah dengan ukuran panjang 260 mm, lebar 30 mm dan tebal 2 mm sebagai logam dasarnya, sedangkan nikel dan krom sebagai pelapisnya. Variasi waktu pelapisan adalah 5 menit, 10 menit dan 15 menit., variasi suhu 50°C, 55°C dan 60°C dan variasi kuat arusnya 4 Amper, 5 Amper dan 6 Amper. Pelapisan pada plat dengan waktu 15 menit, temperatur 50°C dan kuat arus 6 Amper mempunyai nilai ketebalan yang paling tinggi yaitu 14 mikron bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi yang sama dengan waktu 5 menit yaitu 8 mikron dan untuk waktu 10 menit 9 mikron. Sedangkan untuk nilai kekuatan tariknya pada waktu 10 menit, temperatur 50°C dan kuat arus 5 Amper mempunyai nilai yang paling tinggi yaitu 376 N/mm2 bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi temperatur yang sama dengan waktu 5 menit dan 15 menit yaitu 317 N/mm2 dan 309 N/mm2. Kekuatan tekuk pada waktu 15 menit, temperatur 60°C dan kuat arus 6 Amper menunjukkan nilai yaitu 10.25 kg/mm2 sampai 10.5 kg/mm2 yang tidak mempunyai perbedaan kekuatan tekuk dibandingkan dengan bahan dasar aslinya yaitu 10.5 kg/mm2. Sedangkan pelapisan pada waktu 5 menit, temperatur 60°C dan kuat arus 6 Amper mempunyai nilai kekerasan paling tinggi yaitu 100 VHN bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi temperatur yang sama, waktu 10 menit maupun 15 menit yaitu 97 VHN dan 99 VHN. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa parameter waktu, suhu dan kuat arus pada pelapisan kurang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kekuatan tarik, kekuatan tekuk dan kekerasan.

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Electroplating is a process of electro deposition of metal layers on the electrode which aims to form a metal surface with different properties or dimensions from the metal base. The purpose of this study is to know the effects using parameters of time, temperature and current on coating toward the morphology layer, tensile strength, bending strength and hardness using a steel plate speciment with the measure of 260 mm length, 30 mm width, and 2 mm thickness which amounts to 41 pieces and metal as the base while the nickel and chrome as coatings. The variables time of coating are 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes, variables of temperature are 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and variables of current are 4 amperes, 5 amperes and 6 amperes. Coating a speciment at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 50 °C and current of 6 amperes has the highest thickness value which is 14 microns wide if compared to the same condition with time of 5 minutes which is 8 microns wide, and with time of 10 minutes which is 9 microns wide. While for the value of tensile strength at time of 10 minutes, temperature of 50°C and current of 5 amperes has the highest value which is 376 N/mm2 if compared to the condition with the same temperature, time of 5 minutes and 15 minutes which are 317 N/mm2 and 309 N/mm2. The bending strength at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 60°C, and current of 6 amperes showed the value is 10.25 N/mm2 until 10.5 N/mm2 that does not have bending strength differences if compared with the original base material which is 10.5 N/mm2. While coating at time of 5 minutes, temperature of 60°C and current of 6 amperes has the highest hardness value which is 100 VHN if compared to condition with the same temparature, time of 10 minutes and 15 minutes which are 97 VHN and 99 VHN. From the results of this study concluded that the parameters of time, temperature and current on coating give less significant effects toward tensile strength, bending strength and hardness.;Electroplating is a process of electro deposition of metal layers on the electrode which aims to form a metal surface with different properties or dimensions from the metal base. The purpose of this study is to know the effects using parameters of time, temperature and current on coating toward the morphology layer, tensile strength, bending strength and hardness using a steel plate speciment with the measure of 260 mm length, 30 mm width, and 2 mm thickness which amounts to 41 pieces and metal as the base while the nickel and chrome as coatings. The variables time of coating are 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes, variables of temperature are 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and variables of current are 4 amperes, 5 amperes and 6 amperes. Coating a speciment at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 50 °C and current of 6 amperes has the highest thickness value which is 14 microns wide if compared to the same condition with time of 5 minutes which is 8 microns wide, and with time of 10 minutes which is 9 microns wide. While for the value of tensile strength at time of 10 minutes, temperature of 50°C and current of 5 amperes has the highest value which is 376 N/mm2 if compared to the condition with the same temperature, time of 5 minutes and 15 minutes which are 317 N/mm2 and 309 N/mm2. The bending strength at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 60°C, and current of 6 amperes showed the value is 10.25 N/mm2 until 10.5 N/mm2 that does not have bending strength differences if compared with the original base material which is 10.5 N/mm2. While coating at time of 5 minutes, temperature of 60°C and current of 6 amperes has the highest hardness value which is 100 VHN if compared to condition with the same temparature, time of 10 minutes and 15 minutes which are 97 VHN and 99 VHN. From the results of this study concluded that the parameters of time, temperature and current on coating give less significant effects toward tensile strength, bending strength and hardness., Electroplating is a process of electro deposition of metal layers on the electrode which aims to form a metal surface with different properties or dimensions from the metal base. The purpose of this study is to know the effects using parameters of time, temperature and current on coating toward the morphology layer, tensile strength, bending strength and hardness using a steel plate speciment with the measure of 260 mm length, 30 mm width, and 2 mm thickness which amounts to 41 pieces and metal as the base while the nickel and chrome as coatings. The variables time of coating are 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes, variables of temperature are 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and variables of current are 4 amperes, 5 amperes and 6 amperes. Coating a speciment at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 50 °C and current of 6 amperes has the highest thickness value which is 14 microns wide if compared to the same condition with time of 5 minutes which is 8 microns wide, and with time of 10 minutes which is 9 microns wide. While for the value of tensile strength at time of 10 minutes, temperature of 50°C and current of 5 amperes has the highest value which is 376 N/mm2 if compared to the condition with the same temperature, time of 5 minutes and 15 minutes which are 317 N/mm2 and 309 N/mm2. The bending strength at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 60°C, and current of 6 amperes showed the value is 10.25 N/mm2 until 10.5 N/mm2 that does not have bending strength differences if compared with the original base material which is 10.5 N/mm2. While coating at time of 5 minutes, temperature of 60°C and current of 6 amperes has the highest hardness value which is 100 VHN if compared to condition with the same temparature, time of 10 minutes and 15 minutes which are 97 VHN and 99 VHN. From the results of this study concluded that the parameters of time, temperature and current on coating give less significant effects toward tensile strength, bending strength and hardness.]"

"?Chemical engineers designing, operating and maintaining their ever-expanding industry during the second half of the 20th century relied heavily on stainless steels. Few, however, were familiar with or understood its history. This treatise satisfies that shortcoming in an interesting, readable manner. The ?Timeline? alone is a remarkable presentation.? Richard Leonard, retired, Hercules, Inc."