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"Indonesia is one of the most populous developing countries in the world. Similar with other developing countries, Indonesia has been suffered from the high incidence of gastroenterology diseases that mainly due to infection. In the recent years, Indonesia had also increased number of non-infectious gastroenterology diseases cases such as inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, the developments of diagnostic and therapeutic modality along with the cooperation between sectors have undergone rapid progress as an effort in improving digestive health in Indonesia."

"Latar Belakang: Singapura memiliki sistem perawatan kesehatan “first world”, dan menduduki peringkat 6 di dunia. Singapura mencapai efisiensi perawatan kesehatan dengan hasil perawatan berkualitas tinggi. Sistem perawatan kesehatan yang unik dengan menggunakan sistem pembiayaan campuran yang disebut “3M” yaitu MediSave, MediShield, dan MediFund. Sementara Indonesia yang dalam penerapan JKN masih mengalami beberapa kendala. Sehingga perlu dilakukan studi komparasi. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai pembiayaan, pendanaan, dan pembayaran pada pelayanan kesehatan di Singapura dan Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian ini mengunakan pendekatan deskriptif dengan menggunakan data sekunder melalui pencarian literatur pasa search engine.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa skema pembiayaan di Singapura yaitu subsidi dan kerangka kerja 3M, dengan menekankan tanggung jawab pribadi untuk kesehatan. Penyediaan layanan kesehatan terdiri dari gabungan publik dan swasta dengan sistem pembayaran hybrid, hampir tidak ada perawatan kesehatan yang gratis. Di Indonesia menggunakan sistem single pool dengan metode pembayaran DRG kepada penyedia layanan. BPJS Kesehatan menggunakan prinsip gotong-royong yang penggunaannya menunjukkan peningkatan dalam tiga tahun terakhir. Pembiayaan terbesar di Indonesia masih terkonsentrasi pada segi kuratif dan pengobatan.Kesimpulan: Sistem Pembiayaan di Singapura dirancang dengan prinsip kemandirian dan saldo MediSave tidak berkurang apabila tidak digunakan sehingga meminimalkan perilaku tidak sehat. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat menggunakan metode kuantitatif, menguji faktor-faktor pemungkin lain yang berpengaruh terhadap perilaku hidup sehat dengan terjangkaunya layanan BPJS Kesehatan, dan menguji pengaruh implementasi kebijakan pembiayaan pada sistem JKN terhadap morbiditas dan derajat kesehatan masyarakat.

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Background: Singapore has a “first world” healthcare system, and is ranked 6th in the world. Singapore achieves healthcare efficiency with high quality care outcomes. A unique healthcare system using a mixed financing system called “3M” namely MediSave, MediShield and MediFund. Meanwhile, Indonesia, which is implementing JKN, is still experiencing several obstacles. So it is necessary to do a comparative study. This study will discuss the financing, funding, and payment of health services in Singapore and Indonesia.

Methods: This study uses a descriptive approach by using secondary data through a search engine literature search.

Results: The results of this study indicate that the financing scheme in Singapore, namely subsidies and the 3M framework, emphasizes personal responsibility for health. Health care delivery consists of a mix of public and private with a hybrid payment system, almost no free health care. In Indonesia, it uses a single pool system with the DRG payment method to service providers. BPJS Kesehatan uses the principle of gotong royong, whose use has shown an increase in the last three years. The largest financing in Indonesia is still concentrated in terms of curative and treatment.

Conclusion: The Financing System in Singapore is designed with the principle of self-reliance and MediSave balances do not decrease when not used so as to minimize unhealthy behavior. Further research can use quantitative methods, examine other enabling factors that influence healthy living behavior with the affordability of BPJS Health services, and examine the effect of implementing financing policies on the JKN system on morbidity and public health status."

"This unique volume includes provision of training for current and future generations of physicians to deal with the health problems of older adults. It will also serve as a comprehensive guide to practicing physicians for ease of reference. Relevant to the geriatric age group, the volume covers epidemiology, physiology of aging, gastrointestinal physiology, pharmacology, radiology, pathology, motility disorders, luminal disorders, hepato-biliary disease, systemic manifestations, neoplastic disorders, gastrointestinal bleeding, cancer and medication related interactions and adverse events, all extremely common in older adults; these are often hard to evaluate and judge, especially considering the complex aging physiology. All have become important components of modern medicine. Special emphasis is be given to nutrition and related disorders. Capsule endoscopy and its utility in the geriatric population is also covered. Presented in simple, easy to read style, the volume includes numerous tables, figures and key points enabling ease of understanding. Chapters on imaging and pathology are profusely illustrated. All chapters are written by specialists and include up to date scientific information. "

"Indonesia's economy has grown rapidly during the past five years, with the growth in GDP averages 6.9% a year over the period of 1989-1993. This achievement has helped to lift the annual income per-capita to US$880. The economic policy development has significant implications for the growth of the mining sector which is expected to increase in the coming years. Across the globe, countries are offering fiscal incentives for investment. Fundamental policies which have led our present achievements as well as those which have cause failures in the past are being assessed. Combined with the vision of the future, Indonesia is continuing to draw up the most fundamental principles of our next 25 year development."