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"This study aims to examine the effect of accrual or real earnings management on the possibility of companiesinvolved in tax shelter activities by using Surat Ketetapan Pajak Kurang Bayar (notice of tax deficiency)as a proxy to measure the tax shelter. By using a sample of companies who received Surat Ketetapan PajakKurang Bayar (notice of tax deficiency) in manufacturing industry and listed in Indonesia Stock Exchangeduring the period 2001-2010, this study finds that the company tends to favor accrual earnings managementfor decreasing possibility of aggressive tax shelter activities. This finding is not supporting the hyphotesis.Real earnings management via abnormal operating cash flows and abnormal discretionary productionincreasing possibility of aggressive tax shelter activities. Both findings are supporting the hypothesis. Thisstudy also finds that both practices of accrual earnings management or real earnings management havesubstitute effect in explaining the possibility of companies involved in tax shelter activities.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh manajemen laba akrual atau manajemen laba riilterhadap kemungkinan perusahaan terlibat dalam aktivitas tax shelter dengan menggunakan sanksi pajakberdasarkan Surat Ketetapan Pajak Kurang Bayar (SKPKB) untuk mengidentifikasi perusahaan yangterindikasi melakukan aktivitas tax shelter. Dengan menggunakan sampel perusahaan yang menerima danmendapatkan ketetapan final SKPKB pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesiaperiode 2001-2010, hasil penelitian menunjukkan perusahaan cenderung menggunakan manajemen labaakrual untuk menurunkan kemungkinan perusahaan terlibat dalam kegiatan tax shelter. Temuan tersebuttidak sesuai dengan dugaan penelitian. Temuan yang sesuai dengan dugaan penelitian adalah manajemenlaba riil melalui diskresi arus kas operasi dan biaya produksi menaikkan kemungkinan perusahaan terlibatdalam kegiatan tax shelter. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa penggunaan manajemen laba akrual atau riildalam aktivitas tax shelter dapat saling bersubstitusi."

"Discontinuities in earnings distribution have been discovered by several studies in United States and Australia. These studies examined the pooled, cross sectional distribution of earnings and found discontinuities around earnings threshold which indicates the exercise of management discretion to exceed earnings threshold. This study examines the distribution of earnings in Indonesia for two important purposes which are avoiding losses and avoiding earnings decline.The result on listed companies at the JSX during 1999 - 2002 show abnormality in earnings distribution, whereas total small profit firms are above expectations, meanwhile total small loss firms are the opposite. We didn 't find such abnormality in the distribution of earnings changes, whereas total small decrease firms in contrary are above expectations. This suggests that the most important earnings threshold for Indonesian firms is to avoid reporting losses."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh kualitas audit dengan variabel ukuran KAP, spesialisasi industri auditor, audit capacity stress, dan Pendidikan Profesi Lanjutan (PPL) terhadap manajemen laba akrual dan manipulasi aktivitas riil. Manajemen laba akrual diukur dengan menggunakan model Kothari et al. (2005) dan manajemen laba melalui manipulasi aktivitas riil diukur dengan menggunakan model Roychowdury (2006) yang dibagi menjadi tiga jenis: manipulasi penjualan, produksi berlebihan, dan pengurangan biayabiaya diskresioner. Penelitian dilakukan pada 174 perusahaan nonkeuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2007-2009. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KAP besar meningkatkan manajemen laba akrual, mampu mendeteksi manipulasi penjualan, dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap jenis manajemen laba riil lain. Auditor spesialis industri mampu membatasi manajemen laba akrual dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba riil. Audit capacity stress ditemukan mampu mengurangi manajemen laba riil melalui manipulasi produksi dan biaya diskresioner, memperbesar manipulasi penjualan, dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba akrual. Pendidikan Profesi Lanjutan (PPL) ditemukan tidak berpengaruh terhadap seluruh jenis manajemen laba.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of audit quality with public accountant firm size, auditor industry specialization, audit capacity stress, and Continuing Professional Education (CPE) on accrual and real earnings management. Accrual earnings management is measured with Kothari et al. (2005) model and real earnings management is measured with Roychowdury (2006) model which divided by three proxies: sales manipulation, overproduction, and reduction of discretionary expenditures. The samples of this research are 174 nonfinancial companies listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2007-2009 periods.

The results show that big accountant firms maximize accruals earnings management, can detect sales manipulation, and have no impact on other types of earnings management. Industry specialist auditor can minimize accruals earnings management and has no impact on real earnings management. Audit capacity stress is found to minimize real earnings management with production manipulation and discretionary expenditures, maximize sales manipulation and it has no impact on accruals earnings management. Continuing Professional Education (CPE) is found to has no impact on all type of earnings management."

"Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh manajemen laba terhadap manajemen impresi dalam Analisis dan Pembahasan Manajemen (MD&A). Manajemen laba diukur menggunakan indeks yang mencakup akrual diskresional, perataan laba, dan penghindaran pelaporan rugi. Manajemen impresi diukur menggunakan indeks yang mencakup atribusi self-serving dan bias penjelasan akuntansi. Data manajemen impresi diperoleh melalui analisis konten bagian MD&A 594 laporan tahunan perusahaan dari tahun 2004 sampai 2009. Penelitian ini berhasil memberikan bukti bahwa manajemen laba, tingkat kinerja, perubahan kinerja, dan kondisi ekonomi berpengaruh negatif pada manajemen impresi. Hasil penelitian berguna bagi regulator dalam merumuskan dan menegakkan aturan Bapepam No. VIII.G.2 mengenai laporan tahunan guna meminimalkan kemungkinan manajer melakukan manajemen laba dan manajemen impresi.

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This study examines the impact of earnings management to impression management in Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A). Earnings management is measured using an index that includes accrual discretional, income smoothing, and loss avoidance reporting. Impression management is measured using an index that includes the use of self-serving attribution and accounting explanation bias. Impression management data are obtained by content analysis of the MD&A sections of 594 annual report companies in the period between 2004 and 2009. Empirical test results show that earnings management, performance level, performance changes, and economic conditions negatively affects impression management. The study results are usefull for regulators to formulate and enforce the Bapepam rules No. VIII.G.2 about annual report to minimize the possibility managers conducting earnings and impression management."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara manajemen laba riil terhadap peringkat dan premipenerbitan obligasi perusahaan yang terdaftar di BEI dalam periode observasi 2009-2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan 40 perusahaan dengan sampel observasi obligasi sebanyak 92 obligasi. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mengikuti model yang digunakan dalam penelitian Ge dan Kim (2014). Penelitian ini memberikan hasilbahwa arus kas operasiyang semakin tinggi disebabkan manipulasi penjualanakan berpengaruh signifikan terhadapperingkat obligasi yang lebih baik dan manajemen laba riil tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap yieldspread.

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This study aims to determine the effect of real earnings management towardsrating and yield spread of new corporate bonds listed on the BEI within the observation period 2009 2013 This study used sample of 40 companies with 92 bonds observations The model used in this study follows the model used in the research Ge and Kim 2014 This study provides results that higher level of operating cash flow from sales manipulation will significantly influence better bond rating and real earnings management has no significant effect on yieldspread "

"Managers manage their earnings because they want to influence the investors perception about firm s performance, subsequently the firms could extract low cost exsternal fund. Managers have incentive to practice income-increasing earnings management before they make initial public offerings (1PO) in order to get high offering price. However, these practice could decrease the opportunity of managers to manage their earnings in the future periods. If earnings management before public offering cause investors to be over optimistic about future earnings, investors will be disappointed with firm s performance after IPO and the firm value tend to decrease in the periods after the IPO. This study investigates the effect of earnings management on the firm's value and performance in the periods before and after the initial public offering.Results of (his study show that managers practice income-increasing earnings management before their initial public offerings. Earnings management have positive impact on firm value in the initial public offering period, but this has negative impact in the periods after IPO. Firms 'values in the end of IPO are lower than firms 'values in the IPO period. Firms' performances in the years after the initial public offering were higher than firms 'performances in the year of IPO, but the average of return of asset decreases in the periods after IPO."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara manajemen laba dan fraud pada laporan keuangan. Manajemen laba diukur dengan aggregated prior discretionary accruals, abnormal book-tax differences, unexpected revenue per employee (Dechow et al, 1996; Perols dan Barbara, 2011; Tang dan Firth, 2011). Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 16 perusahaan yang melakukan fraud dan 16 perusahaan yang tidak melakukan fraud. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode matching sample berdasarkan industri dan ukuran perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aggregated prior discretionary accruals dan unexpected revenue per employee memiliki hubungan positif dengan fraud. Sementara abnormal book-tax differences memiliki hubungan negatif dengan fraud.

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The purpose of this research is to examine the relation between earnings management and financial statement fraud. Earnings management is measured by using aggregated prior discretionary accruals, abnormal book-tax differences, unexpected revenue per employee (Dechow et al, 1996; Perols dan Barbara, 2011; Tang dan Firth, 2011). The research is conducted by using samples of 16 fraud firms and 16 non fraud firms. The samples are matched based on industry and company size. The results show that aggregated prior discretionary accruals and unexpected revenue per employee have positive relation with financial statement fraud. On the other hand, abnormal book-tax differences have negative relation with financial statement fraud."

"Manajemen laba menggunakan classification shifting menarik karena banyak penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa analis dan investor lebih memperhatikan lebih laba usaha (investor memberikan bobot rendah pada laba transitori). Pos luar biasa merupakan pos transitori atau pos luar biasa dan pengalokasiannya memerlukan subjektivitas manajemen, yang memungkinkan manajemen untuk melakukan classification shifting dengan menggunakan pos luar biasa untuk meningkatkan laba usaha. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi manajemen laba melalui classification shifting dengan mengklasifikasikan beban usaha sebagai pos luar biasa untuk meningkatkan laba usaha. Sampel penelitian ini dihasilkan dengan purposive sampling dari seluruh perusahaan yang terdaftar di pasar modal Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina, Thailand, dan Vietnam. Sampel akhir sebanyak 126 observasi dari tahun 2004 sampai dengan 2008. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi berganda. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pos luar biasa tahun ini secara positif berhubungan dengan unexpected core earnings tahun ini, tetapi pos luar biasa tahun ini juga secara positif berhubungan dengan unexpected change in core earnings tahun yang akan datang. Penelitian ini tidak memberikan dukungan secara empiris classification shifting oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yang terdaftar di pasar modal Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina, Thailand, dan Vietnam. Peningkatan unexpected core earnings konsisten dengan real economic improvement.

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Earnings management using classification shifting is interesting because many previous researches have shown that analyst and investors pay more attention to core earnings (investors give low weight on transitory earnings). Extraordinary items are transitory items or irregular items and their allocation require management subjectivity, thus allowing management to exercise classification shifting using extraordinary items to increase core earnings. This research aims to detect earnings management through classification shifting by classifying core expenses as extraordinary items to increase core earnings. Samples of this research obtained with purposive sampling from all companies listed in the capital markets of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Final samples are 126 observations from 2004 until 2008. Data analysis was performed using multiple regressions. Results show that extraordinary items current year are positively associated with unexpected core earnings this year, but extraordinary items this year are also positively associated with unexpected change in core earnings in the following year. This research does not provide empirical support for classification shifting by companies listed in the capital markets of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. An unexpected increase in core earnings is more consistent with real economic improvements."

"This study aims to determine whether the companies paying dividend in the previous year (payers)are more likely to perform earnings management than companies that do not (non-payers) inorder to meet the expected dividend. The study also examines the impact of premanaged earningsand expected dividend on earnings management practices. Sample used in this research aremanufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010-2012. The findings suggestthat there is a significant negative relationship between premanaged earnings and discretionaryaccruals, and a significant positive relationship between the expected dividends and discretionaryaccruals. This study concludes that dividend is important determinant of earnings thresholds.However, dividend is not a unique motivation to perform earnings management.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah perusahaan yang membayarkan dividen ditahun sebelumnya (payers) lebih cenderung melakukan manajemen laba daripada perusahaanyang tidak membayarkan dividen di tahun sebelumnya (non-payers) agar dapat memenuhidividen yang diharapkan. Penelitian menguji bagaimana pengaruh premanaged earnings dandividen yang diharapkan dengan praktik manajemen laba. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampelbadan usaha manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI periode 2010-2012 dengan menggunakan teknikpurposive/judgement sampling. Temuan menunjukkan premanaged earnings berpengaruh negatifsignifikan terhadap akrual diskresioner yang merupakan proksi dari manajemen laba. Penelitian inimenyimpulkan meskipun dividen yang diharapkan adalah salah satu penentu earnings threshold,namun dividen bukan menjadi unique motivation untuk melakukan manajemen laba."

"This study examines the motives for earnings management following a series of regulation releasedby the Capital Market Supervisory Agency and Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2004. After the releaseof SK Bapepam-LK and BEJ, this study predicts that the negative effect of board of commissionerson abnormal accruals is more pronounced and the predictive content of abnormal accruals isstronger than previous periods. Results of the study are summarized as follows. First, the negativeeffect of the board of commissioners on earnings management is stronger after the isssuance ofSK Bapepam-LK and BEJ. Second, the predictive content of abnormal accruals is stronger forperiods 2004-2010 than that for 2001-2003. Third, the addition of independent members to becomemajority in the board of commissioner does not alter the predictive content of accruals. Overall,the results indicate that SK Bapepam-LK and BEJ have successfully increased the monitoringfunction of board of commissioners. This paper contributes to the current debates in earningsmanagement studies regarding the motivation for earnings management (signaling versus privategain). In addition, the evidence indicates the inconsistent results of previous earnings managementstudies in Indonesia with respect to the role of independent commissioners stem from the passageof regulation on corporate governance that took place in 2004.AbstrakPenelitian ini menguji motif manajemen laba setelah terbitnya serangkaian surat keputusan yangdikeluarkan oleh Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal dan Lembaga Keuangan (Bapepam-LK) dan BursaEfek Jakarta (BEJ) sepanjang tahun 2004. Pasca regulasi, penelitian ini memprediksi pengaruh negatifindependensi dewan komisaris terhadap manajemen laba dan kandungan prediktif akrual abnormalterhadap laba tahun depan lebih kuat dibandingkan periode sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menemukantiga hal menarik. Pertama, pengaruh negatif dewan komisaris terhadap akrual abnormal absolutlebih kuat setelah SK Bapepam-LK dan BEJ terbit dibandingkan sebelumnya. Kedua, kandunganprediktif akrual abnormal lebih kuat pada periode 2004-2010 dibandingkan 2001-2003. Ketiga,penambahan anggota yang independen ke dalam dewan komisaris tidak memengaruhi kandunganprediktif akrual. Secara keseluruhan, hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa SK Bapepam-LK danBEJ efektif meningkatkan fungsi pemantauan dewan komisaris, khususnya apabila dilihat dalamperspektif manajemen laba sebagai mekanisme pensinyalan. Di samping itu, hasil penelitian inidapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan inkonsistensi hasil-hasil penelitian manajemen laba terdahuludi Indonesia berkaitan dengan peran dewan komisaris dalam menurunkan manajemen laba. Buktiyang ditemukan dalam studi ini menunjukkan bahwa inkonsistensi hasil studi terdahulu bersumberdari terbitnya regulasi tata kelola perusahaan pada tahun 2004."