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"Slow deep breathing (SDB) adalah tindakan nonfarmakologis untuk menurunkan tekanan darah pasien hipertensi primer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas SDB terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pasien hipertensi primer. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain Randomized Clinical Trial dengan pretest dan post test control group. Sampelnya 142 responden, meliputi 33 responden kelompok rendah garam (RG), 37 responden kelompok SDB, 39 responden kombinasi kelompok SDB dan RG; dan 33 responden kelompok kontrol. Sampel diambil dengan cara randomisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan penurunan tekanan darah secara bermakna terutama pada kelompok SDB. Tekanan darah sistolik menurun 28,59 mmHg (P value=0,002) dan tekanan darah diastolik 16,92 mmHg (P value=0,007). Analisis dengan uji Tukey diketahui tekanan darah sistolik yang berbeda secara bermakna yaitu antara SDB dan kelompok kontrol (P value=0,001). Tekanan darah diastolik yang berbeda secara bermakna, yaitu: RG dan SDB-RG (P value=0,046); RG dan kelompok kontrol (P value=0,003); SDB dan SDB-RG (P value=0,038) serta SDB dan kelompok kontrol (P value=0,005). Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penerapan SDB untuk membantu menurunkan prevalensi hipertensi sehingga meminimalkan komplikasi yang mungkin timbul.

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Slow deep breathing is a nonpharmacology therapy to reduce blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of slow deep breathing exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension in Atambua East Nusa Tenggara. The method of this research was a quantitative research: a randomized clinical trial design with pretest and post test control group. The sample was 142 respondents, which consisted of 33 respondents in the lower salt (RG) group, 37 respondents in the slow deep breathing (SDB) group, 39 respondents in the combination of SDB-RG group; and 33 respondents in the control group. The method of sampling used a randomization.

The results showed that there were differences in the reduction of systolic blood pressure in SDB group for 28.59 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure for 16.92 mmHg. The result of Anova analysis showed that there was a significant decrease on average of systolic blood pressure (p = 0.002) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.007). Further analysis by Tuckey test of systolic blood pressure found that between SDB group and control group were significantly different, however the other groups was not significant. (P = 0.001). After undergoing further Tukey analysis we found that the systolic blood pressure of four groups has significant differences. The SDB and controlling groups have P value=0,001 differences. RG and the controlling groups have P value=0,003 differences. SDB and SDB-RG groups have P value=0,038 differences. And SDB and controlling groups have P value=0,005 differences. This research would like to suggest applied non-pharmacological actions particularly toward SDB groups in order to decrease the prevalence of hypertension. This will minimize consequences caused by this problem."

"Populasi lanjut usia di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Kenaikan hipertensi sejalan dengan pertambahan usia. Hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskuler. Sekitar 50% kejadian kardiovaskuler di sebabkan oleh hipertensi. lansia merupakan kelompok rentan terhadap hipertensi. Prevalensi hipertensi pada lansia di Indonesia cukup tinggi diperkirakan sekitar 20-30%. Di puskesmas kecamatan Pasar Rebo hipertensi menempati urutan pertama dari 10 penyakit terbanyak yang diderita oleh lansia selama tahun 2009-2010.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan determinan hipertensi di posyandu lansia. Desain penelitiannya adalah cross sectional melalui obsevasi data sekunder hasil pemeriksaan kesehatan di 10 posyandu lansia pada bulan Desember 2010, berjumlah 270 responden. Hasil penelitian didapatkan prevalensi hipertensi sebesar 48,9%. Kejadian hipertensi cukup tinggi pada lansia yang tinggal di wilayah kelurahan Pekayon yaitu sebesar 55,4%, berumur 70 tahun ke atas yaitu sebesar 65,4%, berjenis kelamin laki-laki yaitu sebesar 67,5%, mengalami kegemukan (58,8%), ada gangguan mental/emosional (58,5%), serta mengidap penyakit diabetes Mellitus (68,8%).

Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur, jenis kelamin, dan kegemukan terhadap kejadian hipertensi (p=≤0,05). Sedangkan pada variabel gangguan emosional dan riwayat penyakit DM tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik. Upaya pengontrolan berat badan lansi perlu dilakukan untuk menurunkan kejadian hipertensi.

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The population of elderly in Indonesia was increased. As known, hypertesion would be increased by age. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. About 50% of cardiovascular disease caused by hypertion. Elderly is very potential to become hypertension. Prevalence hypertension of elderly in indonesian estimated about 20-30%. In health center of Pasar Rebo distric, hypertion was number one of ten most disease suffered by elderly during 2009-2010. There is an urgent need to gather information about prevalence and various blood pressure risk factors in elderly health care.

This study using cross sectional methodology by observation secondary data of elderly health status from 10 elderly health care in Pasar Rebo district, Desember 2010. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence and determinants of hypertension in elderly care. The total of responden was 270 elderly.

The result of this study showed that prevalence hypertion is about 48,9%. Hypertension was high in the elderly who live in Pekayon (57%), in the age group more than 70 years old (65,4%), male sex that is about 67.5%, with overweight (58, 8%), with mental /emotional disorder (58.5%), and with diabetes mellitus (68.8%). Statistical test results also showed that there is significant relationship between age, gender, and overweigth with hypertension. While the variable of mental/emotional disorder and history of DM disease has no significant relationship. Controling of body mass index for elderly is recommended to decrease hypertension."

"Hipertensi adalah salah satu faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler dengan angka kejadian nasional yang tinggi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 101 Subjek Penelitian masyarakat RW 01 Srengseng Sawah, yang diambil secara acak antara April hingga Mei 2012. Proporsi hipertensi adalah 33,7%. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi adalah umur dan obesitas sedangkan faktor-faktor risiko selainnya tidak menunjukkan hubungan. Untuk menurunkan angka kejadian hipertensi diperlukan pengendalian faktor risiko hipertensi.

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Hypertension is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases that has high incident in the national level. The research was done with the cross sectional design to the 101 Subjek Penelitiants at RW 01 Srengseng Sawah who were taken randomly on April until May 2012. The hypertension proportion was 33,7%. Risk factors which have relation with the hypertension incident were age and obesity whereas the other factors did not have. Risk factors need to be managed to decrease the hypertension incident."

"LATAR BELAKANG: Hipertensi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang turut berperan dalam peningkatan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas stroke, gagal jantung dan gagal ginjal. Morbiditas dan mortalitas hipertensi meningkat dengan makin banyaknya faktor risiko yang dimiliki, makin tinggi tekanan darah dan makin lama seseorang menderita hipertensi. Sampai saat ini mekanisme pasti terjadinya hipertensi belum jelas. Belakangan ini disfungsi endotel juga dikaitkan dengan hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran kadar sVCAM-1 dan MAU, membuktikan adanya hubungan antara kadar sVCAM-1 dan MAU, menganalisis pengaruh usia, gender, obesitas, terkendali tidaknya hipertensi, lama sakit dan kadar kolesterol terhadap kadar sVCAM-1 dan MAU pada penderita hipertensi primer.BAHAN DAN METOPE: Penelitian ini menggunakan 65 subyek non diabetik dengan kadar hs-CRP < 5 mgIL dan protein win < 3+. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar sVCAM-1, K-LDL, albumin dan kreatinin urin terhadap subyek dengan protein win negatif atau trace, sedangkan subyek dengan protein urin 1+ atau 2+ hanya dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar sVCAM-1 dan K LDL. Penetapan kadar sVCAM-1 berdasarkan prinsip quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay, penetapan kadar K-LDL berdasarkan prinsip enzimatik homogen, penetapan kadar albumin urin berdasarkan prinsip imunoturbidimetri, penetapan kreatinin urin berdasarkan metode kinetik Jaffe dan MAU dinyatakan dengan rasio albumin 1 kreatinin urin.HASIL: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi kadar sVCAM-1 tinggi sebesar 81,5 % dan MAU 27,7 %. Kadar sVCAM-1 tinggi dan MAU lebih banyak dijumpai pada subyek tua, lelaki, hipertensi tak terkendali, lama sakit > 10 tahun dan obese. Dari hasil analisis multivariat derigail regresi rr ultipel, Adak didapatkan korelasi -yang bermakna antara kadar sVCAM-1 dengangender dan lama sakit namun didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar sVCAM-1 dengan usia, MAP dan K-LDL. Hubungan tersebut dapat digambarkan melalui suatu persamaan yaitu kadar sVCAM-1 = 175 + 9,7 x usia (tahun) + 5,9 x MAP (mmHg) -- 2,9 x kadar K-LDL (rngldL) dengan nilai R2 adjusted sebesar 23,1 %. Tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara MAU dengan usia, gender, MAP. 1MT, lama sakit dan K-LDL.Tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar sVCAM-1 dan rasio A 1 K.KESIMPULAN: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini didapatkan proporsi kadar sVCAM-1 tinggi 81,5 % dan MAU 27,7 %. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada penderita hipertensi primer telah terjadi disfungsi endotel. Dari analisis multivariat menunjukkan kadar sVCAM-1 berkorelasi dengan usia, MAP dan K-LDL, sedangkan MAU tidak berkorelasi dengan variabel tersebut. Kadar sVCAM-1 tidak berkorelasi dengan MAU.

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Hypertension is a health problem which contributes in the increase morbidity and mortality of stroke, heart failure, and renal failure. The morbidity and mortality of hypertension were influenced by various risk factors, the height of blood pressure and the lenght of illness. The mechanism of hypertension up to now remains unclear. Recently, endothelial dysfunction has been associated with hypertension. The aims of this study were to obtain the level of sVCAM-1 and microalbuminuria (MAU) in primary hypertension, to analyse the relationship between sVCAM-1 level and MAU, to analyse the influences of age, gender, obesity, control of hypertension, length of illness, and the level of LDL cholesterol on sVCAM-1 level and MAU.

Sixty five non diabetic subjects with hs-CRP level < 5 mg/L and protein urine < 3 + were enrolled in this cross sectional study. The level of sVCAM-1 were performed on all subjects by ELISA using reagents from R&D system, while MAU was determined by calculated the albumin : creatinine ratio in the urine. The level of LDL cholesterol was performed by homogenous enzymatic assay.

The results indicated that the proportion of increase of sVCAM-1 level was 81.5% and MAU was 27.7% in primary hypertension. Increase of sVCAM-1 level and MAU were found more frequently in older subjects, male, uncontrolled hypertension, length of illness more than 10 years, and obese subject. The results of multivariate analysis with multiple regression showed that sVCAM-1 level significantly correlated with age, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and LDL cholesterol level, but did not correlate with gender, and length of illness. The relationship could be formulated as: sVCAM-1 level = 175 + 9.7 x age (years) + 5.9 x MAP ( mm Hg) -- 2.9 x LDL cholesterol level (mgldL) with R2 adjusted 23.1%. There were no correlation between MAU with age, gender, MAP, obesity, ienght of illness, and LDL cholesterol level. The level of sVCAM-1 did not correlate with albumin:creatinine urine ratio (MAU).

Based on high proportion of increased sVCAM-1 and MAU, it is concluded that endothelial dysfunction occur in primary hypertension. The level of sVCAM-1 significantly correlates with age, MAP, and LDL cholesterol level, while MAU does not correlate with these variables. There is no correlation between sVCAM-1 level and MAU."