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"Tanda tangan elektronik merupakan salah satu alat bukti elektronik yang merupakan perluasan dari alat bukti sebagaimana yang telah disebutkan dalam pasal 164 HIR/284 RBg. Dasar hukum dari suatu tanda tangan elektronik ini yakni dengan keluarnya Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 khususnya dalam Pasal 11 dan 12. Berdasarkan Undang-Undang tersebut, tanda tangan elektronik merupakan suatu alat bukti yang sah dan dapat digunakan di Persidangan dalam menyelesaikan sengketa. Namun, dalam penerapannya bukanlah suatu hal yang mudah untuk dilakukan karena masih banyaknya berbagai pihak yang merasa bahwa penggunaan tanda tangan elektronik ini dirasa kurang aman untuk menjamin keutuhan dan keautentikan suatu dokumen elektronik. Selain itu, dalam penggunaanya para pihak juga dikenakan biaya yang mana hal ini juga menjadi salah satu faktor lain dari hambatan-hambatan tersebut. Dalam Undang-Undang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik tersebut dijelaskan bahwa penyelesaian sengketa elektronik langkah pertama yakni diselesaikan dengan metode non-litigasi atau diluar peradilan. Salah satu contoh kasus yang menggunakan bukti tanda tangan elektronik berupa kode one time password yang merupakan suatu kode rahasia dan hanya akan dikirimkan kepada pihak yang bersangkutan saja dan dapat digunakan sebagai alat autentikasi dan verifikasi atas suatu informasi elektronik. Kode one time password merupakan salah satu jenis tanda tangan elektronik yang dibuat tanpa adanya sertifikat elektronik, namun meskipun demikian tetap memiliki nilai pembuktian yang kuat apalagi jika diakui oleh para pihak ataupun menghadirkan ahli dibidangnya.

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Electronic signature is one of the electronic evidence that is an extension of the evidence as mentioned in article 164 HIR / 284 RBg. The legal basis of an electronic signature is that with the issuance of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law Number 11 of 2008, especially in Articles 11 and 12. Based on these Laws, the electronic signature is a valid evidence and can be used in the Conference in resolve disputes. However, in its implementation it is not an easy thing to do because there are still many parties who feel that the use of electronic signatures is felt to be insecure to guarantee the integrity and authenticity of an electronic document. In addition, in the use of the parties are also charged fees which is also one of the other factors of these barriers. In the Electronic Information and Transaction Law it is explained that the settlement of electronic disputes is the first step that is resolved by non-litigation method or out of court. One example of a case that uses electronic signature proof is acode one time password which is a secret code and will only be sent to the relevant parties and can be used as an authentication and verification tool for an electronic information.code One time password is one type of electronic signature made in the absence of an electronic certificate, but even so still have evidentiary value if moreover recognized by the parties or bring skilled in the art."

"Koperasi menjadi bagian dari tata susunan ekonomi, yang berarti dalam kegiatannya koperasi turut mengambil bagian bagi terwujudnya kehidupan ekonomi yang sejahtera baik bagi orang-orang yang menjadi anggotanya itu sendiri atau pun masyarakat sekitarnya. Koperasi memiliki peranan yang cukup besar dalam menyusun usaha bersama dari masyarakat yang perekonomiannya terbatas. Dalam rangka memajukan perekonomian masyarakat yang terbatas, Pemerintah Indonesia memperhatikan perkumpulan koperasi, apalagi sejak adanya Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang menegaskan bahwa koperasi menjadi soko guru perekonomian Indonesia, maka kedudukan hukum koperasi semakin diperhatikan.               Sejak saat itu koperasi di Indonesia mulai bermunculan dan dilatarbelakangi oleh upaya agar terciptanya kesejahteraan rakyat khususnya dalam sektor perekonomian. Meski pun aturan-aturan mengenai Koperasi telah diatur secara rinci, namun tetap saja banyak terdapat penyimpangan-penyimpangan, terlebih terkait dengan penghimpunan dan penyaluran dana serta tidak adanya perlindungan bagi nasabah penyimpan dana di Koperasi Simpan Pinjam menjadikan potensi terjadinya penyimpangan, seperti dalam Putusan PN No. 30/pdt.G/2014/PN Sbr di mana putusan PN Sumber dianggap keliru dalam menafsirkan Pasal 1367 KUHPerdata yang mengikutsertakan sebuah koperasi turut bertanggung jawab atas perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh mitra kerjanya dan terdapat perbedaan penafsiran oleh Majelis Hakim Peninjauan Kembali yang justru membebaskan koperasi tersebut dari tanggung jawab atas perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh mitra kerjanya

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Cooperatives are part of the economic structure, which means that in their activities they take part in the realization of a prosperous economic life for both the people who are members themselves and the surrounding community. Cooperatives have a considerable role in structuring joint ventures among communities whose economies are limited. In order to advance the limited economy of the community, the Government of Indonesia pays attention to cooperative associations, especially since the existence of Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, which emphasizes that cooperatives are the "soko guru" of the Indonesian economy. The legal position of cooperatives has become increasingly considered since the existence of Article 33. Since then, cooperatives in Indonesia have begun to emerge and are motivated by efforts to create people's welfare, especially in the economic sector. Although the rules regarding cooperatives have been regulated in detail, there are still many deviations, especially related to the collection and distribution of funds and the absence of protection for customers of fund storage in savings and loan cooperatives, making potential deviations, as in PN Decision No. 30 / pdt. G/2014/PN Sbr, where the decision of PN Sumber is considered to be erroneous in interpreting Article 1367 of the Civil Code, which includes that a cooperative is also responsible for unlawful acts committed by its partners, and there are differences in interpretation by the Panel of Review Judges, which actually releases the cooperative from responsibility for actions committed by its partners."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai keabsahan akta jual beli yang belum sempurna dan dibuat oleh Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah dimana terdapat bagian yang dikosongkan yaitu pada bagian objek jual beli. Pokok permasalahan dalam kasus ini membahas tentang keabsahan akta jual beli yang belum sempurna dan ditandatangani para pihak dan bagaimana pertanggungjawaban Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah yang membuat akta tersebut berkenaan dengan prinsip/asas kehati-hatian dalam membuat akta. Metode penelitian yang bersifat yuridis normatif, tipologi penelitiannya bersifat deskriptif analitis, jenis data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder, dan teknik analisis datanya secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan, bahwa akta jual beli yang dibuat oleh PPAT tersebut tidaklah sah dan batal demi hukum karena memenuhi syarat akta dapat dibatalkan yaitu  tidak terpenuhinya syarat objektif dan syarat formil, serta adanya cacat kehendak dalam pembuatan aktanya, dan bentuk pertanggungjawaban PPAT apabila tidak memenuhi prinsip/asas kehati-hatian dalam membuat akta akan dikenakan sanksi yang berupa sanksi administratif, sanksi perdata, dan sanksi pidana.

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This thesis discusses the frequency of Official Certifier of Title Deeds, hereinafter referred to as PPAT, which are often exposed to legal cases because of their lack of prudence in carrying out their duties and positions, especially in making an authentic deed. The main subject in the case discusses the validity of the deemed incomplete sale and purchase agreement signed by the parties as well as the accountability of the Land Drafting Officer who made the deed with respect to the principle of prudence in making typology of analytical descriptive research, and qualitative data analysis techniques. Based on the result of the study, it can be concluded, that the notarial sale and purchase agreement made by the PPAT is not valid because there are requirements that are not fulfilled, that is subjective conditions and formal conditions, and the form of accountability of PPAT if it does nit meet the principles or principle of prudence in making the deed will be subject to sanctions in the form of administrative sanctions, civil sanctions, and criminal sanctions."

"Skripsi ini mengangkat topik mengenai pembatalan perjanjian lisensi. Pembatalan perjanjian pada dasarnya dimungkinkan atas alasan tidak terpenuhinya syarat subyektif perjanjian atau diatur secara khusus dalam perjanjian dan disepakati oleh para pihak serta tidak bertentangan dengan Pasal 1266 jo. Pasal 1338 KUHPerdata. Apabila tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan tersebut, maka dapat dianggap sebagai Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, dimana selama memenuhi unsur dalam Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata. Penulis mengangkat kasus yang terjadi atas pembatalan lisensi secara sepihak dalam sengketa Larutan Cap Kaki Tiga. Hal ini dapat diketahui bahwa pembatalan lisensi secara sepihak tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai PMH karena pemberian lisensi dari pemilik merek kepada penerima merek didasarkan atas kuasa dan bukanlah atas perjanjian yang formal, sehingga kedudukan kuasa tidak dapat dipersamakan dengan perjanjian yang tidak dapat ditarik begitu saja. Konsekuensi hukumnya adalah pemberi kuasa memiliki hak untuk menarik kuasanya atau mengakhiri lisensi tersebut kapan saja.

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The thesis discusses about termination of a licence agreement. The termination of an agreement is basically permitted over reasons such as subjective terms, or specifically regulated in the agreement, agreed by the contracting parties, and is not contrary to Article No.1266 jo. Article No.1338 of KUHPer. All of undue agreement?s termination will be considered as tort. Such action of tort refers to Article 1365 KUHPer. The topic of termination of a licence agreement is referred to Larutan Cap Kaki Tiga dispute. The unilateral termination of licence agreement, in this case, is not a tort, for the licence given from the licencor to the licencee was based on authority, not a formal agreement. For that matter, an authority is not similar with an agreement, which cant be terminated unilaterally. Juridically, the consequences follow that the licencor reserves the right to withdraw the authority."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menganalisis keabsahan akta jual beli dan surat di Bawah tangan berupa pinjam pakai sertipikat tentang peralihan hak sertipikat hak milik nomor 66/ Pakutandang/ Ciparay/ Bandung/ Jawa Barat, dengan Studi Kasus: Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bandung No:404/ PDT/ G/ 2010/ PN.BDG). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan merumuskan 2 (dua) permasalahan utama, yaitu mengenai bagaimana keabsahan akta jual beli dan surat di bawah tangan yaitu berupa pinjam pakai sertipikat dan apa dampak dari tidak pahamnya akibat hukum dari penandatanganan akta jual beli tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah diharapkan agar supaya kita jangan terlalu gampang meminjamkan sertipikat kepada orang lain sebagai alas untuk meminta kredit dan agar Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) lebih cermat dan teliti dalam memastikan apakah obyek jual beli tersebut telah sesuai dengan Asas Terang, Tunai dan Riil atau Nyata. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan secara yuridis normatif, mempergunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan, dan hasil penelitian bersifat analitis kualitatif, karena ditujukan untuk memberikan data yang seteliti mungkin tentang sifat-sifat hubungan hukum, keadaan atau gejala- gejala tertentu dalam suatu tindakan hukum. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa kesalahan yang berupa persetujuan dalam akta jual beli terhadap tanah dan bangunan dapat mengakibatkan hak milik atas tanah dan bangunan jadi berpindah ke orang lain.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate in transfer of property rights certificate number: 66/ Pakutandang/ Ciparay/ Bandung/ Jawa Barat, with case studies: Resolution of Distric Court of Bandung Numb:404/ PDT/ G/ 2010/ PN.BDG. This research is done by formulating 2 (two) main issues. First, in relation to the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate, and second, is the impact of the ignorance in signing such deed. The purpose of this research is we shall not easily in lending certificate to anyone else as the legal base in accepting credit?s request, in the other hand, the Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah shall be more careful in ensuring whether the object of such sale and purchase has appropriate enough with Indonesia?s legal foundation in sale and purchase transaction, namely clear, cash and real. This reasearch is legal reasearch with juridicial normative approach, which uses secondary data which is got from library study, and the result of reasearch are qualitative analyzed, because it has purpose in providing the clearest legal data, in regarding to any legal relationship, legal matters or legal phenomenon in certain legal action. This reasearch generates conclusion that the fault in form of agreement in the deed of sale and purchase of land and building will impact the transfer of ownership right of land and building.;This study analyzes the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate in transfer of property rights certificate number: 66/ Pakutandang/ Ciparay/ Bandung/ Jawa Barat, with case studies: Resolution of Distric Court of Bandung Numb:404/ PDT/ G/ 2010/ PN.BDG. This research is done by formulating 2 (two) main issues. First, in relation to the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate, and second, is the impact of the ignorance in signing such deed. The purpose of this research is we shall not easily in lending certificate to anyone else as the legal base in accepting credit?s request, in the other hand, the Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah shall be more careful in ensuring whether the object of such sale and purchase has appropriate enough with Indonesia?s legal foundation in sale and purchase transaction, namely clear, cash and real. This reasearch is legal reasearch with juridicial normative approach, which uses secondary data which is got from library study, and the result of reasearch are qualitative analyzed, because it has purpose in providing the clearest legal data, in regarding to any legal relationship, legal matters or legal phenomenon in certain legal action. This reasearch generates conclusion that the fault in form of agreement in the deed of sale and purchase of land and building will impact the transfer of ownership right of land and building.;This study analyzes the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate in transfer of property rights certificate number: 66/ Pakutandang/ Ciparay/ Bandung/ Jawa Barat, with case studies: Resolution of Distric Court of Bandung Numb:404/ PDT/ G/ 2010/ PN.BDG. This research is done by formulating 2 (two) main issues. First, in relation to the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate, and second, is the impact of the ignorance in signing such deed. The purpose of this research is we shall not easily in lending certificate to anyone else as the legal base in accepting credit?s request, in the other hand, the Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah shall be more careful in ensuring whether the object of such sale and purchase has appropriate enough with Indonesia?s legal foundation in sale and purchase transaction, namely clear, cash and real. This reasearch is legal reasearch with juridicial normative approach, which uses secondary data which is got from library study, and the result of reasearch are qualitative analyzed, because it has purpose in providing the clearest legal data, in regarding to any legal relationship, legal matters or legal phenomenon in certain legal action. This reasearch generates conclusion that the fault in form of agreement in the deed of sale and purchase of land and building will impact the transfer of ownership right of land and building.;This study analyzes the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate in transfer of property rights certificate number: 66/ Pakutandang/ Ciparay/ Bandung/ Jawa Barat, with case studies: Resolution of Distric Court of Bandung Numb:404/ PDT/ G/ 2010/ PN.BDG. This research is done by formulating 2 (two) main issues. First, in relation to the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate, and second, is the impact of the ignorance in signing such deed. The purpose of this research is we shall not easily in lending certificate to anyone else as the legal base in accepting credit?s request, in the other hand, the Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah shall be more careful in ensuring whether the object of such sale and purchase has appropriate enough with Indonesia?s legal foundation in sale and purchase transaction, namely clear, cash and real. This reasearch is legal reasearch with juridicial normative approach, which uses secondary data which is got from library study, and the result of reasearch are qualitative analyzed, because it has purpose in providing the clearest legal data, in regarding to any legal relationship, legal matters or legal phenomenon in certain legal action. This reasearch generates conclusion that the fault in form of agreement in the deed of sale and purchase of land and building will impact the transfer of ownership right of land and building.;This study analyzes the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate in transfer of property rights certificate number: 66/ Pakutandang/ Ciparay/ Bandung/ Jawa Barat, with case studies: Resolution of Distric Court of Bandung Numb:404/ PDT/ G/ 2010/ PN.BDG. This research is done by formulating 2 (two) main issues. First, in relation to the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate, and second, is the impact of the ignorance in signing such deed. The purpose of this research is we shall not easily in lending certificate to anyone else as the legal base in accepting credit?s request, in the other hand, the Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah shall be more careful in ensuring whether the object of such sale and purchase has appropriate enough with Indonesia?s legal foundation in sale and purchase transaction, namely clear, cash and real. This reasearch is legal reasearch with juridicial normative approach, which uses secondary data which is got from library study, and the result of reasearch are qualitative analyzed, because it has purpose in providing the clearest legal data, in regarding to any legal relationship, legal matters or legal phenomenon in certain legal action. This reasearch generates conclusion that the fault in form of agreement in the deed of sale and purchase of land and building will impact the transfer of ownership right of land and building., This study analyzes the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate in transfer of property rights certificate number: 66/ Pakutandang/ Ciparay/ Bandung/ Jawa Barat, with case studies: Resolution of Distric Court of Bandung Numb:404/ PDT/ G/ 2010/ PN.BDG. This research is done by formulating 2 (two) main issues. First, in relation to the validity of the deed of sale and purchase, also the letter of lease certificate, and second, is the impact of the ignorance in signing such deed. The purpose of this research is we shall not easily in lending certificate to anyone else as the legal base in accepting credit’s request, in the other hand, the Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah shall be more careful in ensuring whether the object of such sale and purchase has appropriate enough with Indonesia’s legal foundation in sale and purchase transaction, namely clear, cash and real. This reasearch is legal reasearch with juridicial normative approach, which uses secondary data which is got from library study, and the result of reasearch are qualitative analyzed, because it has purpose in providing the clearest legal data, in regarding to any legal relationship, legal matters or legal phenomenon in certain legal action. This reasearch generates conclusion that the fault in form of agreement in the deed of sale and purchase of land and building will impact the transfer of ownership right of land and building.]"

"Terdapat konsekuensi hukum terkait pengalihan dan pengubahan bentuk bangunan cagar budaya yang dikuasai secara pribadi, yang tidak bisa dilakukan tanpa izin pemerintah yang berwenang. Sengketa TUN berkaitan dengan penetapan status bangunan cagar budaya tanpa izin ditemukan di Putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN) Bandung Nomor 121/G/2019/PTUN.Bdg dengan pihak penggugat para ahli waris Alrmarhum ES melawan Bupati Sumedang. Tesis ini berbasis metode penelitian doktrinal, dengan mengangkat dua pembahasan masalah yakni permasalahan mengenai kesesuaian penerbitan penetapan status bangunan cagar budaya pada putusan tersebut berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku serta perlindungan hukum yang dapat dilakukan pemilik bangunan yang ditetapkan sebagai bangunan cagar budaya tanpa persetujuan. Sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan yaitu UU Administrasi Pemerintahan dan UU PTUN serta UU Cagar Budaya, penetapan status cagar budaya pada putusan PTUN Bandung Nomor 121/G/2019/PTUN.Bdg cacat prosedur dan substansi. Tersedia penyelesaian sengketa TUN melalui upaya administratif (antara lain berupa keberatan dan banding administrasi) dan gugatan ke PTUN. Masih dapat ditemukan kekosongan hukum dalam penetapan bangunan cagar budaya sehingga seharusnya pemilik dilibatkan dalam proses penetapannya dan selain diberitahukan penetapannya pada pemilik tanah status cagar budaya juga harus dicatatkan dalam buku tanah. Hal ini menjadi sorotan guna terselenggaranya kepastian hukum sebagai perlindungan hak kepada penguasa bangunan. Peraturan perundang-undangan hanya mengatur tentang pendaftaran cagar budaya, sehingga pengaturan mengenai pendataan dan publikasi cagar budaya perlu diatur lebih lanjut dan membutuhkan kerjasama antara BPN dan Dinas Budaya. Penting juga untuk memperhatikan keterlibatan profesi Notaris dan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah dalam peralihan hak atas bangunannya.

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Legal consequences exist related to the transfer and change of form of privately controlled cultural heritage buildings. The dispute relating to determining the status of cultural heritage buildings was found in the Bandung State Administrative Court (PTUN) Decision Number 121/G/2019/PTUN.Bdg between the bulding owner against the Regent of Sumedang. Based on doctrinal research methods, this thesis spotlights specifically about the conformity of publication of the determination of the status of cultural heritage buildings based on applicable laws and regulations and the legal protection that can be done by cultural heritage building owner without owner’s approval. Based on the Government Administration Law and PTUN Law as well as the Cultural Heritage Law, the determination of cultural heritage status in the Bandung PTUN decision Number 121/G/2019/PTUN.Bdg is procedurally and substantively flawed. TUN settlements are available through administrative measures (including approval and administrative appeals) and lawsuits to the PTUN. Legal vacuum exists in determining cultural heritage buildings, so apart from involvement of the owner in the determining process and notifying the owner with the result, the status of cultural heritage land must also be recorded in the land book. This is highlighted in order to emphasize legal certainty as a protection for the rights of building owners. Legislative regulations only regulate the registration of cultural heritage, so regulations regarding data collection and publication of cultural heritage need to be regulated and require cooperation between BPN. It is also important to pay attention to the involvement of the Notary profession and Land Deed Officials."

"Tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana keberlakuan kuasa jual dalam pengalihan tanah, khususnya pada Putusan Nomor 18/Pdt.G/2021/PN Pwk jo Putusan Nomor 442/Pdt/2022/PT Bdg. Tulisan ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Pemberian kuasa didefinisikan dalam Pasal 1792 KUH Perdata sebagai suatu perjanjian di mana seseorang memberikan kewenangan kepada orang lain yang menerimanya untuk mewakili dan menjalankan suatu urusan atas namanya. Sementara itu, kuasa jual adalah jenis kuasa khusus yang diberikan secara tegas untuk tindakan kepemilikan yang hanya dapat dilakukan oleh pemilik. Keabsahan kuasa jual bergantung pada pemenuhan syarat-syarat sah perjanjian menurut Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata. Keberlakuan kuasa jual berkaitan dengan ketentuan tentang berakhirnya pemberian kuasa, yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Kantor Wilayah Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) menetapkan masa berlaku kuasa jual selama satu tahun, meskipun tidak diatur secara tegas dalam peraturan hukum. Selama kurun waktu tersebut, bisa terjadi perubahan kondisi yang relevan dengan ketentuan berakhirnya pemberian kuasa. Proses hukum yang melibatkan kuasa jual tidak hanya bergantung pada peraturan mengenai pemberian kuasa. Oleh karena itu, penentuan keberlakuan kuasa jual dalam pengalihan tanah juga harus memperhatikan keselarasan antara prinsip, doktrin, dan praktik pertanahan.

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This paper analyzes how the validity of power of sale in land transfer, especially on the Court Decision Number 18/Pdt.G/2021/PN Pwk jo High Court Decision Number 442/Pdt/2022/PT Bdg. This paper employs doctrinal legal research. Power of is defined in Article 1792 of the Civil Code as an agreement in which one person authorizes another person who accepts it to represent him and conduct business on his behalf. Meanwhile, power of sale is a special type of power of attorney granted expressly for ownership actions that can only be performed by the owner. The validity of the power of sale depends on the fulfillment of the legal requirements of an agreement according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The validity of the power of sale is related to the provisions on the expiration of the power of attorney, which can be influenced by various factors. The Regional Office of the National Land Agency (BPN) sets the validity period of the power of sale for one year, although it is not expressly regulated in legal regulations. During this period, there can be changes in conditions that are relevant to the expiry of the power of attorney. Legal proceedings involving power of sale do not only depend on the regulations regarding the granting of power of attorney. Therefore, the determination of the validity of the power of sale in the transfer of land must also pay attention to the harmony between land principles, doctrines and practices."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mengenai pelindungan konsumen terhadap layanan purna jual dan garansi produk elektronika dan telematika, dengan studi kasus Putusan BPSK Nomor 009/A/BPSK-DKI/XII/2020. Dalam melindungi hak-hak konsumen pengguna produk elektronika dan telematika, penting bagi konsumen untuk mendapatkan pelindungan terhadap layanan purna jual dan garansi yang diberikan oleh pelaku usaha. Dalam hal ini, hukum pelindungan konsumen hadir untuk memberikan pelindungan hukum guna menjaga kepentingan konsumen, khususnya dalam konteks ini, para konsumen pengguna produk elektronika dan telematika. Namun, masih ada permasalahan terkait upaya perlindungan bagi konsumen pengguna produk tersebut, seperti kurangnya pengetahuan dan kesadaran konsumen akan hak-hak yang sebenarnya dimilikinya. Oleh karena itu, meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran konsumen tentang hak-hak yang mereka miliki menjadi hal yang sangat penting. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif dalam menganalisis data yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumen masih memiliki pengetahuan yang terbatas dan kurang sadar akan hak-hak yang sebenarnya dimilikinya. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari salah satu contoh kasus dalam Putusan BPSK Nomor 009/A/BPSK-DKI/XII/2020. Meskipun pelaku usaha telah memenuhi kewajibannya dengan baik, konsumen tetap merasa tidak puas dan mengharapkan lebih banyak. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan konsumen tentang jangka waktu layanan purna jual yang diberikan oleh pelaku usaha. Padahal, jangka waktu layanan purna jual telah diatur secara spesifik dalam kartu jaminan dan Permendag 26/2021. Oleh karena itu, konsumen perlu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman terkait hak-hak mereka sebagai konsumen terhadap layanan purna jual dan garansi produk elektronika dan telematika. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan memperhatikan aspek layanan purna jual dan garansi yang diberikan oleh pelaku usaha sebelum melakukan pembelian produk. Selain itu, konsumen juga perlu membaca dengan seksama petunjuk penggunaan dan kartu jaminan purna jual yang diberikan oleh pelaku usaha. Dengan demikian, diharapkan kepada konsumen dapat lebih memahami dan meningkatkan kesadaran akan hak-hak yang dimilikinya yang telah dilindungi oleh peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai layanan purna jual dan garansi produk elektronika dan telematika.

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This study aims to examine the juridical review of consumer protection of after-sales service and warranty of electronics and telematics products, with a case study of BPSK Decision Number 009/A/BPSK-DKI/XII/2020. In protecting the rights of consumers who use electronics and telematics products, it is important for consumers to get protection against after-sales and warranty services provided by business actors. In this case, consumer protection law provides legal protection to safeguard the interests of consumers, especially in the context of consumers who use electronics and telematics products. However, there are still problems related to protection efforts for consumers who use these products, such as the lack of knowledge and awareness of consumers of the rights they actually have, and this emphasizes the importance of increasing consumer’s knowledge regarding their rights. This research uses the juridical-normative method in analyzing relevant data with results showing that consumers still have limited knowledge and are less aware of the rights they actually have reflected in BPSK Decision Number 009/A/BPSK-DKI/XII/2020. Although business actors have fulfilled their obligations properly, consumers still feel dissatisfied and expect more. This is due to consumers' lack of knowledge about the after-sales service period provided by business actors. In fact, the after-sales service period has been specifically regulated in the warranty card and Minister of Trade Regulation Number 26/2021. Therefore, consumers need to increase their knowledge and understanding of their rights as consumers regarding after-sales service and warranty of electronics and telematics products. This can be done by paying attention to the after-sales service and warranty aspects provided by businesses before purchasing products. In addition, consumers also need to read carefully the instructions for use and the after-sales guarantee card provided by the business. Thus, it is hoped that consumers can better understand and increase awareness of their rights which have been protected by laws and regulations regarding after-sales service and warranty of electronics and telematics products."

"Perkara perceraian yang dilakukan dengan mengajukan gugatan ke Pengadilan dengan terdapat salah satu pihak yang murtad, Undang-Undang Perkawinan dan juga Kompilasi Hukum Islam tidak mengatur secara jelas terkait hal tersebut. Namun dalam perspektif Hukum Islam dijelaskan bahwa ketika salah seorang suami atau istri murtad maka perkawinan mereka menjadi fasakh (batal) disebabkan kemurtadan yang terjadi. Putusnya perkawinan dalam hal terdapat salah satu pihak yang murtad memiliki implikasi terhadap hak waris anak disaat salah satu orang tuanya memiliki agama yang berbeda dengan anaknya saat terjadi pewarisan. Permasalahan yang diteliti adalah terkait konstruksi hukum dan teori tentang cerai gugat yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah murtad serta implikasinya terhadap hak waris anak. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut digunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Adapun tipologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksplanatoris. Hasil analisis adalah bahwa konstruksi hukum perkara cerai gugat yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah murtad yaitu putusnya perkawinan karena perceraian harus didasarkan pada kaedah tentang perkawinan. Berdasarkan kaedah Hukum Islam, dalam hal suatu perkawinan terdapat pihak yang murtad maka perkawinan tersebut akan putus karena terdapat perbedaan agama diantara kedua pihak. Implikasinya terhadap hak waris anak, bagi anak sebagai ahli waris yang berbeda agama (non-muslim) dengan orang tuanya sebagai pewaris (muslim), tetap dapat menerima harta peninggalan dengan melalui wasiat atau apabila tidak ada wasiat maka melalui wasiat wajibah. Pemberian wasiat wajibah tersebut hanya berlaku bagi pewaris yang beragama Islam. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut perlu adanya pengaturan dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam terkait murtad sebagai sebab putusnya perkawinan, dan juga pengaturan terkait hak waris anak dari orang tua yang berbeda agama.

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Divorce cases are carried out by filing a lawsuit in court with one of the apostates, the Marriage Law and also the Islamic Law Compilation do not clearly regulate this. However, in the perspective of Islamic Law, it is explained that when one of the husbands or wives apostatizes and does not return, the marriage becomes fasakh (canceled) due to the apostasy that occurred. The termination of a marriage if one of the parties is apostate has implications for the inheritance rights of the child when one of the parents has a different religion from the child when the inheritance. The problems studied are related to legal construction and theories about divorce, one of the causes of which is apostasy and its implications for children’s inheritance rights. To answer this problem, a normative juridical research method is used. The research typology used is explanatory research. The result of the analysis is that the legal construction of the lawsuit for divorce is one of the causes of apostasy, namely the breakup of marriage because divorce must be based on the rules of marriage. Based on the principles of Islamic law if there is an apostate party in a marriage, the marriage will break up because there are religious differences between the two parties. The implications for children's inheritance right, for children as heirs who have a different religion (non-muslim) with their parents as heir (muslim), they can still receive inheritance using a testament or if there is no testament, then through a wajibah testament. Giving a wajibah testament only applies to heir who are Muslim. In this regard, it is necessary to have regulations in Compilation of Islamic Laws related to apostasy as the cause of breaking up a marriage, as well as regulations regarding the inheritance rights of children from parents of different religions."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang keabsahan akta notaris yang memuat kesepakatan mengenai hak asuh anak di bawah umur. Penelitian ini bertujuan secara umum untuk meneliti mengenai keabsahan akta yang notaris yang memuat kesepakatan hak asuh anak di bawah umur terhadap putusan pengadilan. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peraturan yang berlaku di Indonesia mengenai hak asuh anak dalam UU Perkawinan dan KHI, dan menganalisis keabsahan akta notaris yang berisi kesepakatan mengenai hak asuh anak secara bersama berdasarkan UU Perkawinan dan KHI. Pokok permasalahan dari penelitian ini adalah pengaturan mengenai hak asuh anak berdasarkan UU Perkawinan dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam dan keabsahan akta notaris yang memuat kesepakatan mengenai hak asuh anak secara bersama. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan type deskriptif analitis dengan menggunakan data sekunder melalui studi pustaka.Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa akta Notaris yang dipertentangkan di pengadilan menunjukkan bahwa para pihak yang membuat akta tersebut tidak menjalankan kesepakatan yang sudah mereka buat sendiri. Oleh karenanya keabsahan akta tersebut menjadi tidak sah dan dapat dibatalkan oleh majelis hakim dikarenakan unsur kesepakatan dalam pembuatan perjanjian menjadi hilang. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah dalam hal akta yang sudah dibuat dibawa ke pengadilan yang menunjukkan adanya ketidaksepakatan dari para pihak terhadap akta yang mereka buat sendiri, maka penulis melihat sangatlah penting bagi para pihak yang terlibat untuk membuat akta baru dikarenakan akta yang sudah dibuat sebelumnya menjadi tidak sah.

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This thesis discusses the validity of the notary deed which contains an agreement regarding custody of minors. This study aims in general to examine the validity of a notary deed which includes an agreement on custody of minors against court decisions. In particular, this study aims to analyze the prevailing regulations in Indonesia concerning child custody in the Marriage Law and KHI, and analyze the validity of notary deeds that contain agreements regarding child custody together under the Marriage Law and KHI. The main problem of this research is how is the regulation regarding child custody based on the Marriage Law and the Compilation of Islamic Law and how is the validity of the notary deed which contains an agreement regarding child custody together. The research method used is normative juridical research with descriptive analytical properties using secondary data through literature.The results of this study found that the Notary deed contested in court showed that the parties who made the deed did not carry out the agreements they had made themselves. Therefore the validity of the deed becomes invalid and can be canceled by the panel of judges because the element of agreement in making the agreement is lost. Suggestions from this research are in the case that the deed that has been made is brought to court which shows the disagreement from the parties regarding the deed that they made themselves, so the authors see it is very important for the parties involved to make a new deed because the deed that was previously made is not legitimate."