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"Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang gerakan advokasi yang dilakukan oleh organisasi non-pemerintah terhadap penyelesaian isu kerja paksa dan perdagangan manusia yang terjadi di sektor perikanan tangkap Thailand dan Indonesia. Adanya laporan investigasi oleh beberapa media internasional telah mengungkap sisi gelap dari sektor perikanan tangkap Thailand dan Indonesia terkait dengan isu praktek kerja paksa dan perdagangan manusia di atas kapal penangkapan ikan. Tidak terselesaikannya permasalahan kerja paksa dan perdagangan manusia tersebut membuat organisasi non-pemerintah (NGO) di Thailand dan Indonesia melaksanakan berbagai gerakan advokasi dalam mendorong penyelesaian permasalahan kerja paksa dan perdagangan manusia. Meskipun begitu belum banyak penelitian yang membahas gerakan advokasi organisasi non-pemerintahan yang ada di Thailand dan Indonesia terkait isu perbudakan modern. Melihat hal tersebut, muncul pertanyaan tentang bagaimana gerakan advokasi yang dilakukan NGO di Thailand dan Indonesia dalam mendorong diselesaikannya permasalahan perbudakan modern di sektor perikanan tangkap. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian ini akan menggunakan teori jaringan advokasi transnasional oleh Keck dan Sikkink (1999), dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Dalam analisis, peneliti menemukan adanya berbagai bentuk gerakan dalam advokasi transnasional yang dilakukan NGO untuk mendorong adanya perubahan kebijakan pemerintah dalam menyelesaikan isu perbudakan modern. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa dalam gerakan advokasi transnasional untuk mendorong penyelesaian isu mengenai kerja paksa dan perdagangan manusia, NGO Thailand dan Indonesia telah melakukan pembingkaian tentang isu tersebut yang kemudian disebarluaskan kepada publik dan organisasi lainnya agar terbentuk sebuah gerakan advokasi yang masif. Bersamaan dengan itu, NGO di Thailand dan Indonesia juga melakukan pendekatan-pendekatan kepada para aktor-aktor yang memiliki kuasa lebih, seperti pemerintah negara-negara importir produk perikanan maupun agensi-agensi PBB, untuk dapat memberikan dorongan kepada kedua pemerintah agar mengadopsi berbagai aturan internasional sebagai upaya untuk menyelesaikan dan menghentikan praktek kerja paksa dan perdagangan manusia di sektor perikanan tangkap.

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This study examines the advocacy movement of NGOs to enforced the settlement of forced labour and human trafficking issues in Thailand and Indonesia capture fisheries sector. The publications of investigation reported by some international medias revealed the dark side of Thailand and Indonesia fisheries sector regarding forced labour and human trafficking practices towards fishing workers on the fishing boats. The unresolved of forced labour and human trafficking issues has led NGOs in Thailand and Indonesia to carry out various advocacy movements in enforcing the settlement of forced labour and human trafficking issues. Nonetheless, there are still lack of studies exploring the advocacy movement of NGO in combating forced labour and human trafficking practices. Hence, the research question of this study is how the advocacy movement of NGOs in Thailand and Indonesia in enforcing the settlement of forced labour and human trafficking issues on the capture fisheries sectors. In this study, the author used transnational network advocacy theory by Keck dan Sikkink (1999), as well as qualitative research method. In the analysis, this study found various type of activities of NGOs transnational advocacy movement to enforce the improvement of governments policies to end forced labour and human trafficking practices in fisheries. This study concluded that in the transnational advocacy movement to enforce the settlement of forced labour and human trafficking issues, Thailand and Indonesian NGOs have framed the issues which was then shared to public and other organizations, in order to form a massive advocacy movement. At the same time, NGOs in Thailand and Indonesia also approached other actors who had more power, such as the government of the fisheries importing country and UN agencies, to enforce those two governments to adopt various international regulation as an effort to resolve and diminish the forced labour and human trafficking practices in catch fisheries sector."

"Perdagangan perempuan dan anak-anak merupakan salah satu masalah yang menjadi perhatian dunia. Juga pada masa Hindia-Belanda, ditemukan berbagai macam modus dan faktor yang melatarbelakangi perdagangan manusia. Pada tahun 1920-1939, dunia sedang gencar dalam memerangi perdagangan perempuan dan anak-anak demikian pula di Hindia-Belanda. Penelitian ini bertujuan memaparkan perdagangan perempuan dan anak-anak perempuan di Hindia Belanda khususnya di Jawa pada tahun 1920-1939. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah dengan sumber primer berupa arsip, artikel majalah dan surat kabar sezaman. Penelitian menggunakan metode sejarah dengan tahapan penentuan topik, heuristik (penelusuran dan pengumpulan data), verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan berbagai modus dan faktor melatarbelakangi praktik perdagangan manusia di Jawa. Juga ditemukan perhatian dari dunia internasional melalui konferensi yang diadakan di Bandung. Beberapa upaya pemerintah kolonial, kepolisian, serta asosiasi swasta seperti P.P.P.P.A (Perkoempoelan Pembasmian Perdagangan Perempuan dan Anak-anak) dan Ati Soetji ikut serta memerangi perdagangan manusia tersebut.

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Trafficking in women and children is one of the world’s concern. Dutch East Indies era is not an exception, there were various kinds of methods and factors underlying the human trafficking. In the 1920-1939, the world was very active in fighting the trafficking in women and children, likewise in Dutch East Indies. This study aims to describe how trafficking of women and girls in the Dutch East Indies, especially in Java in the 1920-1939. This study is a historical research with primary sources in the form of archives, magazine articles and newspapers. This tudy uses historical method with the stages of determining the topic, heuristics (data searching and collecting), verification, interpretation, and histiriography. The results showed that there were various methods and factors underlying the practice of human trafficking in Java. Also found international attention through a conference held in Bandung. Several efforts by the colonial government, police, and private associations such as P.P.P.P.A (Perkoempoelan Pembasmian Perdagangan Perempuan dan Anak-anak) and Ati Soetji participated in combating human trafficking."

"Perdagangan manusia (trafficking in persons) dan penyelundupan manusia (people smuggling) merupakan suatu bentuk perpindahan (migrasi) penduduk secara ilegal. Meskipun terdapat kesamaan dalam hal perpindahan ilegal, perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia sesungguhnya merupakan dua hal yang berbeda. Untuk itulah dalam penelitian ini dirumuskan masalah bagaimana instrumen hukum internasional maupun nasional dalam mengkaji perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia serta apa yang menjadi unsur utama dalam membedakan perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan analisa kualitatif. Yang menjadi kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah perdagangan dan penyelundupan manusia yang dikaji dalam instrument hukum internasional dan nasional merupakan dua bentuk kejahatan yang berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya. Yang menjadi unsur pembeda dalam dua bentuk kejahatan tersebut adalah persetujuan, tujuan dan jangkauan wilayah.

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Trafficking in persons and people smuggling is a form of displacement (migration) of illegal residents. Although there are similarities in terms of illegal migration, trafficking and people smuggling are actually two different things. For that reason in this study formulated the problem of how international and national legal instruments in assessing of human trafficking and smuggling, and also what is the key element in distinguishing trafficking and people smuggling. This study is a descriptive study with qualitative analysis.

The conclusions in this study, the international and national legal instruments are examined in that trafficking in persons and people smuggling are the two forms of crime, are different from one another. The distinctive elements in the two forms of crime are the agreement, the purpose and coverage area."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis upaya ABK asal Indonesia yang menjadi korban tindak pidana perdagangan orang di kapal perikanan asing untuk memperoleh keadilan melalui berbagai forum yang disediakan dalam sistem hukum nasional Indonesia. Penulis berupaya untuk menjelaskan kesulitankesulitan yang dihadapi oleh ABK di kapal perikanan ketika melakukan usaha tersebut. Penulis menemukan bahwa kesulitan ini lahir karena adnaya kerangka hukum normatif yang kurang memadai, kurangnya pengetahuan dan kesadaran hukum, hambatan dalam memperoleh bantuan hukum, victim blaming, dan persoalan lainnya. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa sistem hukum Indonesia belum siap dan tidak mampu memberikan akses terhadap keadilan yang baik bagi ABK korban perdagangan orang.

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This research aims to analyze how Indonesian fishermen who were trafficked in foreign fishing vessels overseas attempt to achieve justice through the various forums provided within the Indonesian legal system. The writer seeks to describe the difficulties faced by Indonesian fishermen when attempting to obtain justice. The writer discovers that these difficulties are borne out of a faulty legal framework, a lack of legal knowledge and awareness, obstacles in acquiring legal aid, victim blaming, and other issues. The writer concludes that the Indonesian legal system is not prepared and is unable to provide adequate access to justice for these victims."

"Perdagangan organ tubuh manusia merupakan sebuah ancaman bagi kemanusiaan. Melalui UNTOC, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) merumuskan praktek perdagangan organ tubuh manusia yang dilakukan dengan cara dan tujuan ilegal sebagai bagian dari Kejahatan Internasional dan Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan. Perdagangan organ dan jaringan tubuh manusia adalah salah satu bentuk perdagangan manusia yang samar keberadaannya. Skripsi ini mengeksplorasi pola global perdagangan organ tubuh dalam cara kerja pasar gelap yang di organisir oleh kelompok kriminal tertentu sebagaimana dideskripsikan oleh Konvensi PBB sebagai Kejahatan Internasional Berencana, dan juga mengutamakan perlindungan dan batasan-batasan hukum untuk melindungi korban dari perdagangan organ tubuh manusia. Skripsi ini juga menganalisa instrumen hukum internasional, regional dan nasional, sebagai contoh, Konvensi PBB untuk menekan dan menghukum segala bentuk perdagangan manusia, dibentuk untuk melawan perdagangan organ dan implementasi berupa efektif atau tidaknya peraturan diterapkan seiring dengan berkembangnya permasalahan ini. Penulis memiliki kesimpulan dalam menghadapi permasalahan penjualan organ tubuh, bahwa perdagangan organ tubuh manusia secara ilegal adalah pelanggaran terhadap HAM dan merupakan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang harus diakhiri dan menyarankan untuk meningkatkan kekebalan hukum, peningkatan kerjasama internasional dan fokus terhadap masalah kemanusiaan.

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Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (resolution 3452 (XXX), annex), Article 1 of which states: ?1. For the purpose of this Declaration, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted by or at the instigation of a public official on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or confession, punishing him for an act he has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating him or other persons. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions to the extent consistent with the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Torture constitutes an aggravated and deliberate form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 7 of the Declaration states: Each State shall ensure that all acts of torture as defined in article 1 are offences under its criminal law. The same shall apply in regard to acts which constitute participation in, complicity in, incitement to or an attempt to commit torture."

"Human trafficking as a form of contemporary slavery evidently is not fractured by ages, and in fact, it continues to take place in various operation modes. Based on various information sources from the print as well as electronics media and supported by the research data, this phenomenon evidently is increasing all over the world, including Indonesia and often caused casualties especially towards women and children. This research was based from the concern towards the law enforcement on the case of human trafficking in Indonesia, and accordingly emerges the identification of the problems that cover the followings: the condition of women and children human trafficking in Indonesia, regulating this action as an action that is prohibited based on various applicable regulations in Indonesia, the aspect of law enforcement, including the prospect of Draft on Elimination of Human Trafficking which at the current moment is in the process of legalization. To answer these problems, the writer used the bibliography law research method, which is supported by material books and secondary data that is analyzed using the qualitative method and presented in analytical descriptive. From the research, it is discovered that women and children trafficking cases that are currently occurring in Indonesia are intended to obtain economic and sexual exploitation. Further, it is also found that there are various instruments of law and human rights, both national and international, which have classified this action as an act that is prohibited and resulting in a criminal punishment, and besides, the current Draft has also been structured adequately from the formulation aspect and expected to be applied maximally in its implementation. Moreover, in relation with the weakness of the law enforcement, it turns out that there is only a few cases brought before the court, and if it is then processed, the punishment that is sentenced for the criminal is very minimize. Based on this research results, the writer would like to view a recommendation, so that the government as well as related agency could increase the law enforcement towards the case of human trafficking especially women and children, have a tight supervision in various vulnerable territories for this type of case, strengthened the international, government agency, and NGO co-ordination and co-operation, as well as immediately legalize the Draft on Elimination of Human Trafficking."

"Dalam penulisan tesis ini membahas mengenai penegakan hukum terhadap Tindak Perdagangan Orang. Penelitan ini adalah penelitian yuridis. Penelitian ini meneliti mengenai penanggulangan dari aparat penegak hukum mulai dari pihak Kepolisian, Jaksa dan Hakim dalam menanggulangi Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang. Yang menjadi kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum terhadap pemberantasan tindak pidana perdagangan orang adalah terkait dengan aspek substansi hukum yang meliputi belum memadainya perundang - undangan spesifik yang menyangkut perdagangan orang, kepemilikan dan pemahaman terhadap peraturan perundang - undangan serta kebijakan mengenai perdagangan orang. Dalam aspek struktur hukum yang meliputi situasi dan kondisi organisasi penegak hukum, sumber daya manusia para penegak hukum, sarana dan prasarana, serta dana / anggaran. Selain itu, dalam aspek kultur hukum, yang meliputi kondisi kultur aparat penegak hukum dan kultur masyarakat sehingga belum sepenuhnya mampu mendukung kegiatan operasional aparat penegak hukum, yang menyebabkan pelaksanaan penegakan hukum tidak sepenuhnya efektif.

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This thesis discussed the prevention of the Acts of Trafficking in Persons. This research is juridical research. This study investigated the response of law enforcement officers from the police, prosecutor and judge to prevent of the Acts of Trafficking in Persons. The conclusion in this study, The factors that affect law enforcement on the eradication of human trafficking is associated with the substance of the legal aspects, including inadequate specific legislation concerning of human trafficking, ownership and understanding of legislation and policies on trade people. In the aspect of the legal structure that includes the circumstances of law enforcement organizations, human resources law enforcement, facilities and infrastructure, and funding / budget. In addition, the aspect of legal culture, which includes law enforcement culture conditions and culture of the community that has not been fully able to support the operational activities of law enforcement officers, which led to the implementation of law enforcement are not fully effective."

"Pandemi COVID-19 telah memberikan dampak yang signifikan pada banyak aspek kehidupan manusia, termasuk pada aktivitas kejahatan lintas negara seperti human trafficking sebagai transnational organized crimes. Di Eropa Tenggara, daerah ini telah lama menjadi pusat perhatian terkait kejahatan lintas negara tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peningkatan angka Human Trafficking sebagai Transnational Organized Crimes (TOC) di Eropa Tenggara, studi atas negara Turki dan Yunani selama masa pandemi COVID-19 dari tahun 2019-2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan teori regional security complex, konsep transnational organized crime dan konsep resolusi konflik. Dalam penelitian ini, menggunakan penelitian data sekunder. Teknik analisis deskriptif dan naratif melalui analisis dokumen terkait, laporan pemerintah, dan literatur terkait. Pendekatan teori ini membantu dalam memahami kompleksitas dan dinamika kejahatan lintas negara dengan memperhatikam hubungan antara Turki dan Yunani, serta dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap kejahatan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pandemi COVID-19 meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap human trafficking di Turki dan Yunani, terutama pada kelompok migran dan pengungsi. Penelitian ini juga membahas upaya pemerintah dan organisasi masyarakat sipil dalam melindungi korban dan menangani human trafficking secara komprehensif.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on many aspects of human life, including transnational organized crimes such as human trafficking. In Southeast Europe, this region has long been the center of attention regarding these transnational crimes. This research aims to analyze the increasing number of human trafficking as Transnational Organized Crimes (TOC) in Southeast Europe, a study of Turkey and Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2019-2022. This research uses qualitative research methods with a regional security complex theory approach, the concept of transnational organized crime and the concept of conflict resolution. In this study, secondary data research was used. Descriptive and narrative analysis techniques through analysis of related documents, government reports, and related literature. This theoretical approach helps in understanding the complexity and dynamics of transnational crime by considering the relationship between Turkey and Greece, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these crimes. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased vulnerability to human trafficking in Turkey and Greece, especially among migrants and refugees. This research also discusses the efforts of the government and civil society organizations in protecting victims and dealing with human trafficking comprehensively."

"Perdagangan orang merupakan masalah yang telah menjadi perhatian internasional sejak dahulu kala. Tindakan perdagangan orang kerap memakan korban yang identik dengan keadaan rentan karena lebih memudahkan dalam prakteknya. Salah satu keadaan rentan yang dimanfaatkan oleh pelaku perdagangan orang adalah kondisi rentan dari seorang pengungsi. Skripsi ini menganalisis kasus-kasus mengenai pengungsi yang menjadi korban perdagangan orang, dan dikaitkan dengan dua instrumen hukum internasional. Seseorang dapat dikatakan tergolong dalam kategori serorang pengungsi jika sudah memenuhi unsur-unsur yang terkandung di dalam Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children adalah instrumen hukum internasional yang mengatur mengenai tindakan perdagangan orang, yang merupakan protokol tambahan dari Convention on Transnational Organized Crime 2000. Penulisan skripsi ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan analisis pendekatan yuridis normatif. Analisis ini mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat berbagai alasan yang mendasari para pengungsi untuk meninggalkan negaranya, dan bahwa keadaan rentan mereka sebagai pengungsi kerap dimanfaatkan oleh para pelaku perdagangan orang melalui berbagai cara yang merupakan unsur-unsur dari perbuatan perdagangan orang yang melanggar TOC Convention 2000 Protocol.

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Human trafficking has been a concerning international problem since a long time ago. Traffickers are often targeting vulnerable group of people because it is easier to commit human trafficking towards vulnerable group of people, such as refugees. Vulnerable condition of a refugee is an advantage to traffickers. This thesis analyzes cases about refugees who are victims of human trafficking, and being related to two international law instruments. A person can be categorized as a refugees if the elements of a refugee based on Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 has been fulfilled. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children is an international law instrument that regulates the act of human trafficking, which also an additional protocol of Convention on Transnational Organized Crime 2000. This thesis uses normative legal method of research as well as juridical normative analysis in addressing the issue. This analysis concludes that there are several reasons for refugees to leave their country, and that their vulnerable condition as a refugee are often being misused by traffickers through ways which are the elements of human trafficking action against TOC Convention 2000 Protocol."

"Millions of people around the world are forced to work without pay and under threat of violence. These individuals can be found working in brothels, factories, mines, farm field, restaurants, construction sites and private homes: many have been tricked by human traffickers and lured by false promises of good jobs or education, some are forced to work at gunpoint, while others are trapped by phony debts from unscrupulous moneylenders. The SAGE Handbook of Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and global look at the diverse issues surrounding human trafficking and slavery in the post-1945 environment. Covering everything from history, literature and politics to economics, international law and geography, this Handbook is essential reading for academics and researchers, as well as for policy-makers and non-governmental organisations"