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"Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kedua terbanyak perawatan di rumah sakit yaitu 600,000 pasien setiap tahun di dunia dengan mortalitas tinggi pada pneumonia berat (50%). Di Indonesia, mortalitas community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) CURB skor ≥ 3 tinggi (60,8%) dengan penyebab tersering gagal ekstubasi. Imunopatologi lokal yang mendasari kegagalan ekstubasi belum diketahui dengan pasti. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penelitian untuk menganalisis respons imunopatologi lokal pada pneumonia berat yang mengalami kematian akibat gagal ekstubasi.Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort prospektif pada pasien pnemonia berat yang masuk instalasi gawat darurat (IGD) dan intensive care unit (ICU) RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan November 2020–Januari 2021. Pasien yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian diambil sebagai subjek dengan consecutive sampling. Dilakukan pengambilan cairan bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) untuk pemeriksaan sTREM, makrofag alveolar, IL-6, IL-17, CD4, Treg Foxp3+, surfactant protein-A, dan caspase-3. Status ekstubasi dievaluasi pada hari ke-20 dan mortalitas pada hari ke-28. Data dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney dan uji t tidak berpasangan sedangkan hubungan antar parameter dianalisis dengan uji Fisher.Terdapat 40 pasien pneumonia berat yang menjadi subjek penelitian saat pandemi COVID-19. Proporsi cedera paru berat 70% di paru kanan, proporsi gagal ekstubasi hari ke-20 sebanyak 80% dan mortalitas hari ke-28 adalah 75%. Kadar CD4 paru kanan lebih rendah secara bermakna dibandingkan paru kiri (uji Mann Whitney, p = 0,003). Kadar CD4 cedera paru berat lebih rendah pada pasien gagal ekstubasi (uji Mann Whitney, p = 0,010) dan status mortalitas (uji Mann Whitney, p = 0,004). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada makrofag alveolar fungsional, IL-6, dan CD4; namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada kadar sTREM, IL-17, Treg Foxp3+, jumlah makrofag alveolar, surfactant protein-A, dan caspase-3 terhadap keberhasilan ekstubasi. Disimpulkan gagal ekstubasi dan mortalitas berhubungan dengan kadar CD4 rendah cairan BAL di cedera paru berat. Keberhasilan ekstubasi berhubungan dengan makrofag alveolar fungsional rendah, kadar IL-6 rendah, dan kadar CD4 tinggi di cedera paru berat.

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Pneumonia is the second leading cause for hospitalization with 600,000 patients annually and mortality rate. In Indonesia, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with high CURB score ≥ represents 60,8% of mortality due to extubation failure. The explanation of severe pneumonia pathophysiology that underlying immunopathology causing extubation failure is still insufficient. Therefore, the analysis of lungs’ local immunopathology in severe pneumonia patients with mortality due to extubation failure is required.

This is a prospective cohort study. Subject recruitments were conducted in the resuscitation emergency unit (REU) and intensive care unit (ICU) ward, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, from November 2020 to January 2021. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was performed to investigate sTREM, alveolar macrophage (amount and functional), IL-6, IL-17, CD4, Foxp3+ Tregs, surfactant protein-A, and caspase-3. Data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney and unpaired t test, while fisher test was used to analyze parameter associations.

A total of 40 severe pneumonia patients were enrolled as the study subjects during COVID-19 pandemic. Study results showed the proportion of severe lung injury was 70% in the right lung, the proportion of 20-days extubation failure was 80%, and the 28-days mortality rate was 75%. Levels of CD4 BAL in the right was lower than the left lung (p = 0,003). There was a significant difference of CD4 BAL on 20-days extubation (Mann Whitney test, p = 0,010) and 28-days mortality (Mann Whitney test, p = 0,004). There were an association of functional alveolar macrophage, IL-6, and CD4 in severely affected lungs with extubation success; There were no association of sTREM, IL-17, Foxp3+ Tregs, amount and functional alveolar macrophage, surfactant protein-A, dan caspase-3 in severely affected lungs with extubation success. In summary, extubation failure and mortality are associated with low BALF CD4 in severely affected lungs. Extubation success is associated with low functional alveolar macrophage, low IL-6, and high CD4 levels in severe pneumonia patients."

"Dalam dua tahun terakhir pandemi corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) telah menginfeksi > 220 juta orang dan 5 juta orang meninggal. Di Indonesia > 4 juta orang terinfeksi dan > 140.000 orang meninggal. Pada puncak pandemi, kebutuhan perawatan tidak seimbang dengan sarana rumah sakit sehingga WHO menganjurkan untuk memprioritaskan pasien secara ekual. Untuk itu diperlukan prediktor luaran pasien COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyusun prediktor luaran pasien COVID-19 menggunakan regresi logistik dan machine learning.Penelitian terdiri atas 2 tahap. Tahap pertama adalah kohort retrospektif untuk menyusun prediktor kematian di rumah sakit dengan regresi logistik dan machine learning (decision tree, random forest, support vectore machine, gradient boost and extreme gradient boost). Pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 diinput di data registri REG-COVID-19 pada bulan Maret–Juli 2020 di RS Persahabatan (RSP) dan RS Universitas Indonesia (RSUI). Tahap kedua adalah kohort prospektif pada pasien COVID-19 di RSP, RSUI dan RSPI Suliati Saroso pada bulan Maret–Mei 2021. Data yang diinput adalah data demografi, gejala klinis, komorbid, laboratorium, skor Brixia dari radiografi toraks, luaran pasien dari perawatan dan lama rawat.Pada tahap penyusunan diperoleh 271 subjek untuk analisis machine learning, 239 subjek untuk model 1, sebanyak 180 subjek model 2, dan 152 subjek model 3 dan model 4. Hasil analisis regresi logistik model 1 terdiri atas 7 variabel yaitu demam, diabetes melitus, frekuensi napas, saturasi O2, leukosit, SGOT dan CRP dengan AUC 0,930. Model 2 memberikan hasil hampir sama tetapi SGOT menjadi SGPT dengan AUC 0,926. Model 3 memiliki AUC 0,919 dan model 4 memberikan AUC 0,924 dengan variabel D dimer > 2000 menjadi salah satu prediktor. Validasi semua model regresi logistik dan machine learning menunjukkan penurunan AUC, tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna (uji perbandingan AUC, p = 0,683–0,736). Perbandingan model regresi logistik dan machine learning juga tidak berbeda bermakna (uji perbandingan AUC dengan rumus Hanley, p = 0,492–0,923).Disimpulkan prediksi kematian pasien COVID-19 menggunakan regresi logistik dan machine learning memiliki akurasi yang baik sehingga regresi logistik dan machine learning dapat dijadikan prediktor luaran pasien COVID-19.

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Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has lasted almost 2 years worldwide with more than two hundred million world population were infected and almost 5 million (2%) death. In Indonesia, there have been more than 4 million people were infected with more than 140.000 (3.5%) death. At the peak of the outbreak there were discrepancy between health care facilities and demands. WHO recommended to prioritize patient equally, to avoid patient discrimination by social class, race, and gender. The best prediction tool should be valid, reliable and feasible. Many studies develop assessment with logistic regression and machine learning with the goal to improve accuracy. Some study showed variety of predictors in outcome prediction, in this study we developed and validated assessment tool to predict hospital mortality comparing logistic regression and machine learning, included support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), gradient boost (GB) and extreme gradient boost (XGB). Our study was conducted in 2 stages. The first stage study was cohort retrospective to develop assessment tool to predict hospital mortality by comparing logistic regression and machine learning among hospitalized COVID-19 patients from March to July 2020. The second was cohort prospective study among the same population, to validate the tools. The development data were collected from Persahabatan hospital and Universitas Indonesia hospital who registered in REG-COVID-19, 271subjects were eligible for machine learning analysis and 239 subjects for logistic regression data set 1; 180 subjects for data set 2; 152 for data set 3 and 4. Analysis of data set 1 resulted in 8 variables as mortality prediction include fever, DM, respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation, leucocyte, ALT > 42, CRP > 88, with AUC 0,930. Data set 2 resulted in similar variables except AST, with AUC 0,926. Data set 3 resulted in 6 variables with AUC 0,919 and Data set 4 resulted in 7 variables included fever, HR, RR, leucocyte, age above 52, CRP > 86 and D-dimer > 2000 with AUC 0,924. Validation of all models showed decreasing AUC. Machine learning analysis resulted in 5 models with the best was XGB among all set data with AUC between 0,8–0,9. There were decreasing of AUC of all models, but not statistically different (p 0.683–0.736). Comparing developed models with logistic regression and machine learning showed there were differences but not statistically significant. (p 0.492-0.923)"

"Di tengah pemberlakuan kebijakan new normal, risiko para tenaga kesehatan terinfeksi COVID-19 masih tinggi. Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah memberikan arahan terhadap rumah sakit untuk melaksanakan langkah preventif, kuratif dan promotif dalam penanganan COVID-19. Brebes merupakan kabupaten dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk tertinggi kedua di Jawa Tengah yaitu sebanyak 1.925.365 jiwa dengan luas wilayah Kabupaten Brebes mencapai 1.769,62 km2. Dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk serta luas wilayah yang tinggi, rumah sakit di Kabupaten Brebes tentunya dituntut untuk dapat memberikan pelayanan maksimal dengan pemenuhan standar rumah sakit dan tenaga kesehatan. Pelaksanaan pencegahan dan pengendalian COVID19 di rumah sakit merupakan upaya penting dalam melindungi tenaga kesehatan dari risiko infeksi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa penerapan manajemen risiko pada tenaga kesehatan yang menangani COVID-19 di RSUD Brebes tahun 2022. Penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus deskriptif ini menggunakan data primer yang berasal dari wawancara mendalam dan data sekunder yang berasal dari telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penerapan manajemen risiko COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan di RSUD Brebes belum berjalan secara maksimal. Hal utama yang menyebabkan belum dilaksanakannya manajemen risiko secara maksimal ini adalah belum adanya komitmen dari seluruh staf terutama pimpinan dalam mengupayakan dan mendukung terlaksananya program manajemen risiko. Kondisi ini juga didukung dengan masih minimnya jumlah personil tenaga kesehatan sehingga menjadi pemicu kendala dalam penerapan manajemen risiko COVID-19.Oleh karena itu, peneliti menyarankan untuk memasukkan manajemen risiko sebagai salah satu kebijakan strategis rumah sakit dalam upaya peningkatan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja. Untuk tenaga kesehatan, disarankan untuk lebih berpartisipasi aktif dalam penerapan dan pengembangan manajemen risiko.

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In the midst of the implementation of the new normal policy, the risk of health workers being infected with COVID-19 is still high. The Central Java Provincial Government provides directions for hospitals to carry out preventive, curative and promotive steps in handling COVID-19. Brebes is the district with the second highest population density in Central Java, which is 1,925,365 people with the area of ​​Brebes Regency reaching 1,769.62 km2. With a high level of population density and area, hospitals in Brebes Regency are certainly required to be able to provide maximum service by meeting hospital standards and health workers. The implementation of the prevention and control of COVID-19 in hospitals is an important effort to protect health workers from the risk of COVID-19 infection. This study aims to analyze the application of risk management to health workers who handle COVID-19 at the Brebes Hospital in 2022. This qualitative research with a descriptive case study design uses primary data from in-depth interviews and secondary data from document review. The results showed that the application of COVID-19 risk management to health workers at the Brebes Hospital had not run optimally. The main reason why risk management has not been implemented to its full potential is the lack of commitment from all staff, especially the leadership, in seeking and supporting the implementation of risk management programs. This condition is also supported by the still minimal number of health personnel so that it triggers obstacles in the implementation of COVID-19 risk management. Therefore, the researchers suggest including risk management as one of the hospital's strategic policies in an effort to improve occupational safety and health. For health workers, it is recommended to actively participate in the implementation and development of risk management."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang pandemi Covid-19 dan kebijakan penanggulangan yang dikeluarkan di 10 negara anggota Uni Eropa (UE) yaitu Spanyol, Italia, Jerman, Prancis, Belgia, Belanda, Portugal, Irlandia, Austria, dan Swedia. Negara-negara tersebut dipilih karena dikonfirmasi memiliki kasus positif Covid-19 terbanyak pada awal masa pandemi. Penelitian dianalisis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan baik data kualitatif mapun kuantitatif. Teori Ancaman Nasional dan Konsep Kapasitas Fiskal diaplikasikan untuk menganalisis mengapa 10 negara anggota UE  berinisiatif mengeluarkan kebijakan masing-masing dalam penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19 meskipun berada di bawah institusi supranasional yaitu UE, serta kebijakan pada sektor apa yang menjadi prioritas dalam penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19 di 10 negara UE dan mengapa negara memprioritaskan kebijakan tersebut. Argumentasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 negara anggota UE melihat pandemi Covid-19 sebagai ancaman nasional yang perlu segera ditangani sehingga masing-masing negara memutuskan untuk mengeluarkan kebijakan tanpa menunggu respon dari UE.  Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa 10 negara anggota UE melihat pandemi Covid-19 sebagai ancaman lingkungan yang berdampak pada stabilitas nasional di sektor sosial-kemasyarakatan, politik, dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa semakin kuat kapasitas fiskal suatu negara, semakin kuat juga kebijakan dan peran pemerintah dalam penanggulangan krisis pada negara tersebut.

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This study discusses the Covid-19 pandemic and the policy response of 10 member countries of the European Union (EU), namely Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, and Sweden. These countries were chosen because they were confirmed to have the highest positive cases of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic. The research was analysed using qualitative methods by utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data. National Threat Theory and Fiscal Capacity Concept were applied to analyse why 10 EU member states took the initiative to issue their respective policies in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic even though they were under a supranational institution, namely the EU, as well which sector of policies was the priority in handling Covid-19 pandemic in 10 EU countries and why they prioritize those policies. This study argues that 10 EU member states see the Covid-19 as a national threat, which needs to be addressed immediately so that each country decides to issue a policy without waiting for a response from the EU. This study found that 10 EU member states saw the Covid-19 pandemic as an ecological threat that impacts national stability in the social, political, and economic sectors. This study also found that countries with strong fiscal capacity can issue strong government’s policies and involvement in overcoming crisis."

"Pandemi Covid-19 (coronavirus diseases 2019) yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-Cov-2 yang pertama kali muncul Kota Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, China pada akhir tahun 2019. Virus ini muncul di berbagai negara di dunia sehingga menciptakan dampak yang signifikan bagi masyarakat dan ekonomi global. Tidak hanya itu, pandemi Covid-19 juga menimbulkan kekhawatiran dan berbagai gangguan kesehatan mental lainnya di masyarakat. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan juga rentan terhadap gangguan kesehatan mental selama menangani pasien Covid-19. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala kecemasan dan depresi pada tenaga kesehatan laboratorium terpadu di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia selama pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Terpadu Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia pada bulan Juli 2021. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu, univariat, bivariat dan multivariabel dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%. Dari 42 tenaga kesehatan laboratorium terpadu RS UI didapatkan prevalensi gejala kecemasan sebesar 11,9% dan prevalensi gejala depresi sebesar 14,3%. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan uji chi-square menyatakan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara gejala kecemasan ataupun depresi dengan variabel independen penelitian.

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The Covid-19 pandemic (coronavirus diseases 2019) caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus which first appeared in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China at the end of 2019. This virus appeared in various countries in the world, causing a significant impact on society and the global economy. Covid-19 pandemic has also caused concern and various other mental health disorders in the community. Furthermore, healthcare workers are also vulnerable to mental health disorders while treating Covid-19 patients. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in healthcare workers in the integrated laboratory at the Universitas Indonesia Hospital during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a cross sectional design conducted at the Integrated Laboratory of the Universitas Indonesia Hospital in July 2021. The analysis used is univariate, bivariate and multivariable with a 95% confidence interval. Of 42 integrated laboratory health workers at Universitas Indonesia Hospital, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 11.9% and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 14.3%. The results of the bivariate analysis with the chi-square test there is no significant relationship between symptoms of anxiety or depression with the independent variables of the study."

"Walaupun pendidikan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia sudah dapat berlangsung secara tatap muka, bukan berarti ancaman terhadap paparan COVID-19 pada warga sekolah telah hilang. Hal tersebut terlihat dari tingginya kasus positif COVID-19 di Indonesia, di mana Provinsi DKI Jakarta merupakan provinsi dengan kasus positif COVID-19 tertinggi di Indonesia. Selain itu, keberadaan klaster penularan COVID-19 di sekolah-sekolah juga menunjukkan pentingnya penerapan protokol kesehatan COVID-19 di sekolah. SDN Ujung Menteng 02 merupakan salah satu sekolah yang harus ditutup selama dua minggu akibat terdapat beberapa warga sekolah yang positif COVID-19. Dalam penelitian ini dibahas mengenai implementasi protokol kesehatan COVID-19 di SDN Ujung Menteng 02 dengan melihat variabel yang terdapat pada Model Implementasi Edward III. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, SDN Ujung Menteng 02 telah cukup baik dalam mengimplementasikan protokol kesehatan COVID-19. Namun, masih terdapat perilaku warga sekolah yang harus dibenahi, seperti penggunaan masker, menjaga jarak, dan lain sebagainya. Sumber daya, komunikasi, dan disposisi (sikap) warga sekolah sudah baik dalam mengimplementasikan protokol kesehatan COVID-19 di SDN Ujung Menteng 02. Namun, struktur birokrasi pada Satgas COVID-19 SDN Ujung Menteng 02 masih perlu diperbaiki dan ditingkatkan.

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Although schools in various regions in Indonesia have been opened, the threat of exposure to COVID-19 for the school residents has not disappeared. This can be seen from the number of positive cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia, where DKI Jakarta Province is the province with the highest positive cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The COVID-19 transmission clusters in schools also show the importance of implementing COVID-19 health protocols in schools. SDN Ujung Menteng 02 was one of the schools that had to be closed due to several school residents who were positive for COVID-19. This study discusses the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol at SDN Ujung Menteng 02 by looking at the variables from Edward III Implementation Model. The type of research used is qualitative research with case study design, using in-depth interviews and observation. Based on the data obtained, there are still behaviors of school residents that must be addressed, such as the use of masks, physical distancing, etc. Resources, communication, and disposition of school residents are good in implementing the COVID-19 health protocol at SDN Ujung Menteng 02. However, the bureaucratic structure of the Satgas COVID-19 SDN Ujung Menteng 02 still needs to be improved."

"Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk meneliti apakah tingkat return harian dari indeks milik perusahaan Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Market memiliki ketahanan terhadap volatilitas asimetris yang muncul ketika dihadapkan dengan pandemi Covid-19. Alasan utama munculnya volatilitas yang asimetris ini dikarenakan pasar keuangan dilanda oleh krisis, yaitu pandemi Covid-19 yang menyerang seluruh negara di dunia dan dampaknya paling dirasakan oleh negara-negara berkembang. Sampel dari penelitian ini terdiri 24 negara berkembang dari wilayah Asia, Eropa, Timur Tengah, Afrika, dan Amerika. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis hal tersebut adalah GJR-GARCH. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa wilayah dengan tingkat leverage effect paling rendah merupakan negara-negara berkembang di Asia dikarenakan negara-negara berkembang di Asia bagian Tenggara (ASEAN) memiliki mayoritas saham dengan nilai yang masih berkembang sehingga memiliki tingkat sentimen investor yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan negara-negara yang sahamnya sudah memiliki nilai tinggi.

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The purpose of this study is to examine whether the daily rate of return of the index belonging to the company Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets has resistance to the asymmetric volatility that arises when faced with the Covid-19 pandemic. The main reason for the emergence of this asymmetrical volatility is because the financial market was hit by a crisis, which is the Covid-19 pandemic that attacked all countries in the world and its impact was felt most by developing countries. The sample of this study consisted of 24 developing countries from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and America. The method used to analyze this event is GJR-GARCH. This study found that the regions with the lowest levels of leverage effect are developing countries in Asia, especially developing countries in Southeast Asia (ASEAN) most of their stocks have a value that is still small and developing so that they have a lower level of investor’s sentiment compared to other countries. countries whose stocks already have a high value."

"Latar Belakang: The World Health Organization (WHO) telah menetapkan Corona Disease 2019 (COVID-19) sebagai pandemi. Untuk mengendalikan penyebaran virus SAR-CoV-2, pemerintah telah membuat berbagai kebijakan. Tempat kerja merupakan salah satu lokasi yang berpotensi menyebabkan penularan virus SAR-COV-2, salah satunya di sektor pertambangan. Di masa pandemi COVID-19, pengelolaan keselamatan pertambangan dihadapkan pada bahaya baru yaitu virus SARS-COV-2 dengan risiko penularan yang sangat cepat, yang memerlukan peningkatan pengelolaan keselamatan pertambangan dibandingkan sebelum pandemi COVID-19 terjadi. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana pengelolaan keselamatan pertambangan di perusahaan batubara sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19. Metode: Menggunakan desain cross sectional, dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Penelitian dilakukan pada perusahaan batubara pada periode Oktober hingga Desember 2021. Sampel sebanyak 35 perusahaan dianalisis dengan menggunakan data kuantitatif yaitu telaah dokumen laporan RKAB 2017 hingga 2021. Hasil: Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh gambaran pengelolaan keselamatan pertambangan dengan capaian pengelolaan keselamatan pertambangan saat pandemi COVID-19 (2020-2021) lebih rendah dibandingkan sebelum pandemi COVID-19 (2017-2019 Kesimpulan: Dalam hal ini terbukti pandemi COVID-19 mempengaruhi pengelolaan keselamatan pertambangan, bahkan perusahaan yang tidak melakukan kegiatan penambangan karena kasus terpapar COVID-19.

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Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared Corona Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic. To control the spread of the SAR-CoV-2 virus, the government has made various policies. The workplace is one of the locations that has the potential to cause the transmission of the SAR-COV-2 virus, one of which is in the mining sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mining safety management was faced with a new danger, namely the SARS-COV-2 virus with a very rapid risk of transmission, which required improved management compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic occurred. Objective: This research is aimed to see how mining safety management in coal companies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Using a cross sectional design, with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study was conducted on coal companies in the period from October to December 2021. A sample of 35 companies was analyzed using quantitative data, namely document review from the 2017 to 2021 RKAB reports. Result: Based on the research that has been done, an overview of mining safety management in the process of mining activities is obtained. Mining safety management achievement data during the COVID-19 (2020-2021) pandemic is lower than before the COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019 Conclusion: In this case it is proven that the COVID-19 pandemic affects mining safety management, even companies that do not perform mining activities due to cases of being exposed to COVID-19.

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"Situasi pandemi Covid-19 saat ini membuat banyak perusahaan harus melakukan berbagai penyesuaian seperti rasionalisasi yang banyak berdampak pada situasi kerja karyawan khususnya generasi milenial sebagai generasi produktif yang memiliki persentase paling besar dalam komposisi angkatan kerja di Indonesia saat ini. Oleh sebab itu, peneliti hendak melihat hubungan korelasi antara job insecurity dan grit dengan turnover intention pada karyawan milenial (berusia 20 – 38 tahun) di Indonesia di masa pandemi. Jumlah partisipan penelitian adalah 227 karyawan yang diperoleh secara daring dengan cara convenience sampling. Tipe penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan kuantitatif korelasional dengan alat ukur Turnover Intention Scale (2013), Job Insecurity Scale (2013), dan Grit Scale (2009). Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan uji statistik korelasi terhadap ketiga variabel penelitian. Hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat korelasi positif signifikan antara job insecurity dan turnover intention, serta terdapat korelasi negatif signifikan antara grit dan turnover intention. Dalam situasi pandemi, ternyata semakin tinggi job insecurity membuat turnover intention semakin tinggi pada karyawan milenial di Indonesia. Selain itu grit juga memiliki korelasi negatif dengan turnover intention, sehingga jika karyawan memiliki tingkat grit yang tinggi maka tingkat turnover intention yang dimilikinya rendah. Adapun, nilai korelasi antara job insecurity dengan turnover intention tampak lebih besar dibandingkan nilai korelasi grit dengan turnover intention. Oleh sebab itu, job insecurity memiliki peran yang cukup penting bagi karyawan milenial dalam menghadapi situasi pandemi ini.

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The current covid-19 pandemic situation has made many companies have to make various adjustments such as rationalizations which have a lot of impacts on employee’s work situations especially millenial employees as the productive generation that has the largest percentage in the composition of Indonesia’s current workforce. Therefore, researchers want to see the correlation between job insecurity and grit with turnover intention for millennial employees (aged 20 - 38 years) in this pandemic. The number of study participants was 227 employees who were obtained online by means of convenience sampling. This type of research is correlational quantitative with the measurement tools of Turnover Intention Scale (2013), Job Insecurity Scale (2013), and Grit Scale (2009). The data obtained were processed using the correlation statistical test of the three research variables. The results found in this study are that there is a significant positive correlation between job insecurity and turnover intention, and there is a significant negative correlation between grit and turnover intention. In a pandemic situation, it turns out that higher job insecurity makes turnover intention higher for millennial employees in Indonesia. In addition, grit also has a negative correlation with turnover intention, so that if an employee has a high level of grit, the turnover intention will be low. Meanwhile, the correlation between job insecurity and turnover intention appears to be greater than the correlation between grit and turnover intention. Therefore, job insecurity has an important role for millennial employees in dealing with this pandemic situation."

"Terjadinya pandemi COVID-19 membawa pengaruh terhadap sektor ekonomi. Tingkat kemiskinan di Kota Depok meningkat menjadi 2,58% di tahun 2021. Tingkat penularan yang cepat dan kasus yang meningkat mendorong pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan pembatasan sosial sehingga berpotensi menurunkan kunjungan ke fasilitas kesehatan. Self-Medication menjadi salah satu alternatif piliahan yang dilakukan. Tren perilaku mengobati sendiri meningkat di Jawa Barat dari 73,32% di tahun 2019 menjadi 88,28% di tahun 2021. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication selama pandemi COVID-19 di Kota Depok dengan menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional untuk mengetahui pola dan faktor yang berkontribusi. Pertama adanya kenaikan dilihat dengan membandingkan kondisi sebelum dan selama pandemi COVID-19. Selanjutnya faktor yang berhubungan dianalisis menggunakan uji hubungan dan dilanjutkan dengan regresi Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication di Kota Depok meningkat selama pandemi COVID-19. Status pendidikan dan tingkat ekonomi berhubungan signifikan dan menunjukan arah hubungan yang positif dengan pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication selama pandemi COVID-19. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan variabel tingkat ekonomi berpengaruh secara signifikan dimana semakin tinggi tingkat ekonomi maka pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication selama pandemi COVID-19 semakin tinggi. Upaya pengawasan praktik self-medication khususnya penggunaan obat tanpa resep dari tenaga kesehatan menjadi hal utama untuk melindungi rumah tangga baik dari bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan dan dari tambahan beban pengeluaran rumah tangga terutama kondisi pasca pandemi COVID-19.

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The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the economic sector. The poverty rate in Depok City increased to 2.58% in 2021. The fast transmission rate and increasing cases have prompted the government to implement a social restriction policy that has the potential to reduce visits to health facilities. Self-medication is one of the alternative choices. The trend of self-medication behavior is increasing in West Java, from 73.32% in 2019 to 88.28% in 2021. This research was conducted to analyze household health expenditure for self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic in Depok City using data from the National Socioeconomic Survey to find patterns and contributing factors. First, there is an increase seen by comparing conditions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Then the related factors were analyzed using the relationship test, followed by Ordinary Least squares (OLS) regression. The results of the study show that household health expenditures for self-medication in Depok City increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational status and economic level are significantly related and show a positive relationship with household health expenditure for self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate analysis shows that the economic level variable has a significant effect, where the higher the economic level, the higher the household health expenditure for self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to monitor self-medication practices, especially the use of drugs without a prescription from health workers, are the main thing to do to protect households both from the dangers that can be caused and from the additional burden on household expenses, especially in post-pandemic conditions like COVID-19."