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"Meningkatnya persaingan dan tuntutan efisiensi pada industri konstruksi menuntut adanya pengendalian mutu yang dikombinasikan dengan aspek ekonomis dan jadwal proyek. Hal ini memotivasi berbagai penelitian yang menghasilkan teknik-teknik peningkatan mutu dan efisiensi/efektifitas dari sebuah proyek seperti total quality management, value engineering, designability, contractability, constructability, operability, maintainability dan sebagainya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa salah satu peningkatan mutu proyek konstruksi yaitu penerapan peningkatan constructability pada tahap perencanaan dan perancangan proyek. Pendekatan ini dilakukan karena besarnya pengaruh perencanaan dan perancangan terhadap kualitas, biaya dan waktu pelaksanaan proyek secara keseluruhan. Pelaksanaan penelitian studi kasus ini dilakukan pada sebuah perusahaan nasional yang bergerak di bidang industri konstruksi dengan pola design and build dimana penelitian difokuskan pada pemahaman, pelaksanaan, keuntungan, dan hambatan constructability di perusahaan tersebut dan dua buah proyek yang dijadikan studi kasus. Jenis penerapan constructability secara informal yang didapat pada studi kasus ini diindikasikan oleh tidak adanya prosedur tertulis tentang constructability, rendahnya tingkat lesson learned, tidak adanya koordinator constructability yang ditunjuk secara resmi, masih banyaknya hambatan pelaksanaan dan tidak adanya pencatatan kinerja constructability. Walaupun demikian pada pelaksanaan constructability secara informal ini, bahwa penerapan constructability pada tahap perencanaan dan perancangan terbukti meningkatkan kinerja proyek konstruksi, dengan variabel yang paling berpengaruh adalah penjadwalan berdasarkan construction sensitive dan fasilitas desain dalam mengefisienkan konstruksi."

"Bangunan konstruksi dapat menghasilkan rancangan yang baik, bila awalnya telah dipikirkan bagaimana cara membangunnya. Kegagalan konsultan perencana memperkirakan bagaimana suatu rancangan dibangun oleh kontraktor dapat menyebabkan permasalahan yang menimbulkan kenaikan biaya dan keterlambatan jadwal pelaksanaan konstruksi. Permasalahan tersebut dapat diselesaikan dengan constructability yaitu dengan melibatkan tenaga ahli konstruksi yang berpengetahuan dan berpengalaman untuk ikut serta dan memberi masukan pada tahap perancangan. Hal ini lebih menjamin agar rancangan disusun dengan menggunakan metode dan teknologi yang dapat diterapkan oleh kontraktor.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengirimkan kuesioner ke berbagai perusahaan konsultan perencana yang berada di wilayah Jabotabek. Dan hasil penyebaran kuesioner diperoleh 30 kuesioner dan 50 kuesioner yang diterima kembali untuk dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS.Hasil analisis dengan model regresi berganda dapat menggambarkan adanya hubungan korelasi positif yang sangat kuat antara variabel-variabel peningkatan constructability pada perancangan oleh konsultan perencana dengan kinerja biaya. Model regresi berganda terdiri dari 3 (tiga) variabel penentu yang mempengaruhi kinerja biaya berdasarkan penilaian terhadap sampel dan koordinator proyek dari perusahaan konsultan perencana, yaitu :1. Menyesuaikan pendekatan rancangan dengan metode konstruksi,2. Mendefinisikan secara jelas batasan kontraktor dalam dokumen perancangan, dan3. Secara aktif meminta masukan dari personil konstruksi pada setiap tahapan dan proses perancangan.Dan hasil penelitian ini, peningkatan constructability pada perancangan dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan kualitas rancangan yang dapat meningkatkan kinerja biaya pada pelaksanaan proyek-proyek konstruksi di Indonesia di masa mendatang.

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Influence of Constructability Improvement in Design Phase to Project Cost Performance of Construction Projects in IndonesiaConstruction building could to products a good design, if the early to think how in manner to be constructed. Failure of designer to consider how the design should be implemented by contractor can result in scheduling problems and delays during the construction process. That problems could be solved with constructability namely by the construction expert involved who had knowledge and experience to joint and seek construction input in design. This has more to warrant in order that design to arrange by using technology and method that could apply of contractor.

This research has done in the designer companies with sent some questionnaires to several of designer companies in Jabotabek. From questionnaires spread result 30 from 50 questionnaires received to be viable analysis with used SP SS program.

The result of multiple regression analysis model shows that influence constructability improvement in design of designer will improving project cost performance. Multiple regression models has 3 of key variables influencing in cost performance carried out by estimates from persons of construction expert or project coordinator in designer's firm are:

(1) Integrate design approach with construction method,

(2) Clearly define contractor interface in the design document, and

(3) Actively seek construction input to all stages of the design process.

From these research resulted, construction improvement in design can be used to obtain the quality of design result that cost performance can be improvement in operation of projects construction in the future of Indonesia construction project."

"In order to increase the quality of Project implementation much research will need to be carried out in Indonesia and abroad. In 1960 the Government of UK identified many construction projects that were not able to increase the communication and coordination between the design and construction phase. The concept of build ability arose in 1979 in order to enhance the design process by inputting the construction method during the design phase. The Construction Industry Research Information Association (CIRIA) has defined build ability as follows: "the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to overall requirements for the completed building?.

Project (CICE) researched into the increasing of quality, efficiency, productivity and cost effectiveness in the construction projects. The research estimates that constructability improvements saved at least 10-20 times the cost of the constructability effort. The Construction Industry Institute, Austin, USA in 1986 defined constructability as ?the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, engineering, procurement and field operations to achieve overall project objectives?.

The research, which is a partial requirement for a Master degree in construction management at the University of Indonesia, was aimed at understanding the coordinating position and influence of the owner of projects for improving constructability during conceptual planning phase.

The research proceeded to study into the impact of owner contribution for improving constructability during conceptual planning phase. In order to further understand such owner contribution, its impact on project construction cost performance was measured and quantified.

Data of projects constructed in Indonesia were then obtained through questionnaires from official owner representatives of companies hi Jakarta. Variables in the questionnaire which represented owner quality contribution were then correlated to the same project cost performance variable.

In depth analysis of the correlation were then carried out to build regression models of the relationship between quality of owner contribution during conceptual planning phase to project cost performance.

The statistical including validation test needs were also carried out in order to provide the guidelines for increasing knowledge in constructability for future projects in Indonesia."

"In Order to increase the quality of project implementation much research will need to be carried out in Indonesia and abroad. In 1982 The Business Roundtable's team in the US found that opportunities to reduce project costs and schedules by using existing and new construction technology are lost because construction too often is relegated to operate as a produstion function separated from financial planning, scheduling, and engineering or architectural design. The Construction Industry Institute's (CIT) Task Force defines this term as Constructability, which is the optimum integration of construction knowledge and experience in planning, engineering, proqurement, and field operations to achieve overall project objectives. As the customer, the owner gets what he insist on. As the leader of the project team, the owners plays a vital role in using constructability to meet project objectives. Specific project documenting the constructability effort have shown that owners accrued an average reduction in total project cost of 4.3% and in project schedule of 7.5%. These savings represented a 10- to-1 return on the owner's investment in constructability. Altough significant saving can result, the opportunities available are often overlooked by owners. This research was conducted to study the role of project owners for implementing constructability improvement during conceptual planning phase which leads to an improven project time performance of construction project in Jabotabek Area. A questionnare survey was used as the method for collecting data. Statistical analysis was performed to analyse the data and to develop a regression model between the role of project owners for constructability improvement during conceptual planning pQase and the performance of construction project's schedule. The result of this study shows a positive tinier correlation between the project owner's role for constructability improvement during conceptual planning phase and the project time performance. The main variables are assuring that key individual assigned to the project team each have appropriate experience with the project and clearly state the priority of the project objectives."

"The Influence of Improving Constructability during The Design Phase on the Performance of Construction Project Schedule in IndonesiaConstructability as defined by Construction Industry Institute, Constructability Concepts File, The University of texas at Austin as; the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience during the phases of planning, designing, procurement and construction to achieve the project goal. Constructability involves the thought of how to build a project even before it is designed.Currently there are three issues which dominate constructability applications; design, layout, and construction method. In order to obtain deeper understanding of the potential application of Constructability for Construction Project implementation, the research focussed on the effect of its key characteristics introduced during the design phase on the performance of Construction Schedules in Indonesia.Data was obtained through questionnaires from project architects and structural engineers of Consultants in 24 Construction Projects executed during the last decade between 1985 - 1995. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were utilized to establish models on the relation between Constructability variables and Construction Schedule Performance. The degree of completing construction projects as measured by actual against planned time performance proved to be related to Constructability variables in a linear manner.From the analysis of 48 prospective explanatory Constructability variables during the design phase identified three determinants influencing Construction Schedule Performance. The three significant Constructability variables were; to confirm the filing system (x23), to describe the pre-fabrication system (x43), and to define clearly the contractor limit in design document (x12).Further research provided additional evidence of the existence of Constructability characteristics through dummy variables which were; to eliminated weather problem (x46)."

"Dalam tahapan pelaksanaan konstruksi, perencanaan merupakan tahapan yang sangat panting dalam mencapai tujuan proyek, yaitu selesai sesuai dengan waktu yang dijadwalkan, dengan biaya yang telah direncanakan, serta mutu yang diisyaratkan. Ketiga hal tersebut menjadi ukuran keberhasilan suatu proyek konstruksi.Dengan adanya perencanaan yang tepat akan membuat pelaksanaan kegiatan menjadi Iebih lerarah dan berjalan sesuai dengan yang direncanakan Penyalenggara proyek konstruksi atau kontraktor harus mengetahui merencanakan segala aspek yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan pekeljaan konstruksi Hal ini panting unluk menjaga agar lidak terjadi bcrbagai macam masalah yang akan menyebabkan lerhambalnya proses pekerjaan konstruksi.Dengan menggunakan pengolahan data statistik, diperoleh suatu pola hubungan antara faktor-faktor perencanaan yang berpengaruh pada tahap pelaksanaan sebagai variabel tetap dengan kinerja waktu proyek sebagai variabel bebas. Hasil dari pengolahan data ini merupakan faktor-faktor perencanaan yang paling dominan dalam tahap pelaksanaan proyek.

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In Project cycle, planning is one of the most important phases in gaining the project goals. Several problems that must be concerned during construction phase are time, cost, and quality, Those are the successful criteria of the project. The correct planning will make the construction phase aimed and runs to the goals.

Contractors have known or planned the aspects connected with construction phase. This thing is important to keep the construction process not obstructed by the problems.

This research is about impact of planning in construction phase in order to increase the project time performance. Results of this research are the planning factors influence most to increase the time performance in the construction phase."

"The Role of Construction Personnel in the Phase of Conceptual Planning in Increasing Construction Project Cost Performance in IndonesiaModern construction has been characterized as a complex and fragmented process. These conditions have been known to lower the quality and cost efficiency of projects. It has been proven that this problem can be partially overcome by implementing constructability, which is based on the integration of construction knowledge into the early stages of planning and design process. Prior research has found a lack of application of constructability by participants in the construction industry, especially general contractors. Because builders can play an important role in implementing constructability, this thesis has addressed constructability as practiced by the general contractors in IndonesiaConstructability since 1986 has been defined as the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, procurement, and field operations to achieve overall project objectives. The effective integration of design and construction offers important benefits and opportunities to achieve project objectives. In order to create maximum benefits, the construction input or constructability, has to be introduced at the earliest stages of the project.This investigation describes the constructability improvement related to three key issues derived from literature study; developing the project plan, laying out the site, and selecting major construction methods. Project data for analysis were obtained by distributing questionnaires to corporations in the Jabotabek areas and in project locations in Indonesia which were acting as contractors. The sample questionnaires were also directed to a population of contractors categorized by the characteristics of the organization, the type of work performed, and the type of contractual arrangement.The variables in the questionnaires that were related to constructability and cost performance were assigned scores by the contractor population in the research. The data was then processed for carrying-out correlation and multiple regression modeling analysis. The research proceeded to establish through regressions analysis a non-linear model relating cost performance to two significant constructability variables. Firstly the improvement of construction personnel knowledge and experience for the scheduling preparation, cost estimations and budget. Secondly the improvement of construction personnel knowledge and experience for pre-construction planning as a basic input in the design phase.These findings then provided the basis for deriving conclusions and various recommendations on practical applications to improve constructability during the conceptual planning phase for increasing the cost performance of a project."

"The Impact of Contractor's Role in Improving the Constructability of the Design-Construct ProjectIn 1982 The Business Roundtable's Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness (LICE) identify one important aspect is that construction too often is relegated to operate as production function separated from financial planning, scheduling, and engineering or architectural design. The involvement of construction experts is delayed until the design is so far along that changes would be so disruptive as to increase cost. The traditional construction contracting method made this division even further. The construction contractor would only be engaged in the project after the designer completed their design.

By separate design and construction, opportunities to reduce project costs and schedules by using existing and new construction technology are lost. Significant savings in both the costs and time required to complete the project can be accrued from integration of construction expertise into all phases of project. The Construction Industry Institute's (CII) Task Force defines this term as Constructability, which is the optimum integration of construction knowledge and experience in planning, engineering, procurement, and field operations to achieve overall project objectives.

This thesis study the role of contractor's in improving the constructability of the design-construct project which leads to an improving project cost performance of construction project in Indonesia. A questionnaire survey was distributed to projects contractor's in Jakarta area. The data obtained was analyzed quantitatively to find the correlation and to make a regression between the role contractor's in improving the constructability of the design-construct project and the performance of construction project's cost.

The result of this research show a positive, linear correlation between the interface of contractor's in improving the constructability of the design-construct and cost performance of the project. The main variables are: pro-actively involved in developing project plans and plan the sequence of field task to improve productivity."

"Dalam proyek pembangunan konstruksi, perencanaan komunikasi proyek merupakan bagian yang tak dapat dilepaskan dari perencanaan proyek secara keseluruhan. Dengan adanya perencanaan komunikasi yang baik, maka keperluan data atau informasi yang dibutuhkan bagi stakeholder dapat dikumpulkan dan didistribusikan dengan baik. Hal ini menjadi penting karena dengan terhambatnya informasi kepada stakeholder dapat mengakibatkan penundaan pengambilan keputusan yang akhirnya akan menghambat terselesaikannya proyek tepat waktu dan atau terjadi kesalahan pengambilan keputusan. Keterlambatan penyelesaian proyek akan sangat merugikan terutama akan menambah dari segi biaya terhadap keseluruhan biaya yang telah diperhitungkan. Dengan menggunakan pengolahan data matematis AHP, statistik (SPSS), simulasi Monte Carlo, serta optimasi Lingo dan Optquest untuk memperoleh suatu pola hubungan antara faktor-faktor perencanaan komunikasi proyek sebagai variabel tetap dengan kinerja waktu proyek sebagai variabel bebas. Hasil pengolahan AHP adalah hubungan flow koordinasi dalam perencanaan dan pelaksanaan proyek yang kurang baik antar pihak terkait (owner, konsultan, kontraktor), kurang sesuainya laporan-laporan (harian, mingguan, bulanan) terhadap realisasi karena format, bentuk dan isi kurang dapat dipahami, ketidakpastian waktu dan bentuk komunikasi internal (rapat-rapat mingguan, site records, memo-memo, dll). Hasil pengolahan analisa cluster dibagi menjadi tiga kualitas. Pertama, kualitas komunikasi rendah adalah penetapan jadwal proyek yang ketat oleh pemilik, hubungan flow koordinasi dalam perencanaan dan pelaksanaan proyek yang kurang baik antar pihak terkait (owner, konsultan, kontraktor), dan pemahaman terhadap kontrak kerja proyek yang tidak sama/ ketidaksepahaman aturan pembuatan gambar kerja). Kedua, kualitas komunikasi sedang adalah pemahaman terhadap kontrak kerja proyek yang tidak sama/ ketidaksepahaman aturan pembuatan gambar kerja) dan tidak jelasnya pembagian tugas dalam pembuatan program pelaksanaan). Ketiga, kualitas komunikasi tinggi, penyampaian bentuk strategi tim proyek yang kurang jelas), tidak jelasnya pembagian tugas dalam pembuatan program pelaksanaan, dalam menunjuk manajer proyek tidak melalui seleksi yang benar, dan kurang jelasnya spesifikasi teknis yang tertulis dan kurang lengkapnya requirement yang diminta dalam kontrak. Faktor-faktor ini merupakan faktor-faktor dalam perencanaan komunikasi proyek yang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap kinerja waktu dan biaya proyek.

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In construction project development, project communication planning is a part that can't be separated from the whole project planning. With the existence of good communication planning, so the necessity of data or the necessary information to stakeholder can be collected and distributed well. This matter become important because when information is obstructed to stakeholder, it can cause the delayed of decision taking that finally can obstruct the completion of the project on time or wrong decision taking. The late project completion will cause the project to suffer loss, especially the increase of project financial aspect. With using mathematic data processing AHP, statistic (SPSS), Monte Carlo simulation. Lingo and Optquest optimization to gain a pattern or relation between project communication planning factors as dependent variables and time and cost performances as independent variables. Result of AHP data processing are bad flow coordination in planning and executing project among stakeholders, the reports are not appropriate to the realization (daily, weekly, and monthly) because the format can't be understood well, uncertainty time and form of internal communication (weekly meeting, site records, memo-memo). Results of Cluster Analysis data processing are divided into three quality. First, Low Quality Communication are determining of project schedule by owner that very strict, bad flow coordination in planning and executing project among stakeholders, deference understanding of working contract. Second, Medium Quality Communication are deference understanding of working contract and not clear in distribution task when making programs. Third, High Quality Communication are not clear of form strategic team project, when select the project manager not use the right selecting process, not clear in distribution task when making programs, not clear of written technical specification. These factors are factors that affect and dominate in communication planning phase to project time and cost performance."

"Keberhasilan penyelenggaraan proyek konstruksi ditentukan oleh kemampuan para pelaku utamanya (tim proyek pemilik, kontraktor dan konsultan. dan tersedianya perangkat yang lengkap dan berkualitas. Pada zaman dahulu kontraktor mengerjakan hampir sebagian besar pekerjaan konstruksi. Pada saat ini pada tahap konstruksi kira. kira 80. pekerjaan diserahkan ke subkontraktor. Akibatnya subkontraktor memainkan peranan penting dalam industri konstruksi dimana proyek bangunan gedung bertingkat tinggi kira-kira 80-90. pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subkontraktor. Sehingga pengelolaan subkontraktor oleh kontraktor utama sangat diperlukan. Berdasarkan pada hal ini, maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengelolaan subkontraktor dengan menyebarkan kuesioner yang berisi. hal yaitu. pemilihan subkontraktor, perjanjian dengan subkontraktor, persiapan pekerjaan subkontraktor dan penyelesaian pekerjaan subkontraktor. Data yang didapat dari hasil penyebaran ini kemudian diolah secara statistik dengan program SPSS 9.01 untuk mendapatkan variabel. variabel yang menentukan. Dari hasil pengolahan SPSS9.01 didapat variabel penentu adalah pengawasan pekerjaan. X34. dan penempatan pengawas yang sesuai dengan kemampuannya. X33 ). Variabel lain diluar. variabel penentu ini dicari dengan menggunakan dummy, didapat variabel pengaturan change orders sejak kontrak awal. X30 ). Akibat dari sampel yang didapat kecil (18 sampel ), maka perlu untuk diuji kembali apakah hasil yang didapat dapat mewakili populasi yang sedemikian besar tersebut. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan simulasi Monte Carlo. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi tersebut didapat bahwa pada saat 68. data ke. 3 variabel penentu memiliki mean/rata. rata pada skala penilaian =3. biasa dilakukan tapi tidak rutin ), artinya pada skala penilaian 3( biasa dilakukan tapi tidak rutin. sangat berpengaruh. terhadap pengelolaan subkontraktor, persamaan tidak berlaku pada skala penilaian. ( sama sekali tidak pernah dilakukan ), persamaan berlaku pada skala penilaian antara. ( dilakukan sesekali saja. sampai. ( merupakan prosedur standar yang selalu dilakukan ), Apabila tidak ada pengawasan, tidak ada penempatan pengawas sesuai kemampuan dan tidak ada pengaturan change orders dikontrak awal, maka sangat berpengaruh. pengaruh sebesar 100. ) dan apabila selalu ada pengawasan setiap saat, pengawas selalu ditempatkan sesuai kemampuannya dan ada pengaturan secara detail change orders dikontrak awal, maka tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja waktu subkontraktor. berpengaruh. % ).

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The success of handle construction project depends on the ability from owner's project team, contractor and consultant. In the traditional day, contractor handles almost all of construction work. In modern days, contractor gives about 80% from all the construction work to subcontractor. The consequence from this trend is make subcontractor play an important part in construction industry, which subcontractor handle about 80% from all of high rise building project work. From all of this, it's very important for contractor to manage its subcontractor. With this review, the writers do research about managing subcontractor with spreading the questioner. There are five important things in the questioner. All of them are about choosing subcontractor, the dealing with subcontractor, the preparing, finishing step and the payment. We use SPSS 9.01 to handle all of data to get some determinant variables. There are three determinant variables that we got. There are controlling, using the right controller and change order. We just have little sample (eighteenth samples), so we need to check whether the sample can explain the population. We use Monte Carlo simulation to do this and we get that three variables can explain the population."