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"In general lines, insolvency is a state in which the debtor is proven unable to pay corporate creditors. In this volume, we aim to explore the contemporary causes and effects of corporate cross-border insolvency (CCBI). The specificity of this state occurs when the debtor’s assets or liabilities are located by virtue of being crossborder in more than one country, or if the debtor is subject to the jurisdiction of courts from two or more countries (UNCITRAL, 2014 ). In the realms of international business, CCBI could be mediated by events experienced during the internationalisation of the firm, which may encompass a loss of capital, loss of revenue and loss of credit. Problems that ‘drag on’ over an extended period of time are often exacerbated by a tangled web of interconnected occurrences, like credit problems resulting promised payments that never happen, accumulating unpaid bills and the snowballing effect of the situation that impacts upon the firms credit both at home and abroad. The potential for small events to compound and morph in firms that control and manage production establishments located in two (or more) countries is greater than the same potential for those that keep a domestic profile (Teece, 1985 ; UNCITRAL, 2014 ). If unaddressed, these ‘business, as usual’ issues reach a point where a viable organisation is transformed into a dead firm."

"Tulisan ini menganalisis tentang bagaimana pengaturan tentang pelunasan piutang atas beban harta Debitor yang berada di luar negeri berdasarkan undang-undang kepailitan dan bagaimana upaya kerjasama antarnegara untuk dapat meningkatkan efektifitas kewenangan kurator dalam menangani pelunasan piutang Kreditor dalam konteks Cross Border Insolvency. Tulisan ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Pelunasan utang atas harta debitor di luar negeri berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Pembayaran Utang terbatasi oleh prinsip teritorialitas, sehingga menghalangi eksekusi keputusan pengadilan asing di Indonesia. Pasal 436 Rv menegaskan bahwa keputusan hakim asing tidak berlaku kecuali ditentukan oleh undang-undang tertentu. Prinsip ini menyulitkan kurator dan merugikan kreditur. Penyelesaian sengketa kepailitan lintas batas dapat dilakukan melalui hukum dalam perjanjian utang-piutang, pengadilan umum, perjanjian bilateral, hubungan diplomatik, atau UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross Border Insolvency, dengan prinsip universalitas dan teritorialitas. Undang-Undang Kepailitan Indonesia saat ini terbatas dalam menangani kasus kepailitan yang melibatkan aset di luar negeri, dengan keputusan pengadilan asing tidak diakui di Indonesia. Diperlukan peningkatan kerjasama hukum internasional, terutama melalui adopsi Model Law dari UNCITRAL, yang sedang dalam tahap finalisasi. Fokusnya termasuk penelusuran aset digital di luar negeri, yang menghadapi tantangan teknis. Harmonisasi hukum kepailitan internasional diakui sebagai kunci untuk mengatasi hambatan dari perbedaan hukum nasional dan memfasilitasi penyelesaian aset pailit lintas batas. Pentingnya Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) untuk pertukaran informasi adalah untuk memperkuat penegakan hukum kolaboratif di luar yurisdiksi tunggal, dapat dilakukan melalui perjanjian bilateral atau multilateral proaktif.

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This text analyzes the regulations regarding the repayment of debts against the debtor's assets located abroad based on bankruptcy laws and efforts of international cooperation to enhance the effectiveness of the curator's authority in handling creditor repayment in the context of Cross Border Insolvency. The research is conducted using a doctrinal research method. The repayment of debts on debtor's assets abroad under Law No. 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment is limited by the principle of territoriality, which hinders the execution of foreign court decisions in Indonesia. Article 436 Rv asserts that foreign court decisions do not apply unless specified by specific laws. This principle complicates the curator's role and harms creditors. Resolution of cross-border bankruptcy disputes can be conducted through laws in credit agreements, general courts, bilateral agreements, diplomatic relations, or the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, based on the principles of universality and territoriality. Indonesia's Bankruptcy Law currently has limitations in handling cases involving assets abroad, with foreign court decisions not recognized in Indonesia. Enhanced international legal cooperation is needed, particularly through the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law, which is currently in its finalization stage. The focus includes tracing digital assets abroad, facing numerous technical challenges. Harmonization of international bankruptcy laws is recognized as crucial to overcoming national legal differences and facilitating the resolution of cross-border insolvent assets. The importance of Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) for information exchange is to strengthen collaborative law enforcement outside single jurisdictions, achievable through proactive bilateral or multilateral agreements."

"Dengan semakin meningkatnya transaksi bisnis internasional, maka semakin meningkat pula kemungkinan terjadinya kepailitan lintas batas. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu pengaturan kepailitan lintas batas yang memadai. Suatu negara dapat mengadopsi salah satu instrumen hukum internasional, yaitu UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, ke dalam hukum kepailitannya guna menghadapi kasus kepailitan lintas batas. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai langkah Singapura dan Jepang dalam menghadapi kasus-kasus kepailitan lintas batas dengan mengadopsi UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency dan bagaimana UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency tersebut diterapkan dalam pengaturan kepailitan lintas batas di masing-masing negara. Skripsi ini juga akan membahas mengenai kemungkinan penerapan UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency dalam hukum kepailitan di Indonesia sebagai solusi dalam menghadapi permasalahan kasus kepailitan lintas batas dengan melihat Singapura dan Jepang sebagai acuan.

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With the ever-increasing number of international business transactions, the possibility of cross-border insolvency also increases. Therefore, an adequate cross-border insolvency regulation is needed. A country can adopt one of the international law instruments, namely the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, into their insolvency law to deal with cross-border insolvency cases. The study will discuss about Singapore and Japan's steps in facing cross-border insolvency cases by adopting the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and how the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency is applied in cross-border insolvency regulation in each country. This study will also discuss about the possibility of adopting the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency in Indonesia's insolvency law as the solution to facing cross-border insolvency cases by looking at Singapore and Japan as a reference."

"ABSTRAKAnggota direksi dalam melaksanakan tugasnya memiliki resiko bertanggung jawab secara pribadi. Saat ini terdapat kecenderungan anggota direksi melakukan perjanjian pisah harta untuk membatasi tanggung jawab pribadinya. Tesis ini mengkaji tentang keberadaan perjanjian pisah harta untuk membatasi pertanggung jawaban anggota direksi dalam hal perseroan terbatas merugi akibat kelalaian anggota direksi tersebut dan perlindungan hukum terhadap kreditur apabila anggota direksi tersebut memiliki perjanjian pisah harta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perjanjian pisah harta yang dilakukan anggota direksi yang bersalah atau lalai yang menyebabkan perseroan terbatas rugi dapat membatasi tanggung jawab anggota direksi tersebut apabila perjanjian pisah harta dibuat sebelum perkawinan dilakukan dan dalam bentuk akta notaries. Kreditur memang tidak mendapatkan perlindungan hukum yang memadai dalam hal anggota direksi memiliki perjanjian pisah harta. Namun demikian kreditur tetap dapat melakukan upaya hukum lainnya agar kepentingannya terlindungi dengan meminta dibuatnya asuransi jabatan direksi atau melakukan gugatan Actio Pauliana. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dengan bahan hukum sekunder sebagai bahan utama

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ABSTRACTBoard of directors in carrying out their duties have personal responsibility risk. Currently, there is a tendency of the directors entered into a separation of property agreement to limit personal liability. This thesis examines the existence of separate property agreement to limit liability of the directors in terms of a limited liability company lost due to the negligence of the directors and the legal protection of creditors if the board member has a separate property agreement. The results showed that the separation of property agreement of the members of the board of directors at fault or negligence which causes loss of limited liability may limit the liability of directors when the separation of property agreement made ​​before marriage done and in a notary deed. The lender did not obtain adequate legal protection in the event a director has an agreement separate property. However, lenders can still make other remedies that protected its interests by requiring insurers made ​​the position of directors or making claims Actio Pauliana. The research was conducted by using normative juridical, with secondary materials as the main materials"

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kemungkinan penerapan pengaturan instrumen Cross Border Insolvency atau Kepailitan Lintas Batas dalam lingkup negara- negara anggota ASEAN terkait dengan keberlakuan ASEAN Economic Community atau Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN. Penelitian ini berbentuk yuridis- normatif dengan desain deskriptif preskriptif, yang bertujuan untuk pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai konsep penerapan instrumen Cross Border Insolvency, terutama penerapannya pada ruang lingkup ASEAN. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan mengenai kemungkinan penerapan instrumen Cross Border Insolvency terkait keberlakuan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN, negara-negara ASEAN untuk saat dapat dikatakan masih belum siap dalam memberlakukan pengaturan ini, namun hal ini bukan berarti bahwa penerapan instrumen Cross Border Insolvency ini mustahil untuk diberlakukan dalam ruang lingkup ASEAN.

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The focus of this study is about reviewing the possibility of applying Cross Border Insolvency instrument regarding the enforceability of ASEAN Economic Community. This normative juridicial with anaylitic prescriptive, is aimed for the further understanding of the implementation concept of Cross Border Insolvency instrument, specifically within the scope of ASEAN. Based on the analysis that had been done regarding the possibility of applying the Cross Border Insolvency instrument in the case of the ASEAN Economic Community, most of member states in ASEAN, for now, are still not capable of applying the Cross Border Insolvency. But, that does not mean that the implementation of the Cross Border Insolvency is impossible to be applied in the scope of ASEAN.;"

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang cross border insolvency pada pelaksanaan putusan pailit perusahaan asing di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Seiring dengan perkembangan suatu negara, transaksi bisnis mulai merambah melewati batas-batas negara, salah satunya adalah pinjam meminjam uang untuk modal suatu perusahaan. Keadaan ketika debitur tidak mampu membayar utangnya dapat membuat debitur dinyatakan pailit. Kepailitan tersebut disebut cross border insolvency. Salah satukasus terkait cross border insolvency adalah kasus permohonan pailit Penaga Timur Sdn.Bhd yang diajukan oleh PT. Wijaya Artha Shipping dan PT. Ujung Medini Lestari. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam kasus tersebut adalah unsurunsur cross border insolvency dan ketentuan UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross- Border Insolvency dapat diterapkan dalam Putusan Nomor 11/Pdt.Sus- PKPU/2018/PN.Niaga.Mdn. Permasalahan lain yang diangkat pada skripsi ini adalah bagaimana pelaksanaan putusan pailit perusahaan asing di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode yuridis-normatif. Analisis yangdilakukan adalah untuk menjelaskan unsur-unsur cross border insolvency dan ketentuan UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency dapat diterapkan dalam Putusan Nomor 11/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2018/PN.Niaga.Mdn, dan pelaksanaan putusan pailit perusahaan asing di Indonesia dan Malaysia.This paper discussed cross border insolvency in enforcement of bankruptcy judgment of foreign company in Indonesia and Malaysia. As a country developing, business transactions begin to penetrate cross border, one of the business transcations is loan agreement for capital. The condition of debtors can not pay their debts can make the debtors go bankrupt. This is called as cross border insolvency. One of the cases of cross border insolvency is a bankruptcy of Penaga Timur Sdn.Bhd case that was filed by PT. Wijaya Artha Shipping and PT. Ujung Medini Lestari. This paper examines the elements of cross border insolvency and the using of UNCITRAL model Law on Cross Border Insolvencyin the case Nomor 11/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2018/PN.Niaga.Mdn. This paper also examines the enforcement of bankruptcy judgment of foreign company in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study was conducted by using normative legal research method. The analysis presents the elements of cross border insolvency and the using of UNCITRAL model Law on Cross Border Insolvency in the case Nomor 11/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2018/PN.Niaga.Mdn, and the enforcement ofbankruptcy judgment of foreign company in Indonesia and Malaysia."

"Meningkatnya perdagangan internasional menyoroti kebutuhan akan regulasi yang jelas terkait kepailitan lintas batas, terutama dalam pengelolaan kreditur dan aset di berbagai yurisdiksi. Studi ini mengkaji kelemahan Undang-Undang Kepailitan Indonesia (UU No. 37 Tahun 2004) dalam menangani kasus kepailitan lintas batas, termasuk kurangnya pengakuan terhadap putusan pengadilan asing, perlindungan hak-hak kreditur yang tidak memadai, dan mekanisme yang belum optimal untuk pengelolaan aset di luar negeri. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum yang menggabungkan analisis hukum dan pendekatan perbandingan, studi ini mengusulkan adopsi prinsip-prinsip utama dari UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency yang disesuaikan dengan sistem hukum Indonesia. Pendekatan ini akan meningkatkan kerja sama internasional, memberikan kepastian hukum, dan memperbaiki daya tarik Indonesia sebagai tujuan investasi. Untuk memastikan implementasi yang praktis, studi ini merekomendasikan mekanisme koordinasi pengadilan daripada perubahan legislasi yang kompleks, sehingga menciptakan kerangka kerja yang lebih efisien dan selaras secara internasional dalam menangani kepailitan lintas batas.

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The rise of international trade underscores the need for clear regulations on cross-border insolvency, particularly in managing creditors and assets across different jurisdictions. This study examines the shortcomings of Indonesia's Bankruptcy Law (Law No. 37 of 2004) in addressing cross-border insolvency, highlighting issues such as the lack of recognition for foreign court decisions, inadequate protection of creditors' rights, and insufficient mechanisms for managing assets abroad. Using a legal research method that combines legal analysis and a comparative approach, the study proposes adopting key principles from the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, tailored to Indonesia's legal system. This would enhance international cooperation, provide legal certainty, and improve Indonesia’s investment climate. To ensure practical implementation, the study recommends focusing on court coordination mechanisms rather than complex legislative changes, offering a more efficient and internationally aligned framework for handling cross-border insolvency. "

"Kepailitan lintas merupakan konsekuensi dari perkembangan interaksi bisnis multinasional yang begitu pesat. Wilayah yurisdiksi suatu negara tidak lagi menjadi penghalang pelaku bisnis untuk menjalankan kegiatan bisnis nya. Kondisi tersebut membuat resiko bisnis, khusunya permasalahan kepailitan lintas batas. Kepailitan yang melibatkan unsur lintas batas didalamnya tidak bisa diselesaikan dengan mekanisme penyelesaian biasa. Hukum Kepailitan Indonesia memalui UU Nomor 37 Tahun 2007 Tentang Kepailitan dan Kewajiban Pembayran Utang masih sangat jauh dari kata ideal dalam menghadapi fenomena ini. Undang-Undang ini hanya memuat tiga pasal berkaitan dengan ketentuan hukum internasional, namun sama sekali tidak memuat ketentuan terkait penyelesaian kepailitan lintas batas. Hal ini dikarenakan proses penegakan hukum akan berhadapan langsung dengan kedaulatan hukum negara lain. UNCITRAL Model Law On Cross-Border Insolvency With Guide To Enactment adalah suatu model hukum yang dibuat untuk menjadi rujukan bagi negara-negara dalam melakukan harmonisasi dan modernisasi hukum kepailitannya agar mampu memberikan keadilan dan kepastian hukum bagi iklim perdagangan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang yang berambisi meningkatkan perekenomiannya harus melakukan perubahan terhadap hukum kepailitan nasional. UNCITRAL Model Law yang bersifat fleksibel, dapat dimodifikasi sesuai nilai-nilai dan kepentingan nasional suatu negara dapat dijadikan rujukan untuk melahirkan hukum kepailitan yang memadai

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Cross Border Insolvency/Bankcruptcy is a is a consequence of the rapid development of multinational business interactions. he jurisdiction of a country is no longer a barrier for businesses to carry out their business activities. These conditions create business risks, especially cross-border bankruptcy issues. Bankruptcy involving cross-border elements in it cannot be resolved by the usual settlement mechanism. Indonesia's Bankruptcy Law passed Law No. 37 of 2007 on Bankruptcy and Debt Relief Obligations is far from ideal in dealing with this phenomenon. This Law contains only three articles relating to the provisions of international law, but contains absolutely no provisions related to the settlement of cross-border bankruptcy. This is because the law enforcement process will be directly confronted with the legal sovereignty of other countries. UNCITRAL Model Law On Cross-Border Insolvency With Guide To Enactment is a legal model created to be a reference for countries in harmonizing and modernizing their bankruptcy laws in order to provide justice and legal certainty for the trading climate. The results of this study show that Indonesia as a developing country with the ambition to improve its economy must make changes to the national bankruptcy law. UNCITRAL Model Law that is flexible, can be modified according to the values and national interests of a country can be used as a reference to give birth to adequate bankruptcy law."