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"The _first generation of Road Funds were set up during the 1960's and 1970's in Africa, Asia, andLatin America. They were characterized by weak legal basis, relied on earmarked revenues, typicallymanaged by national road agency, and have no oversight board The second generation road agency wasborn in early 1990 is with the introduction of new thought of commercial management of road They weredistinct from the _first generation by having revenues generated from charges related to road use,managed through a separate administration, supported by sound legislation, and by having a public-private oversight board made up of nominees of organizations with a strong vested interest in well-managed roam. This paper o't1s'cusses the history of Road Funds, examines their advantage anddisadvantages, and studies their impacts on the road management."

"Proporsi penderita penyakit kronik meningkat mengikut usia. Pengendalian yang sering dilakukan adalah dengan preskriptif terapeutik dan nasehat klinikal. Namun dengan upaya ini biasanya terjadi komplians yang rendah. Oleh karena itu, upaya preskriptif komunitas dirasakan lebih cocok dan diperkirakan lebih tahan lama. Oleh karena itu, satu paket intervensi komunitas telah dilakukan di suatu sub-urban di Malaysia untuk melihat sejauh mana upaya ini diterima masyarakat dan seterusnya dapat dikembangkan sebagai instrumentasi sosial yang mampu memberikan manfaat biologi dan sosial kepada penderita penyakit kronik. Penelitian menggunakan metode quasi-experimental terhadap kohort orang berusia 45 tahun atau lebih. Subjek dipajankan terhadap pelbagai aktivitas kebugaran yang terjadwal dan bersifat pendekataan partisipatori. Proses pelaksanaan program diamati secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Komunitas berpartisipasi positif, 78% di natarnya berusia 45 tahun ke atas. Pada awal penelitian terdapat 47,6% subjek menderita hipertensi, dan 38.4% mengidap hiperkolesterol, 16,8% obesitas, dan 7,1% diabetes mellitus. Sementara kadar aktivitas fisikal 31.0%. Dari sudut proses, pendekatan partisipatori ternyata amat baik dalam usaha memobilisasi komuniti ke arah kesehatan dan kebugaran. Program kecergasan komunitas yang terjadwal adalah satu instrumentasi sosial yang mampu memberikan kebaikan biologi dan sosial kepada penderita penyakit kronik. Di samping itu, juga mampu meningkatkan gaya hidup sehat dan kualitas kehidupan.

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AbstractProportion of chronic diseases sufferers are increased by age. The usual control measures are therapeutic prescription and clinical counseling. However, its low compliance rate has interfered this effort. Therefore, community intervention can be a suitable prescriptive option to provide a long lasting effect. For that, a package of community intervention has been established in one sub-urban area in Malaysia to observe its acceptability, thus it can be acted as a social instrumentation to bring both biological and social benefits to this group of community. This study used quasi-experimental design on a cohort of elderly citizen aged 45 and above. Respondents are exposed to a mixed and planned prescribed fitness activity using participatory approach. Process involved in program implementation is closely observed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Community participation occurred in a positive and fast mode, with 78% being the elderly people aged above 45 years old. Initial observation revealed that about 47.6% suffering hypertension, while 38.4% hypercholesterolemia, 16.8% obese and 7.1% diabetes mellitus. Physically active members were moderate - about 31.0%. In term of process, participatory approach seems to be very effective to mobilize community towards health and fitness. A planned community fitness program is a form of social instrumentation to bring biological and social benefits to chronic diseases sufferers. It has also useful to promote favorable lifestyle and quality of life of this group of people. "

"Propinsi penderita penyakit kronik meningkat usia.Pengendalian yang seringdilakukan adalah dengan priskriptif terapeutik dan nasehat klinikal."

"Case of Ambalat is studied in the context of intelligence perspective. The case is important to study for four reasons : (1) The Ambalat block is part of Indonesia's territory; (2) The case has drawn serious public attention; (3) There is a bitter experience of losing two islands of Sipadan and Ligitan; (4) and the economic value of the area. The case of Ambalat came to prominence as a result of the issuing of exploration licenses for oil concession blocks by Malaysia to international oil giant Royal Dutch/Shell Group on 16 February 2005. Indonesia considered this claim was a violation of the state sovereignty.

From national security point of views, the claim was a matter of failures of Indonesia which involved two communities : policymakers and intelligence producers. These failures lead to the formulation of two research questions: why these communities fail to prevent claim over Ambalat to occur and how their interactions to prevent such claim to occur. To examine how these two communities relate to the failures, hypotheses have been set up : (1) The policymakers ignored the available information and therefore did not transfer intelligence requirement to the intelligence producers; (2) The intelligence producers ignored the available information or alternatively ignored policymaker's intelligence requirement; (3) Both policymakers and intelligence producers ignored the available information.

Using open sources and limited unclassified intelligence materials, the thesis comes with a tool of intelligence cycle to analyze different levels of command of both policymakers and intelligence producers. The outcome of this study reveals that both communities contribute to the failures. Recommendation goes to the Policymakers and Intelligence Producers to use this thesis outcome as a basis of their own performance evaluation."

""For better and for worse, few companies have been so prominently and constantly in the public eye as AT&T. Through decades of growth and dominance, followed by its 1984 breakup and a litany of well-documented troubles, the company has soldiered on, by turns thriving and hanging on for dear life."

"This book elucidates the importance of long-term experiments in revealing evidence of soil fertility decline in Africa. An evaluation of experiences from on-going long-term experiments is given in broad detail. The first chapter explains the paradigm shift in soil fertility management then provides justification for long-term experiments before illuminating experiences from long-term experiments in East, West and Southern Africa. The second, sixth, eighth and ninth chapters give an in-depth account of crop management practices and soil fertility interventions in long-term trials within specific agro-ecological zones in West Africa. The rest of the chapters (chapter three, four, five and seven) address crop management, tillage practices and, organic and inorganic fertilizer applications in the context of long-term experiments in specific agro-ecological zones in East Africa."