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"This article is a literary analysis on Aleksandra Mikhailovna Kollontai? Vasilisa Maligina (1923) by using a feminist approach. Issues on masculinity are the focus of the analysis. The main argument of this article is that through the main character of this story - Vasilisa Maligina - Kollontai tried to expose the new image of Russian women by reconstructing the concept of Russian traditional masculinity in Russian society under former Uni Soviet communist government based on patriarchal culture."

"R.M. Noto Soeroto was one of the Indonesian writers who wrote in Dutch.His poems and essays in Dutch were well appreciated by both the Dutch andthe Indonesian society in the Netherlands. He published his works in Oedaya:Majalah bergambar untuk Indonesia, a magazine (1923-1931) that was founded byhim. His works can be categorized as Dutch-East Indies literature. Most of hisworks in Dutch were written when he lived in the Netherlands and describethe Javanese culture. This article is an analysis on three of Soeroto?s poems.These three poems present flowers as theme, two poems are from his anthologyMelatiknoppen: gedichten in proza (1915) and one poem from De geur van moedershaarwrong (1922). Flowers are most usually seen as a symbol for women, andthus represent the idea of femininity. However, the flowers in these three poemsrefer to the idea of masculinity. Jasmine is no longer a symbol limited to thefeminine gender. In Javanese culture, the jasmine flower attached to the hairis a symbol of femininity. The flower wrapped around the kris is a symbol ofmasculinity. Furthermore jasmine is a symbol for struggle. This article tries todemonstrate the presence of masculinity through the use of flowers and theirrole as an image of masculinity in Noto Soeroto?s poems."

"Walaupun hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa manfaat koreksi kesalahan padatulisan siswa bertentangan satu dengan yang lain, pengajar bahasa tidak dapatberhenti mengoreksi kesalahan-keslahan karena siswa sendiri menginginkanpengajar mengoreksi kesalahan-kesalahan mereka (Walz 1982). Masalahnyaadalah harapan siswa kerap kali berbeda dengan keyakinan pengajar tentangkoreksi kesalahan (Diab 2006). Kajian ini ingin mengetahui keinginan paramahasiswa dan pengajar di Universitas di Indonesia tentang koreksi kesalahantulisan mahasiswa. Sebuah kuesioner yang disusun berdasarkan kuesioneryang digunakan Leki (1991) dan kuesioner yang digunakan Diab (2006)digunakan untuk mengetahui keinginan pengajar dan mahasiswa tentangteknik koreksi dan keyakinan mereka tentang koreksi kesalahan tulisan yangeffektif. Kuesioner ini dibagikan kepada mahasiswa dan pengajar di Indonesia.Jawaban pengajar dibandingkan dengan jawaban mahasiswa. Bila pengajar danmahasiswa memahami tujuan dari teknik koreksi kesalahan tertentu dan setujudengan penggunaannya, koreksi kesalahan diyakini akan sangat bermanfaat.Berdasarkan hasil kajian ini, beberapa implikasi bagi pengajaran bahasa di kelasdibahas."

"Jalan Menikung is one of the unique literary works. The uniqueness is reflectedin both the cultural background and the elements of culture. This indicates that the authorhas rich experiences in culture. The cultural values in this literary work do not only belongto the ethnic culture in Indonesia, but also to other cultures. Jalan Menikung is influencedby the authors experiences which he absorbed from other cultures, when he made a tour tosome places in the world. The crux of the problem in this literary work is concerned withJavanese people and their culture, which is influenced by modern culture, especially American,Japanese,Chinese, and Minangkabau."

"Balian adalah istilah yang umum digunakan dalam budaya masyarakat Dayak untuk merujuk pada dua pengertian, yakni sebagai ritual adat yang biasanya ditujukan untuk mengusir penyakit atau sebagai bentuk syukur, dan balian sebagai pemangku ritual adat tersebut. Adalah novel Lampau karya Sandi Firly yang diterbitkan oleh GagasMedia pada 2013 yang menceritakan kisah tentang seorang anak Dayak Meratus dalam perjalanannya dalam mengejar mimpi. Novel tersebut mengangkat tradisi dan figur balian sebagai pemantik konflik para tokohnya yang kurang lebih menyoroti tentang terbatasnya pilihan hidup keturunan balian dan peran perempuan menjadi figur balian. Ditemukan rumusan masalah berupa gambaran representasi tokoh dan ritual balian yang terdapat di dalam novel ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori representasi dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra dan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini ialah penggambaran tentang tokoh utama novel Lampau yang pada akhirnya memilih untuk mengikuti jalannya tradisi walau tidak sesuai dengan apa yang ia yakini selama ini.

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Balian is a term that is frequently used in the culture of the Dayak people and has two meanings: it can refer to either the leader of a traditional rite or the ritual itself that is typically performed to banish disease and as a sign of gratitude. A novel titled Lampau by Sandi Firly, which was published by GagasMedia in 2013, tells the story about a Dayak Meratus youngster who attempts to pursue his dream. The depiction of balian as a ritual and a figure in this novel is used to raise the conflict, which circulated between the limitation of life a balian descendant should face and the role played by woman in the balian ritual. The representation of balian in the novel as a ritual and as a figure is the issue that is explored in this paper. This paper used qualitative research with a descriptive methodology combined with theory of representation in literary sociology approach. The paper’s concluded in the depiction of the main character who ultimately decides to follow the route of tradition even though it is not accordance to what he believes all this time."

"Russian interested to the great tradition of science and civilization such as Byzantium and Arab as reference in building their scientifical tradition in any disciplines and fields of studies like astronomy, astrology and medical."

"This paper looks at an early nineteenth-century Malay letter from a land of exile,Ceylon (present Sri Lanka). The letter, written in Colombo, was dated 3 January1807 and is in Leiden University Library MS Cod.Or.2241-I 25 [Klt 21/no.526]. Itwas written by Siti Hapipa, the widow of the exiled Sultan Fakhruddin AbdulKhair al-Mansur Baginda Usman Batara Tangkana Gowa, the 26th king of theGowa Sultanate of South Sulawesi who reigned from 1753 until 1767. He wasbanished by the Dutch (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC) to Ceylonin 1767 on a charge of conspiracy with the British to oppose the VOC tradingmonopoly in eastern Indonesia. Although many studies of Malay letters exist,letters from the lands of exile like such as the one discussed in this article havereceived less scholarly attention. Also remarkable is that this is one of the rareeighteenth- and nineteenth-centuries Malay letters written by a female. Settingthe scene with a historical sketch of the eighteenth and the early nineteenthcentury in colonial Ceylon and the Netherlands East Indies, this paper providesthe transliteration of Siti Hapipa?s letter in Roman script, through which Ithen analyse the socio-economic and political aspects of the family of SultanFakhruddin in their exile in Colombo."

"This paper looks at an early nineteenth-century Malay letter from a land of exile,Ceylon (present Sri Lanka). The letter, written in Colombo, was dated 3 January1807 and is in Leiden University Library MS Cod.Or.2241-I 25 [Klt 21/no.526]. Itwas written by Siti Hapipa, the widow of the exiled Sultan Fakhruddin AbdulKhair al-Mansur Baginda Usman Batara Tangkana Gowa, the 26th king of theGowa Sultanate of South Sulawesi who reigned from 1753 until 1767. He wasbanished by the Dutch (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC) to Ceylonin 1767 on a charge of conspiracy with the British to oppose the VOC tradingmonopoly in eastern Indonesia. Although many studies of Malay letters exist,letters from the lands of exile like such as the one discussed in this article havereceived less scholarly attention. Also remarkable is that this is one of the rareeighteenth- and nineteenth-centuries Malay letters written by a female. Settingthe scene with a historical sketch of the eighteenth and the early nineteenthcentury in colonial Ceylon and the Netherlands East Indies, this paper providesthe transliteration of Siti Hapipa?s letter in Roman script, through which Ithen analyse the socio-economic and political aspects of the family of SultanFakhruddin in their exile in Colombo."

"ABSTRAKBudaya merantau dalam kesusastraan Indonesia merupakan salah satu tema yang muncul sejak tahun 1920-an. Hamka pada tahun 1939 menulis Merantau ke Deli yang menentang pandangan adat Minangkabau yang menganggap seorang laki-laki tidak ada harganya jika menikah dengan perempuan yang bukan berasal dari Minangkabau. Pada tahun 2013, muncul kumpulan cerpen Yang Menunggu dengan Payung, di antaranya berbicara tentang merantau. Dalam konteks masyarakat Minangkabau, selain merantau dianggap sebagai adat, merantau juga menimbulkan persoalan-persoalan. Penelitian ini membahas budaya merantau pada masyarakat Minangkabau yang terdapat di dalam cerpen ldquo;Tabung Cahaya rdquo;, ldquo;Bida dari Bukit Barisan rdquo;, dan ldquo;Bini Perantau rdquo; karya Zelfeni Wimra. Jadi, kajian dari ketiga cerpen tersebut diperoleh simpulan bahwa merantau tidak selalu menjadi jalan keluar yang tepat ketika sebuah keluarga menghadapi masalah ekonomi. Ternyata merantau tidak selalu didorong oleh motif ekonomi. Adapun motif lain yaitu karena kekecewaan atas perubahan desanya dan motif tekanan sosial.Budaya merantau dalam kesusastraan Indonesia merupakan salah satu tema yang muncul sejak tahun 1920-an. Hamka pada tahun 1939 menulis Merantau ke Deli yang menentang pandangan adat Minangkabau yang menganggap seorang laki-laki tidak ada harganya jika menikah dengan perempuan yang bukan berasal dari Minangkabau. Pada tahun 2013, muncul kumpulan cerpen Yang Menunggu dengan Payung, di antaranya berbicara tentang merantau. Dalam konteks masyarakat Minangkabau, selain merantau dianggap sebagai adat, merantau juga menimbulkan persoalan-persoalan. Penelitian ini membahas budaya merantau pada masyarakat Minangkabau yang terdapat di dalam cerpen ldquo;Tabung Cahaya rdquo;, ldquo;Bida dari Bukit Barisan rdquo;, dan ldquo;Bini Perantau rdquo; karya Zelfeni Wimra. Jadi, kajian dari ketiga cerpen tersebut diperoleh simpulan bahwa merantau tidak selalu menjadi jalan keluar yang tepat ketika sebuah keluarga menghadapi masalah ekonomi. Ternyata merantau tidak selalu didorong oleh motif ekonomi. Adapun motif lain yaitu karena kekecewaan atas perubahan desanya dan motif tekanan sosial.

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ABSTRACTThe culture of wandering in Indonesian literature is one of the themes that emerged during the 1920s. Hamka in the 1939 wrote Merantau ke Deli against the Minangkabau tradition view that regarded a man as worthless if married to a woman who was not from Minangkabau. In 2013, there appears a collection of short stories that Yang Menunggu dengan Payung among them talking about wandering. In the context of Minangkabau society, in addition, to wander considered customary, wander also cause problems. This research discusses the culture of wandering in Minangkabau society contained in short stories of ldquo Tabung Cahaya rdquo , ldquo Bida dari Bukit Barisan rdquo , and ldquo Bini Perantau rdquo by Zelfeni Wimra. So, the study of these three short stories obtained the conclusion that wanderers are not always the right way out when a family faces an economic problem. Apparently, wanderers are not always driven by economic motives. The other motives are due to disappointment over the change of village and the motive of economic pressure."