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Zainab Assegaff
Kedudukan Indonesia dalam negosiasi perdagangan bebas Uni Eropa dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara: perspektif Uni Eropa = Indonesia's position in the free trade agreement negotiations between The European Union and Southeast Asian Countries: the EU's perspective
"Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan Indonesia dalam negosiasi perdagangan bebas Uni Eropa (UE) dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara, yang dilihat dari perspektif UE. Pertanyaan pendahuluan dari penelitian ini adalah mengapa UE menegosiasikan perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara. Sementara itu, pertanyaan penelitian utama dari tesis ini adalah mengapa Indonesia hanya menjadi negara keenam di Asia Tenggara yang melakukan negosiasi perdagangan bebas dengan UE dan bukan yang pertama. Metode penelitian tesis ini adalah metode analisis kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi kasus, dalam hal ini negosiasi perdagangan bebas UE-Asia Tenggara. Metode pengumpulan data utama menggunakan teknik studi pustaka yang dikumpulkan dari buku, artikel, laman berita, dan laman resmi dari organisasi-organisasi terkait. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, peneliti menggunakan teori Cross-Regionalism yang dikemukakan oleh Mireya Solís dan Saori N. Katada (2007). Faktor regional yang membuat UE melakukan perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA) lintas kawasan antara lain kondisi ekonomi internal yang terpuruk; kemunculan kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi baru, terutama Tiongkok, yang menyaingi UE; kemajuan ekonomi dari keenam negara Asia Tenggara yang jauh lebih baik dari UE; kondisi perdagangan barang yang tidak menguntungkan dengan ASEAN; dan kebijakan politik UE. FTA lintas kawasan merupakan upaya UE untuk memperbaiki kondisi perekonomiannya, mencegah terjadinya pengalihan perdagangan (trade diversion), dan menjadi kekuatan normatif. Faktor regional yang menyebabkan Indonesia tidak menjadi prioritas bagi UE adalah kondisi ekonomi Indonesia yang tidak lebih baik dari Singapura, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, dan Filipina; hubungan ekonomi UE-Indonesia yang menurun; isu-isu keberlanjutan (sustainability); dan minimnya hubungan UE-Indonesia. Kemudian, motif yang memengaruhi UE untuk melakukan FTA lintas kawasan adalah motif pengaruh (leverage), yaitu untuk mempromosikan nilai-nilai UE, sehingga terbentuk like-minded countries. Motif ekonomi dan motif pengaruh (leverage) merupakan alasan yang menyebabkan Indonesia tidak menjadi mitra negosiasi FTA bilateral pertama dan hanya yang keenam. Tampaknya kedua alasan ini memengaruhi UE dalam penentuan mitra FTA, sedangkan motif keamanan dan diplomasi tidak memengaruhinya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa motif keamanan dan diplomasi (politik) diabaikan oleh UE. Dalam memilih mitra FTA, nilai-nilai yang diusung UE kalah ketika berhadapan dengan kepentingan ekonominya.
This thesis aims to analyze Indonesia's position in the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations between the European Union (EU) and Southeast Asian countries as seen from the EU's perspective. The preliminary question of this thesis is why the EU negotiated FTAs with Southeast Asian countries. Meanwhile, the primary research question is why Indonesia became the sixth country in Southeast Asia to negotiate a bilateral FTA with the EU instead of the first. The research method of this thesis is a qualitative analysis using a case study, which is the EU-Southeast Asia FTA negotiations. The majority of the data collected in this thesis is collected from books, articles, news pages, and official pages from related organizations. To answer the research question, the researcher uses Cross-Regionalism theory put forward by Mireya Solís and Saori N. Katada (2007). Regional factors that have led the EU to conduct cross-regional FTA ​​are internal economic slump; the emergence of new economic powers, notably China, that rival the EU; economic improvement of the six Southeast Asian countries which is much better than the EU; unfavorable trade in goods with ASEAN; and EU political policy. Cross-regional FTA is EU's effort to improve its economic condition, prevent trade diversion, and become a normative power. Regional factors that have caused Indonesia not to become a priority for the EU are Indonesia's economic condition that was no better than Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines; the decline of EU-Indonesia economic relation; sustainability issues; and the lack of EU-Indonesia relation. Furthermore, the motive that influences the EU to conduct cross-regional FTA ​​is leverage motive, namely to promote EU values, so that like-minded countries are formed. Economic motive and leverage motive were the reasons why Indonesia was not the first and only the sixth bilateral FTA negotiating partner. It seems that both of these reasons influenced the EU in determining its FTA partners, while security and diplomacy motives did not influence the EU. This shows that security and diplomacy (politics) motives were disregarded by the EU. In choosing FTA partners, the values promoted by the EU lose out when it comes to its economic interests."
Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2020
T-pdf
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rima Diah Pramudyawati
Antisipasi Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Sanksi Perdagangan oleh Uni Eropa Berdasarkan Regulation (EU) 2021/167 = Indonesia's Anticipation in Facing Trade Sanction by the European Union Based on Regulation (EU) 2021/167
"Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa World Trade Organization (WTO) memenangkan Uni Eropa (UE) dalam sengketa DS592: Indonesia-Measures Relating to Raw Materials. Sebagai tanggapan terhadap keputusan ini, Indonesia mengajukan banding ke Badan Banding WTO. Namun, karena Badan Banding tidak berfungsi, banding tersebut berujung pada situasi 'appeal into the void'. Untuk mengatasi kekosongan ini, UE mengadopsi Regulation (EU) No. 2021/167, yang mengizinkan UE untuk menerapkan sanksi perdagangan terhadap negara lain meskipun laporan Panel belum final. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dengan melakukan analisis mendalam terhadap Regulation (EU) 2021/167, Section 301 Amerika Serikat, dan Law 14.353/2022 Brasil. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji strategi antisipasi yang dapat diambil oleh Indonesia ketika UE memberlakukan sanksi perdagangan berdasarkan Regulation (EU) No. 2021/167. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa sebagai negara berdaulat, Indonesia memiliki hak untuk mengajukan sengketa perdagangan melalui mekanisme DSB di WTO, terlepas dari kondisi Badan Banding yang tidak berfungsi. Selain itu, pemerintah Indonesia dapat mempertimbangkan untuk merumuskan peraturan yang memungkinkan tindakan retaliasi guna melindungi kepentingan perdagangan dan ekonomi nasional, sambil tetap mematuhi aturan WTO.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body won over the European Union (EU) in the DS592: Indonesia-Measures Relating to Raw Materials dispute. In response to this decision, Indonesia appealed to the WTO Appellate Body. However, because the Appellate Body was not functioning, the appeal ended up in an 'appeal into the void' situation. To address this gap, the EU adopted Regulation (EU) no. 2021/167, which allows the EU to apply trade sanctions against other countries even though the Panel's report is not final. This research uses normative juridical methods, by conducting an in-depth analysis of Regulation (EU) 2021/167, Section 301 of the United States, and Law 14.353/2022 of Brazil. This research aims to examine the anticipatory strategies that Indonesia can take when the EU imposes trade sanctions based on Regulation (EU) No. 2021/167. The conclusion of this research confirms that as a sovereign country, Indonesia has the right to submit trade disputes through the DSB mechanism at the WTO, regardless of the condition of the Appellate Body which is not functioning. In addition, the Indonesian government could consider formulating regulations that allow retaliation actions to protect national trade and economic interests, while still complying with WTO rules."
Jakarta: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2024
T-pdf
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Mutiara Elisabet
Pengaturan Pajak Transaksi Elektronik dan Prinsip Nondiskriminasi dalam Perjanjian Perdagangan Internasional: Suatu Kajian Perbandingan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa = Digital Services Tax Regulation and The Principle of Non-discrimination in International Trade Agreement: A Comparative Study between Indonesia and the European Union
"Indonesia dan Uni Eropa telah mengambil langkah unilateral untuk menerapkan
pajak layanan digital. Skripsi ini mengkaji (i) pengaturan pajak layanan digital di
Indonesia dan Uni Eropa serta (ii) apakah pengaturan pajak layanan digital tersebut
melanggar kewajiban nondiskriminasi negara anggota WTO dalam GATS. Melalui
penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dan pendekatan perundang-undangan,
komparatif, dan kasus, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertama, pajak layanan digital
dikenal di Indonesia sebagai pajak transaksi elektronik dan diatur dalam peraturan
perundang-undangan yang menerapkan kriteria kehadiran ekonomi signifikan. Di
Uni Eropa, pajak layanan digital diatur melalui Council Directives, di mana
pengaturan pengenaan pajak tersebut menggunakan metode ring-fencing dan
kriteria significant economic presence. Kedua, kewajiban nondiskriminasi dalam
GATS terdapat dalam Pasal II tentang Most-Favoured Nation dan Pasal XVII
tentang National Treatment serta yurisprudensi yang relevan dari putusan WTO.
Pengaturan pajak layanan digital Indonesia dan Uni Eropa tidak bersifat
diskriminatif, sebab berdasarkan indikator-indikator yang ada, tidak terbukti
adanya diskriminasi de jure maupun de facto. Saran berdasarkan kesimpulan
tersebut yaitu bagi Indonesia dan Uni Eropa untuk mempersiapkan bukti yang
menunjukkan tidak adanya perlakuan kurang menguntungkan terhadap negara
anggota WTO tertentu dalam praktik pengenaan pajak layanan digital oleh
Indonesia dan Uni Eropa apabila terdapat negara anggota yang mengajukan gugatan
diskriminasi ke WTO. Selanjutnya, apabila terdapat negara anggota yang
mengambil tindakan retaliasi, Indonesia dan Uni Eropa disarankan untuk
mengajukan gugatan diskriminasi ke WTO atas tindakan retaliasi tersebut.
Indonesia and the European Union (EU) have taken unilateral actions to implement
digital services tax. This thesis examines (ii) digital services tax regulation in
Indonesia and the EU and (ii) whether the digital services tax regulation violates
the non-discrimination obligation of WTO members according to the GATS.
Through conducting a judicial normative legal research whilst applying a statutory,
comparative and case-study approach, it can be concluded that firstly, digital
services tax in Indonesia is known as an electronic transaction tax and is regulated
by law, which implements significant economic presence criteria. In the European
Union, digital services tax is regulated through the Council Directives, in which the
regulation implements ring-fencing method as well as significant economic
presence criteria. Secondly, the non-discrimination obligations in GATS are
promulgated in Article II concerning Most-Favored Nation Treatment and Article
XVII concerning National Treatment as well as relevant jurisprudence of WTO
case laws. Indonesia and the EU's digital services tax regulation are not
discriminatory, because based on existing indicators, the existence of both de jure
and de facto discrimination is not proven. The suggestion would be for Indonesia
and the EU to provide evidence that shows the absence of unfavorable treatment of
certain WTO member states in digital services tax practices by Indonesia and the
EU, in the event that there are member states who decides to challenge the measures
to the WTO. Subsequently, in the event that certain member states decide to take
retaliation measures, it is suggested that Indonesia and the EU challenge said
measure to the WTO."
Depok: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2021
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Mutiara Elisabet
Pengaturan Pajak Transaksi Elektronik dan Prinsip Nondiskriminasi dalam Perjanjian Perdagangan Internasional: Suatu Kajian Perbandingan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa = Digital Services Tax Regulation and The Principle of Non-discrimination in International Trade Agreement: A Comparative Study between Indonesia and The European Union
"Indonesia dan Uni Eropa telah mengambil langkah unilateral untuk menerapkan
pajak layanan digital. Skripsi ini mengkaji (i) pengaturan pajak layanan digital di
Indonesia dan Uni Eropa serta (ii) apakah pengaturan pajak layanan digital tersebut
melanggar kewajiban nondiskriminasi negara anggota WTO dalam GATS. Melalui
penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dan pendekatan perundang-undangan,
komparatif, dan kasus, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertama, pajak layanan digital
dikenal di Indonesia sebagai pajak transaksi elektronik dan diatur dalam peraturan
perundang-undangan yang menerapkan kriteria kehadiran ekonomi signifikan. Di
Uni Eropa, pajak layanan digital diatur melalui Council Directives, di mana
pengaturan pengenaan pajak tersebut menggunakan metode ring-fencing dan
kriteria significant economic presence. Kedua, kewajiban nondiskriminasi dalam
GATS terdapat dalam Pasal II tentang Most-Favoured Nation dan Pasal XVII
tentang National Treatment serta yurisprudensi yang relevan dari putusan WTO.
Pengaturan pajak layanan digital Indonesia dan Uni Eropa tidak bersifat
diskriminatif, sebab berdasarkan indikator-indikator yang ada, tidak terbukti
adanya diskriminasi de jure maupun de facto. Saran berdasarkan kesimpulan
tersebut yaitu bagi Indonesia dan Uni Eropa untuk mempersiapkan bukti yang
menunjukkan tidak adanya perlakuan kurang menguntungkan terhadap negara
anggota WTO tertentu dalam praktik pengenaan pajak layanan digital oleh
Indonesia dan Uni Eropa apabila terdapat negara anggota yang mengajukan gugatan
diskriminasi ke WTO. Selanjutnya, apabila terdapat negara anggota yang
mengambil tindakan retaliasi, Indonesia dan Uni Eropa disarankan untuk
mengajukan gugatan diskriminasi ke WTO atas tindakan retaliasi tersebut.
Indonesia and the European Union (EU) have taken unilateral actions to implement
digital services tax. This thesis examines (ii) digital services tax regulation in
Indonesia and the EU and (ii) whether the digital services tax regulation violates
the non-discrimination obligation of WTO members according to the GATS.
Through conducting a judicial normative legal research whilst applying a statutory,
comparative and case-study approach, it can be concluded that firstly, digital
services tax in Indonesia is known as an electronic transaction tax and is regulated
by law, which implements significant economic presence criteria. In the European
Union, digital services tax is regulated through the Council Directives, in which the
regulation implements ring-fencing method as well as significant economic
presence criteria. Secondly, the non-discrimination obligations in GATS are
promulgated in Article II concerning Most-Favored Nation Treatment and Article
XVII concerning National Treatment as well as relevant jurisprudence of WTO
case laws. Indonesia and the EU's digital services tax regulation are not
discriminatory, because based on existing indicators, the existence of both de jure
and de facto discrimination is not proven. The suggestion would be for Indonesia
and the EU to provide evidence that shows the absence of unfavorable treatment of
certain WTO member states in digital services tax practices by Indonesia and the
EU, in the event that there are member states who decides to challenge the measures
to the WTO. Subsequently, in the event that certain member states decide to take
retaliation measures, it is suggested that Indonesia and the EU challenge said
measure to the WTO."
Depok: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2021
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Eksa Septiana
Pengaruh kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan Uni Eropa terhadap perekonomian negara-negara Visegard = The effect of the European Union's trade liberalization policy on the economy of the Visegrad countries
"[ABSTRAK
Setelah bergabung dengan UE, ekonomi negara-negara Visegrad semakin terbuka dan mengalami peningkatan
PDB. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan, yang telah diterapkan sejak negara-negara
Visegrad masih dalam tahap persiapan keanggotaan UE. Kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan yang diterapkan
berupa peningkatan kuota, penghapusan bea, dan kemudahan dalam regulasi pada barang impor. Di pihak lain,
UE juga memperoleh keuntungan dengan bergabungnya negara-negara Visegrad karena pangsa pasar UE
semakin luas.ABSTRACT Having joined the Euopean Union, the economy of the Visegrad countries become more open and get the
increase of the GDP. This is due to the trade liberalization policy, which has been applied since the Visegrad
countries were still in the preparation stage of the EU membership. The trade liberalization policy that was
implemented is in the form of the quota increase, the elimination of the duties, and the ease in the regulations on
the imported goods. On the other hand, the EU also get the benefit by joining the Visegrad countries because the
EU?s market share more expand;Having joined the Euopean Union, the economy of the Visegrad countries become more open and get the
increase of the GDP. This is due to the trade liberalization policy, which has been applied since the Visegrad
countries were still in the preparation stage of the EU membership. The trade liberalization policy that was
implemented is in the form of the quota increase, the elimination of the duties, and the ease in the regulations on
the imported goods. On the other hand, the EU also get the benefit by joining the Visegrad countries because the
EU?s market share more expand, Having joined the Euopean Union, the economy of the Visegrad countries become more open and get the
increase of the GDP. This is due to the trade liberalization policy, which has been applied since the Visegrad
countries were still in the preparation stage of the EU membership. The trade liberalization policy that was
implemented is in the form of the quota increase, the elimination of the duties, and the ease in the regulations on
the imported goods. On the other hand, the EU also get the benefit by joining the Visegrad countries because the
EU’s market share more expand]"
Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 2015
MK-PDF
UI - Makalah dan Kertas Kerja  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ahmad Muzahid
Strategi Perdagangan Internasional Sawit Indonesia Menghadapi Penerapan Renewable Energy Directive (RED) Oleh Uni Eropa (UE) Dengan Pendekatan Intelijen Kompetitif = The Strategy for Indonesian Palm Oil International Trade towards the Implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) issued by the European Union (EU). A Competitive Intelligence Approach
"Uni Eropa memberlakukan kebijakan RED yang berkaitan dengan penerapan keberlanjutan terhadap sumber energi terbarukan dalam. Dalam kajian sebelum RED II menempatkan produk sawit sebagai salah satu penghasil emisi akibat penggunaan Indirect  Land Use Change (ILUC). Hal ini tidak hanya menimbulkan permasalahan pada kuantitas ekpor minyak sawit Indonesia, akan tetapi preseden yang ditimbulkan dari Kebijakan oleh UE tersebut terhadap minyak sawit Indonesia di pasar global. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui apa saja motivasi UE dalam menerapkan kebijakan RED dari sisi sosial, politik dan lingkungan, serta strategi perdagangan Indonesia dengan menggunakan pendekatan intelijen kompetitif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan melakukan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan studi pustaka. Analisis menggunakan pendekatan intelijen kompetitif, Teori Berlian dari Porter, PESTLE dan selanjutnya dilakukan analisis SWOT. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa motif kebijakan RED tidak hanya akibat faktor lingkungan, namun juga terkait dengan politik dan ekonomi. Dalam menghadapi RED Strategi perdagangan Internasional sawit Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan mengembangkan jalur hilirisasi sawit dalam negeri, mengembangkan SDM, meningkatkan pengawasan dalam implementasi regulasi terkait industri sawit, selanjutnya mengedapankan industri sawit berkelanjutan sebagai counter terhadap kampanye negatif dan kebijakan RED, dengan mengusung dampak sosial yang ditimbulkan dari kebijakan RED jika ekspor sawit ke UE dihentikan, sebagai bagian dari standarisasi berkelanjutan yang memenuhi unsur ekonomi, lingkungan dan sosial. Selain itu, juga dipertimbangkan untuk mengoptimalkan pasar baru, terutama negara-negara yang mengalami peningkatan kebutuhan minyak nabati khususnya sawit, seperti India, Pakistan dan China.
The European Union has implemented the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) policy, which relates to the application of sustainability towards renewable energy sources. In a study prior to RED II, palm oil products were identified as one of the contributors to emissions due to the use of Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC). This not only poses problems for the quantity of Indonesian palm oil exports but also sets a precedent for the Indonesian palm oil industry in the global market due to the policy imposed by the EU. This research aims to identify the motivations of the EU in implementing the RED policy from social, political, and environmental perspectives, as well as to explore Indonesia's trading strategy using a competitive intelligence approach. This research was conducted qualitatively through data collection via interviews and literature review. The analysis utilized the competitive intelligence approach, Porter's Diamond Theory, PESTLE analysis, and SWOT analysis. The research findings indicate that the RED policy is motivated not only by environmental factors but also by political and economic considerations. In facing the RED policy, Indonesia's international palm oil trading strategy can be carried out by advancing the domestic palm oil industries, enhancing human resources, strengthening oversight in implementing regulations related to the palm oil industry, and promoting sustainable palm oil industry as a counter to negative campaigns and the RED policy. This includes highlighting the social impacts that would arise if palm oil exports to the EU were to be stopped as part of sustainable standards that fulfill economic, environmental, and social aspects. Additionally, optimizing new markets, particularly countries with increasing demand for vegetable oils, especially palm oil, such as India, Pakistan, and China need to be considered."
Jakarta: Sekolah Kajian Stratejik dan Global Universitas Indonesia, 2023
T-pdf
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hutabarat, Evangelina
Tinjauan yuridis regulasi sistem verifikasi legalitas kayu Indonesia terkait perjanjian Kemitraan tata kelola sektor kehutanan dengan Uni Eropa dalam perdagangan internasional = Legal analysis of Indonesia timber legal assurance system pursuant to voluntary partnership agreement of forest law enforcement, governance and trade between Indonesia and European Union in International Trade / Evangelina Hutabarat
"Tesis ini mengenai terwujudnya regulasi Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu di Indonesia untuk mencegah pembalakan liar dan merupakan implikasi dari Kebijakan Tindak Penegakan Hukum, Tata Kelola dan Perdagangan Sektor Kehutanan oleh Uni Eropa berupa regulasi kayu Uni Eropa (European Union Timber Regulation) 995/2010 yang ditindaklanjuti dengan Perjanjian Kemitraan Sukarela Tindak Penegakan Hukum, Tata Kelola dan Perdagangan Sektor Kehutanan (FLEGT-VPA) antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa, yang sudah diratifikasi melalui Peraturan Presiden No. 21 Tahun 2014. Inti dari Perjanjian Kemitraan tersebut adalah kesepakatan terhadap kerangka hukum verifikasi legalitas kayu (Timber Assurance Legal System) dari Negara mitra, Indonesia yaitu Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK). Sistem ini bersifat wajib untuk semua pemegang ijin industri primer pengolahan hasil hutan kayu dan industri lanjutan pengolahan kayu, dan untuk eksportir kayu, diwajibkan untuk memenuhi SVLK ini sampai mendapatkan Dokumen V-Legal dan khusus untuk ekspor ke Uni Eropa harus mendapatkan lisensi FLEGT. Kesulitan yang dialami dalam pemenuhan SVLK ini sangat dirasakan oleh industri lanjutan yang sebagian besar adalah industri kecil dan menengah, khususnya dalam hal biaya. Biaya untuk SVLK berkisar antara 60 juta sampai dengan 180 juta. Peraturan terkait Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas kayu seharusnya diterapkan secara adil terhadap industri primer dan industri lanjutan sehingga dapat mengakomodir daya saing eksportir kayu Indonesia tanpa melanggar komitmen terhadap Perjanjian yang telah disepakati. Mengutip pernyataan John Rawls, hukum dan lembaga tidak peduli seberapa efisien dan diatur dengan baik harus direformasi atau dihapuskan jika mereka tidak adil.
This theses elaborates the establishment of regulation of Timber Legal Assurance System in Indonesia to prevent illegal logging as the implication of Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) of Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade between Indonesia and European Union (FLEGT), which has been ratified by Presidential Decree No. 21 Year 2014. The substance of this VPA is an agreement on the legal framework for Timber Legal Assurance System (TLAS) for Indonesia called Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK). This system is mandatory for all license holders of primary timber industry, advanced timber industry, and timber exporters who should meet this TLAS to get a V-Legal documents and get FLEGT License to export timber products to EU. The difficulties raised in the fulfillment of this TLAS is mostly happened to small and medium industries, particularly in terms of cost. Costs for TLAS ranged from 60 million to 180 million rupiahs. TLAS should be applied fairly to the all timber exporters and timber industry in Indonesia as to accommodate the competitiveness of Indonesian timber exporters without violate a commitment to the VPA. As John Rawls said, laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-governed, should be reformed or abolished if they are unjust."
Depok: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2016
T46277
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Tinjauan yuridis regulasi sistem verifikasi legalitas kayu Indonesia terkait perjanjian kemitraan tata kelola sektor kehutanan dengan Uni Eropa dalam perdagangan internasional = Legal analysis of Indonesia timber legal assurance system pursuant to voluntary partnership agreement of forest law enforcement governance and trade between Indonesia and European Union in international trade
T-Pdf
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Anika Widiana
Kebijakan perdagangan Uni Eropa terhadap Indonesia: dampaknya terhadap ekspor Indonesia ke UE = Trade policies of European Union toward Indonesia : the effects to export activities of Indonesia to European Union's market
"ABSTRAK
The relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures.
Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.
Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.
Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union.
"
2007
T 17560
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hanif Fiansyah
Perbandingan Pengaturan Perdagangan Karbon Antara Uni Eropa, China dan Indonesia = Comparison of Carbon Trading Regulations between The European Union, China, and Indonesia
"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan kerangka hukum perdagangan karbon di Uni Eropa, China, dan Indonesia dengan fokus pada dua aspek utama: kerangka hukum dan kebijakan karbon di UE dan China, serta potensi adopsi dan penyempurnaan regulasi Indonesia berdasarkan pembelajaran dari kedua entitas tersebut. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah membangun fondasi regulasi perdagangan karbon melalui Peraturan Presiden No. 98/2021, UU No. 7/2021, UU No. 4/2023, dan Permen LHK No. 21/2022, dengan fokus utama pada sektor kehutanan dan penerapan nilai ekonomi karbon. UE, dengan EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) yang mapan sejak 2005, menawarkan model komprehensif multisektor dengan mekanisme penyesuaian karbon lintas batas/carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM). Sementara itu, China meluncurkan ETS nasional pada 2021 dengan pendekatan berbasis intensitas karbon (carbon intensity), fokus awal pada sektor pembangkit listrik, dan rencana perluasan bertahap. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun Indonesia telah membuat kemajuan signifikan, masih ada ruang untuk penyempurnaan regulasi perdagangan karbon. Adopsi praktik terbaik dari UE dan China, disesuaikan dengan konteks nasional, dapat memperkuat efektivitas sistem perdagangan karbon Indonesia dalam mendukung pencapaian target pengurangan emisi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Rekomendasi ini diharapkan berkontribusi pada pengembangan dan penegakan hukum perdagangan karbon di Indonesia yang lebih komprehensif, efektif, dan selaras dengan tren global.
This research aims to analyze and compare the legal frameworks for carbon trading in the European Union, China, and Indonesia, focusing on two main aspects: the current carbon trading legal frameworks in the EU, China, and Indonesia, and the potential adoption and improvement of Indonesian regulations based on lessons learned from these two entities. The research findings indicate that Indonesia has established a foundation for carbon trading regulations through Presidential Regulation No. 98/2021, Law No. 7/2021, Law No. 4/2023, and Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 21/2022, with a primary focus on the forestry sector and the implementation of carbon economic value. The EU, with its well-established Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) since 2005, offers a comprehensive multi-sector model with a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Meanwhile, China launched its national ETS in 2021 with a carbon intensity-based approach, initially focusing on the power generation sector, with plans for gradual expansion. This study concludes that although Indonesia has made significant progress, there is still room for improvement in carbon trading regulations. Adopting best practices from the EU and China, adapted to the national context, can strengthen the effectiveness of Indonesia's carbon trading system in supporting emission reduction targets and sustainable development. These recommendations are expected to contribute to the development and enforcement of more comprehensive, effective, and globally aligned carbon trading laws in Indonesia."
Jakarta: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2024
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